A compressed history of operating systems since the Abacus to the modern server by Brian Byrne.

A compressed history of operating systems since the Abacus to the modern server by Brian Byrne.

Transcript

1. Welcome A compressed history of operating systems since the Abacus to the modern server by Brian Byrne.
2. Brian Byrne IT Manager Twitter: @BrianLinuxing Email: BrianLinuxing@gmail.com
3. A dinosaur
4. Me Using Linux since 1993, touched Ultrix about 1984. Linux is my 16th operating system. Done most things in IT, worked for Banks, etc My secret: I talk in paragraphs. I will get to the point, eventually.
5. A quiz [Don’t shout out an answer, put your hand up]
6. Question: [Hands up]
7. A quiz [Don’t shout out an answer, put your hand up]
8. Original contribution In terms of original contribution to computing who is more significant? 1. Bill Gates, Microsoft 2. Grace Hopper, US Navy 3. Gordon Moore, Intel 4. Steve Jobs, Apple
9. Partial answer 1. Bill Gates, wrote a BASIC compiler for Altair 8800, brought in MS-DOS (CP/M clone) 3. Gordon Moore, Moore’s law: “number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits doubles approx. every year” 4. Steve Jobs, Apple – all things iPhone/Mac (based on BSD, a cousin of Linux etc)
10. The answer is: 2. Grace Hopper
11. The compiler Grace Hopper invented the compiler, and concept that English-based languages could be used to program a computer. A completely original idea, not a derived one.
12. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper She worked on Harvard's Mark 1 in 1944. A massive relay-based calculator, it was 51 feet long, eight feet high and some five tons. 1. She coined the expression: Bug
13. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper 2. In 1952 Grace Hopper completed the first ever compiler for Sperry called A-0, then there was A-1 and A2. She went on to develop FLOWMATIC and Cobol, amongst many others things. She died in 1992.
14. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper and A0 The A-0 System was hardly accepted, but Hopper followed her philosophy of "Go ahead and do it. You can apologize later.". She was disappointed —"I had a running compiler, and nobody would touch it because, they carefully told me, computers could only do arithmetic; they could not do programs. It was a selling job to get people to try it. I think with any new idea, because people are allergic to change, you have to get out and sell the idea."
15. To begin A compressed history of operating systems since the Abacus to the modern server by Brian Byrne.
16. What it is and not? A subjective, incomplete portrait of 2000+ years of technology. Want the full story? Do a BSc and then some!
17. What is an operating system? A specialist piece of software which manages the interaction between applications (computer programs), the hardware and a wider world. Short version: It handles all of the difficult bits that we shouldn’t do.
18. Why are operating systems important? They manage processes, within those processes your applications run. No operating systems, no apps!
20. Why do we need operating systems? To control and manage resources. Think of an operating system as a software juggler and sergeant major.
23. Which begets the question What is a computer? Something that computes (makes calculations). Can be analogue or digital.
24. The Computer as a Brain
25. But it’s more like, an Abacus
26. Antikythera Mechanism Found in 1901, probably dates back to 200 BCE.
27. 1830's Babbage and cogs*
28. 1920’s calculator
29. Early computer usage and bits The first computing devices were glorified calculators, with little, if any, ability to program. Sometimes numeric values were internally represented as decimal, but that was costly and very complex. The solution is to internally manage values as binary then convert to decimals for humans to see.
30. Vacuum tube
31. How to manage the bits The simplest way of representing values is 1 or 0, but what to do with large numbers? Early devices manage chunks of bits, at a time, eg. 18 and 36- bit processors were common, ie. PDP-15 or IBM 370. Issues remained on how to do calculations and how to handle characters (letters).
32. Calculations in binary Binary as 1 or 0 (power on, or no power numbers) 2 to the power of 0 is 1, 2 to the power of 2 is 2, 2 to the power of 2 is 4, 2 to the power of 3 if 8 etc. Take numbers 7 and 2, convert to binary 111 (power of 2 – binary) and 010, add together 1001 = 9 (decimal). Much of early computer development was spent on how best to handle and manipulate binary.
33. For human consumption But then, how to represent values to humans (decimal numbers or as characters)? Émile Baudot developed a solution which pre-dates, ASCII (7 bit), Unicode (21-bit code space, but normally chucks of 8 or 16 bits) and even IBM's EBCDIC (8-bit).
34. 5 bit telegraph code Characters are represented in a 5 bit code.
35. The problem of complexity Therefore handling these complex issues needs something to oversee: data manipulation, character representation and programmability. That is why we need operating systems, in part, but that is only one element of the story.
36. Program loaders Vs. proper OS A distinction: A program loader: executes a single piece of code without any process protection or control. An operating systems: manages multiple processes, applications, enforces a degree of separation, control and security.
37. Slow processors and advance of technology Slow CPU and hardware: single jobs, batched up, one after another. Faster CPUs: manage the process life cycle, processor resources, Disk IO and networking and interactions with the user.
38. ICL - often forgotten ICL - which came out of ICT, Ferranti-Packar d and other merges. George 1 - batch processing and famous ICL 1900
39. Understanding the process life cycle
40. Step back
41. Modern computing and when did it start? The 1930s and 1940s with the work of Alan Turing and John Von Neumann. But computing really took off in 1950s and 1960s with the advent of Cold War.
42. Alan Turing, code breaker, Mathematician and inventor of the Turing test
43. John Von Neumann, polymath
44. Von Neumann architecture Binary Program management In sequence Control and arithmetic unit I/O
45. Von Neumann architecture
46. Modern computing Digital, not analogue. Digital, everything is represented as numbers, in binary, 1 or 0. Not decimal. Even what we think of as characters.
47. Computing in the 1930s
48. Computing in the 1940s Code breaking Government investment Calculators, not human errors
49. Computing in the 1940s, EDSAC
50. Computing in the 1950s - the Cold War Missiles Calculations Costly technology
51. Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
52. Computing in the 1960s - start of change
53. Grace Hopper, inventor of COBOL
54. Computing in the 1970s – Intel 4004 (Busicomp )
55. Computing in the 1970s – Intel 4004 The world's first universal microprocessor: 4004, with ~2300 transistors, 1971.
56. 1980s -Intel vs. Motorola (68000) The Apple Lisa used the Motorola 68000 CPU. Costing nearly $10,000
57. 1990s - Intel wins (486) Windows NT takes off, and so begin Wintel!
58. 1990s - Windows NT not 10, yet Windows NT becomes the basis for all future Windows operating systems.
59. 2000s onward, the datacentre The “pizza box”, not the Mainframe
60. Where have we come from? A quick look back at non-Windows/Intel systems
61. 1944 - Harvard Mark 1
62. 1951 - Leo 1, Lions and cakes
63. 1960’s IBM 360
64. 1970s - Mainframes and staff
65. Input- punch cards
66. 1960-1970s - Teletype
67. The revolution of the minicomputer
68. Early 1970s - PDP 11 minicomputer
69. Late 1970s - VAX 11/780
70. Operating systems - changes over time So initially, operating systems were very primitive, then came the advent of batch processing and beyond. 1960s - Time-sharing, Multics. 1972 - Unix rewritten in C. 1991 - Linux starts.
71. Some past operating systems ~1960 - MIT’s Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) ~1964 - Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (DTSS) 1965 - CDC 6600 - COS 1964 - System/360 – OS/360 ~1969 - Multics (1969) 1970 - System/370 – MVS 1975 - Cray-1 - COS 1977 - VAX 11/780 – VAX/VMS 1992 - DEC’s Alpha - OpenVMS/AXP Costing $120,000 to $10 million
72. Operating systems - in short Complexity needs control. Resources, costs and management. That is why we have operating systems! But we mustn’t forget the recent past or the humble IBM PC.
73. The advent of modern computing 1981 - The IBM PC - an open design.
74. 1981 - MS-DOS MS-DOS, effectively, a program loader.
75. 1985 - Intel 80386 1985 - Windows 1.0 Intel 80386 - real and protected modes, properly.
76. 1989 - Intel 80486 1989 - Intel 80486 - breaks 50 Million Instruction Per Second (MIPS) barrier.
77. 1989 - Windows NT 3.51 1989 - Microsoft throws away 16-bit architecture - goes New Technology under Dave Cutler.
78. Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Windows NT implements a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
79. 1990s - Age of Wintel 1990s- Home Alone was released 1990 - the decade of Windows/Int el dominance of computing.
80. 2001 - Windows XP 2001 - Microsoft’s most popular operating systems - XP released. SP 3 - 2008 Patched until 2014.
81. Windows - BSOD Microsoft introduces Blue Screen of Death! And expectation that computing was unreliable.
82. Roll back to 1991 and Linux 1991- Finish student, Linus Torvalds wants to update MINUX, can’t, starts LINUX
83. Only the kernel -needs GNU Linux is only the kernel, it needed CLI utilities Richard Stallman helped!
84. What is GNU/Linux? A merging of the kernel and GNU utilities - clone of UNIX.
85. Where is Linux used? Google, Wikipedia, Github, NASA, CERN, Facebook, Twitter, Docker, etc As of November 2017, 500 (100%) of the world’s top 500 Supercomputers use Linux. Android phones, tablets, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc. Everywhere. Servers. Raspberry Pis etc.
86. Over at Distrowatch.com Number of all distributions in the database: 895** Number of active distributions in the database: 304 **As of October 2018
87. The last 60+ years Technology constantly changed over the past 60+ years, with periods of openness (MVS is one example), to a closed period (late 1980s to late 1990s) and then onto the new age of post-Git sharing of ideas and inspiration. Open source made that possible and the people that supported it.
88. Tea
89. Fini, for the moment.