Relativistic Compact Outflows in Radio-quiet AGN

Talk at Extreme Astrophysics Group, University of Michigan, Michigan, MA, USA, October 2019

Transcript

1. Relativistic Compact Outflows in Radio-quiet AGN Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Ashkbiz Danehkar Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan danehkar@umich.edu In collaborations with: Mike Nowak (MIT), Gerard Kriss (STSI), Julia Lee (Harvard), In collaborations with: Mike Nowak (MIT), Gerard Kriss (STSI), Julia Lee (Harvard), Randall Smith (SAO) and et al. Randall Smith (SAO) and et al. Extreme Astrophysics Group, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, October 31st, 2019
2. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 2 Outline  Introduction  Radio-quiet AGN Class  Ultra-Fast Outflow (UFO)  X-ray Absorbers  PG 1211+143  Previous XMM-Newton Observations  Chandra X-ray and Hubble UV Observations in 2015  Photoionization Modeling (Parallelization with MPI)  Confidence MCMC Maps of Measured Parameters  Future Direction for UFO in AGN  Unified AGN Outflow Model  A Possible Angular Momentum-UFO Correlation  Summary
3. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 3 AGN Classification AGN Unified Model (radio-loud & -quiet AGN, Seyfert I & II Galaxies) Beckmann & Shrader 2012, Active Galactic Nuclei Unified Models for AGNs Antonucci, ARA&A, 1993, 31, 473 Unified Schemes for AGNs Megan Urry & Padovani, 1995, PASP, 107, 803 (Bernie Fanaroff & Julia Riley 1974) AGN Unified Model • Radio-Quiet AGN  Seyfert I (BLR+NLR, compact outflows)  Seyfert II (NLR) • Radio-Loud AGN  FR I (compact radio jets)  FR II (extended radio jets)  Blazar (relativistic beams) (Carl Seyfert 1942)
4. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 4 AGN Classification Dermer & Giebles 2016 radio-loud & -quiet AGN, Seyfert I & II Galaxies Blandford, Netzer, Woltjer 1990, Active Galactic Nuclei
5. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 5 X-ray Feature of AGN Disk Black- body Hot Corona Warm Absorbers K-shell Iron Beckmann & Shrader 2012 Risaliti & Elvis 2004 (bbody + powerlaw + ∑ emis) x ∏ abs
6. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 6 X-ray Absorbers  Ultra-fast Outflows (UFOs):  hard X-ray blue-shifted absorption lines  H-like & He-like Fe Ions  Velocity > 10,000 km/s (0.03c)  high velocity ~ 0.1– 0.4c (Pounds + 2003, Cappi 2006, Braito + 2007)  Recently observed in 30% of radio-quite and -loud AGN (Tombest + 2010,2011,2012,2014)  Warm Absorbers (WAs):  soft X-ray blue-shifted absorption lines  H-like & He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si, S Ions  Velocity < 10,000 km/s (0.03c)  Observed in 50% of Seyfert I galaxies (Reynold & Fabian 1995, Reynold 1997, George + 1998) 6 Tombesi + 2013
7. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 7 PG 1211+143  A Narrow-line Quasi-Stellar Object (QSO)  In a radio-quite (Seyfert I) galaxy (z = 0.0809)  Strong soft excess  Mildly relativistic outflows – 0.06c and 0.13c (XMM-Newton)  redshifted aborbers at 0.2-0.4c: infall to the black hole
8. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 8 PG 1211+143: XMM-Newton  UFOs v out ~ -0.07c (Pounds + 2003)  UFOs v out ~ -0.13c (Pounds+ 2006,2007,2009)  UFOs v out ~ -0.06c and -0.13c (Pounds + 2016)  H- and He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar and Fe ions
9. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 9 PG 1211+143: Chandra X-ray Chandra Observations  High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG; PI: J.C. Lee, 2015 April)  6 observations over 9 days ~ 433 ks  H- and He-like Ne, Mg, S ions: -0.06c PG 1211+143 Chandra Observations (PI J.C. Lee)
10. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 10 PG 1211+143: Hubble Hubble UV Observations  Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) PG 1211+143 Chandra Observations (PI J.C. Lee)
11. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 11 PG 1211+143: Low Varibility
12. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 12 PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model • XSTARDB & XSTAR2XSPEC • Set parameters  Number density (log n ~12)  Ionizing SED (Radio+IR+Opt+UV+X-ray)  Physical Conditions (free parameters):  Column density (N H )  Ionization parameter (ξ)  Photo-emission, Ionized absorption XSTAR (Kallman + 1996, 2004) or CLOUDY (Ferland + 1998)  (bbody + powerlaw + ∑ photemis) x ∏ warmabs
13. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 13 PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model  MPI_XSTAR Parallelization: github.com/xstarkit/mpi_xstar (Danehkar + 2018, PASP, 130, 024501) XSTAR (Kallman + 1996, 2004) XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR  produce table model files:  absorption spectrum imprinted onto continuum (xout_mtable.fits)  reflected emission spectrum in all directions (xout_ain.fits)  emission spectrum in transmitted direction of the absorpter (xout_aout.fits)
14. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 14 PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model Ionized Absorber at -0.06c Ionized Absorber Danehkar + 2018, ApJ 853:165 Ionization parameter Gas density Luminosity (13.6 eV-13.6 keV) Radius Column density Shell thickness Outflow velocity BH mass
15. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 15 PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model  Absorpti on -0.06c  HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)  UV Lyα wide absorption line, possible counterpart to X-ray absorber  The same outflow velocity (-0.06c)  log N H I > 14.5 (log N H ~ 21)  log ξ ~ 2.9 Kriss + 2018, ApJ 853:166
16. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 16 PG 1211+143: MCMC Confidence Maps Danehkar + 2018, ApJ 853:165  ~ -0.06c
17. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 17 PG 1211+143: Thermal Stability Thermal Stability Curve and Ion Fraction Plots
18. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 18 Ultra-fast Outflow in AGN Detection of relativistic outflows in X-ray • Seyfert I PDS 456 Ionized outflow at -0.24c and -0.48 c Biossay-Malaquin, Danehkar + 2019
19. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 19 Ultra-fast Outflow in AGN Detection of UFO in radio-quite AGN Cappi 2006
20. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 20 Unified AGN Outflow Model Absorption Measure Distribution (AMD): similar to Emission Measure Distribution (EMD) n(r) ~ r -1.4 density profile Behar 2009
21. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 21 Unified AGN Outflow Model Unification of UFOs and WAs Tombesi + 2013 (Ultra-fast outflows) (Warm Absorbers)
22. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 22 Unified AGN Outflow Model Non-Unification of UFOs and WAs Tombesi + 2013 (Ultra-fast outflows) (Warm Absorbers)
23. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 23 Unified AGN Outflow Model Black Hole Spin Implication for a Unified AGN Model? Garofalo + 2010 Beckmann & Shrader 2012, Active Galactic Nuclei AGN Unified Model - Radio-Quiet AGN: Seyfert I, Seyfert II - Radio-Loud AGN: FR I, FR II (extended radio jets)
24. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 24 Supermassive Black Hole Spin Black Hole Spin Measurement (see Brenneman 2013) • Thermal Continuum Fitting (UV observation) – stellar-mass black hole – AGN (may problematic due to UV absorption lines!) • Inner Disk Reflection Modeling – AGN (X-ray) • High Frequency Quasi-Periodic Oscillations – AGN + stellar-mass black hole (fully not developed) • X-ray Polarimetry – Need sensitive X-ray polarimter (not available now!) • Imaging the Event Horizon Shadow – Need Very Long Baseline Interferometry (in development) – Suitable only for Sgr A* and M87 a = J c / G M2 (a: BH spin, J: angular momentum, M: BH mass, G: gravitational constant, c: speed of light)
25. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 25 Supermassive Black Hole Spin Relativistically broadened Kα iron line (6.4 keV) Compton hump (> 10keV) Black Hole Spin Measurement from X-ray a = - 1 a = 0 a = 1 Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
26. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 26 Supermassive Black Hole Spin BH Spin from Reflection Modeling • kerrconv (Brenneman & Reynold 2006) • relline (Dauser + 2010) • xillver (Garcia + 2010,11,13) • relxill (Garcia + 2014) Dauser & Garcia + 2014
27. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 27 Supermassive Black Hole Mass BH Mass from Reverberation Mapping Technique (Kaspi + 2000) • Variation in light curves of broad emission line region (BLR) in Seyfert I AGN • Time delay in variation of BLR luminosity (Hb 4861A) relative to variation of accretion disk luminosity (continuum 5100A) www.techfreaq.de Bentz + 2006
28. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 28 SMBH Spin Implication Black Hole Spin Implication for a Unified AGN Model? Danehkar +
29. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 29 Theories for UFO in AGN • strong magnetic field in accretion flow/disk of rotating BH – Blandford-Znajek process (1977) for strong jets from flow – Blandford-Payne process (1982) for slow winds from disk • frame dragging (gravitomagnetism indirectly) – Penrose process (1971) – Kerr spacetime of rotating BH – extracting black-hole rotational energy • frame dragging + magnetic field (e.g. Narayan & Quataert 2005) • gravitomagnetism Frame dragging+magnetic (Narayan & Quataert 2005) Blandford-Znajek process (Thorne 1995)
30. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 30 Theories for UFO in AGN For local gravitational filed, these are Einstein field equations: For non-local gravitational fields, there are dynamical formulas from Bianchi identities in General Relativity: Newtonian Tidal force Non-Newtonian effect Gravitational waves shear current angular momentum Trumper 1964, Hawking 1966, Ellis 1971
31. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 31 Summary  X-ray ionized Absorbers  WAs: typically H-like & He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si & S ions, low velocity < 10,000 km/s  UFOs: typically H-like & He-like Fe, high velocity > 10,000 km/s, usually ~ 0.05– 0.45c  The Quasar PG1211+143  XMM-Newton observations: UFOs v out ~ -0.06c and -0.13c  Chandra observations together with Hubble UV, VLA radio observations in 2015  Photoionization Modeling of PG1211+143  X-ray ionized absorber: outflow velocity -0.06c  UV Lyα absorption: outflow velocity -0.06c, possible counterpart to X-ray absorber  MPI-based parallelization for supercomputers: MPI_XSTAR  Unified AGN Outflow Model  Ionization parameter-Outflow velocity correlations (Tombesi + 2013)  A possible correlation between UFO and angular momentum?
32. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group 32 Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention