Upgrade to Pro — share decks privately, control downloads, hide ads and more …

Relativistic Compact Outflows in Radio-quiet AGN

Relativistic Compact Outflows in Radio-quiet AGN

Talk at Extreme Astrophysics Group, University of Michigan, Michigan, MA, USA, October 2019

Ashkbiz Danehkar

October 31, 2019
Tweet

More Decks by Ashkbiz Danehkar

Other Decks in Research

Transcript

  1. Relativistic Compact Outflows
    in Radio-quiet AGN
    Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
    Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
    Ashkbiz Danehkar
    Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan
    [email protected]
    In collaborations with: Mike Nowak (MIT), Gerard Kriss (STSI), Julia Lee (Harvard),
    In collaborations with: Mike Nowak (MIT), Gerard Kriss (STSI), Julia Lee (Harvard),
    Randall Smith (SAO) and et al.
    Randall Smith (SAO) and et al.
    Extreme Astrophysics Group, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, October 31st, 2019

    View Slide

  2. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    2
    Outline

    Introduction
     Radio-quiet AGN Class
     Ultra-Fast Outflow (UFO)
     X-ray Absorbers

    PG 1211+143
     Previous XMM-Newton Observations
     Chandra X-ray and Hubble UV Observations in 2015
     Photoionization Modeling (Parallelization with MPI)
     Confidence MCMC Maps of Measured Parameters

    Future Direction for UFO in AGN
     Unified AGN Outflow Model
     A Possible Angular Momentum-UFO Correlation

    Summary

    View Slide

  3. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    3
    AGN Classification
    AGN Unified Model (radio-loud & -quiet AGN, Seyfert I & II Galaxies)
    Beckmann & Shrader 2012,
    Active Galactic Nuclei
    Unified Models for AGNs
    Antonucci, ARA&A, 1993, 31, 473
    Unified Schemes for AGNs
    Megan Urry & Padovani, 1995, PASP, 107, 803
    (Bernie Fanaroff &
    Julia Riley 1974)
    AGN Unified Model
    • Radio-Quiet AGN
     Seyfert I (BLR+NLR,
    compact outflows)
     Seyfert II (NLR)
    • Radio-Loud AGN
     FR I (compact radio jets)
     FR II (extended radio jets)
     Blazar (relativistic beams)
    (Carl Seyfert 1942)

    View Slide

  4. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    4
    AGN Classification
    Dermer & Giebles 2016
    radio-loud & -quiet AGN, Seyfert I & II Galaxies
    Blandford, Netzer, Woltjer 1990, Active Galactic Nuclei

    View Slide

  5. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    5
    X-ray Feature of AGN
    Disk
    Black-
    body
    Hot Corona
    Warm
    Absorbers
    K-shell Iron
    Beckmann & Shrader 2012
    Risaliti & Elvis 2004
    (bbody + powerlaw + ∑ emis) x ∏ abs

    View Slide

  6. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    6
    X-ray Absorbers

    Ultra-fast Outflows (UFOs):
     hard X-ray blue-shifted absorption lines
     H-like & He-like Fe Ions
     Velocity > 10,000 km/s (0.03c)
     high velocity ~ 0.1– 0.4c
    (Pounds + 2003, Cappi 2006, Braito + 2007)
     Recently observed in 30% of radio-quite and -loud AGN
    (Tombest + 2010,2011,2012,2014)

    Warm Absorbers (WAs):
     soft X-ray blue-shifted absorption lines
     H-like & He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si, S Ions
     Velocity < 10,000 km/s (0.03c)
     Observed in 50% of Seyfert I galaxies
    (Reynold & Fabian 1995, Reynold 1997, George + 1998)
    6
    Tombesi + 2013

    View Slide

  7. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    7
    PG 1211+143

    A Narrow-line Quasi-Stellar Object (QSO)

    In a radio-quite (Seyfert I) galaxy (z = 0.0809)

    Strong soft excess

    Mildly relativistic outflows – 0.06c and 0.13c (XMM-Newton)

    redshifted aborbers at 0.2-0.4c: infall to the black hole

    View Slide

  8. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    8
    PG 1211+143: XMM-Newton

    UFOs v
    out
    ~ -0.07c (Pounds + 2003)

    UFOs v
    out
    ~ -0.13c (Pounds+ 2006,2007,2009)

    UFOs v
    out
    ~ -0.06c and -0.13c (Pounds + 2016)

    H- and He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar and Fe ions

    View Slide

  9. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    9
    PG 1211+143: Chandra
    X-ray Chandra Observations

    High Energy Transmission Grating
    (HETG; PI: J.C. Lee, 2015 April)

    6 observations over 9 days ~ 433 ks

    H- and He-like Ne, Mg, S ions: -0.06c
    PG 1211+143 Chandra Observations (PI J.C. Lee)

    View Slide

  10. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    10
    PG 1211+143: Hubble
    Hubble UV Observations

    Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
    PG 1211+143 Chandra Observations (PI J.C. Lee)

    View Slide

  11. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    11
    PG 1211+143: Low Varibility

    View Slide

  12. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    12
    PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model
    • XSTARDB & XSTAR2XSPEC
    • Set parameters
     Number density (log n ~12)
     Ionizing SED (Radio+IR+Opt+UV+X-ray)

    Physical Conditions (free parameters):
     Column density (N
    H
    )
     Ionization parameter (ξ)

    Photo-emission, Ionized absorption
    XSTAR (Kallman + 1996, 2004) or CLOUDY (Ferland + 1998)

    (bbody + powerlaw + ∑ photemis) x ∏ warmabs

    View Slide

  13. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    13
    PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model

    MPI_XSTAR Parallelization: github.com/xstarkit/mpi_xstar
    (Danehkar + 2018, PASP, 130, 024501)
    XSTAR (Kallman + 1996, 2004)
    XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR XSTAR
    XSTAR

    produce table model files:
     absorption spectrum imprinted onto continuum (xout_mtable.fits)
     reflected emission spectrum in all directions (xout_ain.fits)
     emission spectrum in transmitted direction of the absorpter (xout_aout.fits)

    View Slide

  14. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    14
    PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model
    Ionized Absorber at -0.06c
    Ionized
    Absorber
    Danehkar + 2018, ApJ 853:165
    Ionization parameter
    Gas
    density
    Luminosity (13.6 eV-13.6 keV)
    Radius
    Column
    density
    Shell thickness
    Outflow velocity
    BH mass

    View Slide

  15. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    15
    PG 1211+143: Photoionization Model

    Absorpti
    on -0.06c

    HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)

    UV Lyα wide absorption line,
    possible counterpart to X-ray absorber

    The same outflow velocity (-0.06c)

    log N
    H I
    > 14.5 (log N
    H
    ~ 21)

    log ξ ~ 2.9
    Kriss + 2018, ApJ 853:166

    View Slide

  16. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    16
    PG 1211+143: MCMC Confidence Maps
    Danehkar + 2018, ApJ 853:165

    ~ -0.06c

    View Slide

  17. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    17
    PG 1211+143: Thermal Stability
    Thermal Stability Curve and Ion Fraction Plots

    View Slide

  18. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    18
    Ultra-fast Outflow in AGN
    Detection of relativistic outflows in X-ray

    Seyfert I PDS 456
    Ionized outflow at -0.24c and -0.48 c
    Biossay-Malaquin, Danehkar + 2019

    View Slide

  19. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    19
    Ultra-fast Outflow in AGN
    Detection of UFO in radio-quite AGN
    Cappi 2006

    View Slide

  20. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    20
    Unified AGN Outflow Model
    Absorption Measure Distribution (AMD): similar to Emission Measure Distribution (EMD)
    n(r) ~ r -1.4 density profile
    Behar 2009

    View Slide

  21. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    21
    Unified AGN Outflow Model
    Unification of UFOs and WAs
    Tombesi + 2013
    (Ultra-fast outflows)
    (Warm Absorbers)

    View Slide

  22. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    22
    Unified AGN Outflow Model
    Non-Unification of UFOs and WAs
    Tombesi + 2013
    (Ultra-fast outflows)
    (Warm Absorbers)

    View Slide

  23. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    23
    Unified AGN Outflow Model
    Black Hole Spin Implication for a Unified AGN Model?
    Garofalo + 2010
    Beckmann & Shrader 2012,
    Active Galactic Nuclei
    AGN Unified Model
    - Radio-Quiet AGN: Seyfert I, Seyfert II
    - Radio-Loud AGN: FR I, FR II (extended radio jets)

    View Slide

  24. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    24
    Supermassive Black Hole Spin
    Black Hole Spin Measurement (see Brenneman 2013)

    Thermal Continuum Fitting (UV observation)
    – stellar-mass black hole
    – AGN (may problematic due to UV absorption lines!)

    Inner Disk Reflection Modeling
    – AGN (X-ray)

    High Frequency Quasi-Periodic Oscillations
    – AGN + stellar-mass black hole (fully not developed)

    X-ray Polarimetry
    – Need sensitive X-ray polarimter (not available now!)

    Imaging the Event Horizon Shadow
    – Need Very Long Baseline Interferometry (in development)
    – Suitable only for Sgr A* and M87
    a = J c / G M2
    (a: BH spin, J: angular momentum, M: BH mass, G: gravitational constant, c: speed of light)

    View Slide

  25. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    25
    Supermassive Black Hole Spin
    Relativistically broadened Kα iron line (6.4 keV)
    Compton hump (> 10keV)
    Black Hole Spin Measurement from X-ray
    a = - 1
    a = 0
    a = 1
    Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

    View Slide

  26. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    26
    Supermassive Black Hole Spin
    BH Spin from Reflection Modeling

    kerrconv (Brenneman & Reynold 2006)

    relline (Dauser + 2010)

    xillver (Garcia + 2010,11,13)

    relxill (Garcia + 2014)
    Dauser & Garcia + 2014

    View Slide

  27. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    27
    Supermassive Black Hole Mass
    BH Mass from Reverberation Mapping Technique (Kaspi + 2000)

    Variation in light curves of broad emission line region (BLR) in Seyfert I AGN

    Time delay in variation of BLR luminosity (Hb 4861A) relative to
    variation of accretion disk luminosity (continuum 5100A)
    www.techfreaq.de
    Bentz + 2006

    View Slide

  28. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    28
    SMBH Spin Implication
    Black Hole Spin Implication for a Unified AGN Model?
    Danehkar +

    View Slide

  29. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    29
    Theories for UFO in AGN

    strong magnetic field in accretion flow/disk
    of rotating BH
    – Blandford-Znajek process (1977) for strong jets from flow
    – Blandford-Payne process (1982) for slow winds from disk

    frame dragging (gravitomagnetism indirectly)
    – Penrose process (1971)
    – Kerr spacetime of rotating BH
    – extracting black-hole rotational energy

    frame dragging + magnetic field
    (e.g. Narayan & Quataert 2005)

    gravitomagnetism
    Frame dragging+magnetic
    (Narayan & Quataert 2005)
    Blandford-Znajek process
    (Thorne 1995)

    View Slide

  30. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    30
    Theories for UFO in AGN
    For local gravitational filed, these are Einstein field equations:
    For non-local gravitational fields, there are dynamical formulas from Bianchi
    identities in General Relativity:
    Newtonian Tidal force
    Non-Newtonian effect
    Gravitational waves
    shear current
    angular momentum
    Trumper 1964, Hawking 1966, Ellis 1971

    View Slide

  31. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    31
    Summary

    X-ray ionized Absorbers
     WAs: typically H-like & He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si & S ions, low velocity < 10,000 km/s
     UFOs: typically H-like & He-like Fe, high velocity > 10,000 km/s, usually ~ 0.05– 0.45c

    The Quasar PG1211+143
     XMM-Newton observations: UFOs v
    out
    ~ -0.06c and -0.13c
     Chandra observations together with Hubble UV, VLA radio observations in 2015

    Photoionization Modeling of PG1211+143
     X-ray ionized absorber: outflow velocity -0.06c
     UV Lyα absorption: outflow velocity -0.06c, possible counterpart to X-ray absorber
     MPI-based parallelization for supercomputers: MPI_XSTAR

    Unified AGN Outflow Model
     Ionization parameter-Outflow velocity correlations (Tombesi + 2013)
     A possible correlation between UFO and angular momentum?

    View Slide

  32. 10/31/2019 Extreme Astrophysics Group
    32
    Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
    Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
    Thank you for your attention
    Thank you for your attention

    View Slide