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Unicyclic Graphs with Prime Vertex Labelings, II

Dana Ernst
March 20, 2015

Unicyclic Graphs with Prime Vertex Labelings, II

This talk was given by my undergraduate research students Nathan Diefenderfer and Briahna Preston on March 20, 2015 at the 2015 MAA/CURM Spring Conference at Brigham Young University.

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation grant #DMS-1148695 through the Center for Undergraduate Research (CURM).

Dana Ernst

March 20, 2015
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  1. Unicyclic Graphs with Prime Vertex
    Labelings, II
    Nathan Diefenderfer and Briahna Preston
    Joint work with: Michael Hastings, Levi Heath, Hannah
    Prawzinsky, Emily White & Alyssa Whittemore
    2015 MAA/CURM Spring Conference
    March 20, 2015

    View Slide

  2. What is a Graph?
    Definition
    A graph G(V, E) is a set V of vertices and a set E of edges
    connecting some (possibly empty) subset of those vertices. A
    simple graph is a graph that contains neither “loops” nor
    multiple edges between vertices. A connected graph is a
    graph in which there exists a “path” between every pair of
    vertices.
    For the remainder of the presentation, all graphs are assumed
    to be simple and connected.

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  3. Graph Theory Terminology
    Definition
    Two vertices are considered adjacent if there is an edge
    between them.
    Definition
    The degree of a vertex is the number of edges having that
    vertex as an endpoint.
    Definition
    A subgraph H of a graph G is a graph whose vertex set is a
    subset of that of G, and whose adjacency relation is a subset of
    that of G restricted to this subset.

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  4. Infinite Families of Graphs
    P8
    C12
    S5

    View Slide

  5. Prime Vertex Labelings
    Definition
    An n-vertex graph has a prime vertex labeling if its vertices are
    labeled with the integers 1, 2, 3, . . . , n such that no label is
    repeated and all adjacent vertices (i.e., vertices that share an
    edge) have labels that are relatively prime.
    1
    6
    7
    4
    9
    2
    3
    10
    11
    12
    5
    8
    Some useful number theory facts:
    • All pairs of consecutive integers
    are relatively prime.
    • Consecutive odd integers are
    relatively prime.
    • A common divisor of two integers
    is also a divisor of their difference.
    • The integer 1 is relatively prime to
    all integers.

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  6. Known Prime Vertex Labelings
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    P8
    1
    12
    11
    10
    9
    8
    7
    6
    5
    4
    3
    2
    C12
    1
    2
    6
    5
    4 3
    S5

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  7. Unicyclic Graphs
    Definition
    A graph is unicyclic if it contains only one cycle as a subgraph.
    Conjecture (Seoud and Youssef, 1999)
    All unicyclic graphs have a prime labeling.
    5
    1
    2
    3 4
    9
    8 10
    7
    6

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  8. Tadpoles
    Definition
    A tadpole is a unicyclic graph composed of a cycle and a
    single path starting at what we call an intersection point, a
    vertex in the cycle.
    Definition
    An arc length is the number of cycle edges between two
    intersection points. So an even or odd arc length refers to the
    parity of the number of edges in the arc length.

    View Slide

  9. Double-Tailed Tadpoles
    Theorem
    All double-tailed tadpoles have a prime labeling.
    Labeling - Case 1
    The most simple case, a double-tailed tadpole with n vertices
    and one intersection point vk
    , is labeled with the following
    labeling function.
    f(vi) =





    i + 1, for i < k
    1, for i = k
    i, for i > k

    View Slide

  10. A Labeled 6-Cycle Double-Tailed Tadpole
    3
    4
    5
    6
    1 2
    13
    12
    11
    7
    8
    9
    10

    View Slide

  11. Even-Cycle Double-Tailed Tadpole
    Labeling - Case 2
    An even-cycle double-tailed tadpole with n vertices and two
    distinct intersection points is labeled with the following labeling
    function:
    f(vi) =
    i + 1, for i < n
    1, for i = n
    Note that v1
    must be the vertex adjacent to an intersection
    point.

    View Slide

  12. A Labeled 8-Cycle Double-Tailed Tadpole
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    2
    3
    1 15 14 13
    10
    11
    12

    View Slide

  13. Odd-Cycle Double-Tailed Tadpole
    Labeling - Case 3
    An odd-cycle double-tailed tadpole with n vertices and two
    distinct intersection points is labeled with the following labeling
    function:
    f(vi) =









    i + 1, for i ≤ k
    i + 2, for k < i ≤ n − 2
    k + 1, for i = n
    1, for i = n − 1
    Note that v1
    must be the vertex adjacent to an intersection
    point on the even arc length of the cycle and vk
    is the other
    intersection point.

    View Slide

  14. A Labeled 7-Cycle Double-Tailed Tadpole
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    2
    3
    4 1 14
    10
    11
    12
    13

    View Slide

  15. Triple-Tailed Tadpoles
    Theorem
    All odd-cycle triple-tailed tadpoles have a prime labeling.
    Labeling - Case 1
    An odd-cycle triple tailed tadpole with n vertices, three distinct
    intersection points, and three odd tails is labeled with the
    following function:
    f(vi) =









    i + 1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 2
    i + 2, for 3 ≤ i < n − 2
    4, for i = j
    1, for i = k

    View Slide

  16. A Labeled 9-cycle Triple-Tailed Tadpole
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    2
    3
    5
    6
    1 20 19
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    4 17 18

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  17. Hairy Cycles
    Definition
    In a unicyclic graph, a pendant is a path on two vertices with
    exactly one vertex being a cycle vertex. The non-cycle vertex
    of a pendant is called a pendant vertex.
    Definition
    An m-hairy cycle, denoted Cn
    Sm
    is a cycle with m pendants
    adjacent to each cycle vertex.

    View Slide

  18. Basic Approach
    For an m-hairy cycle:
    • N is split into sets of m + 1 consecutive integers.
    • Each set is assigned to a cycle vertex and its pendants.
    • A number relatively prime to the rest is assigned to the
    cycle vertex.
    • Odd m values were used so the number of evens and odds
    in each set was consistent.

    View Slide

  19. 3-Hairy Cycle
    Theorem
    For all n ≥ 3, Cn
    S3
    has a prime labeling.
    Labeling
    Let c1, c2, . . . cn
    denote the vertices of Cn
    , and let the pendant
    vertices adjacent to ci
    be denoted pj
    i
    , 1 ≤ j ≤ 3. The labeling
    function f : V → {1, 2, . . . 4n} is given by:
    f(ci) =
    1 i = 1
    4i − 1 i ≥ 2
    f(pj
    i
    ) =









    j + 1 i = 1, 1 ≤ j ≤ 3
    4i − 3 i ≥ 2, j = 1
    4i − 2 i ≥ 2, j = 2
    4i i ≥ 2, j = 3

    View Slide

  20. A Labeled 3-Hairy Cycle
    1
    2
    3
    4
    15
    13
    14
    16
    7
    5
    6
    8
    11
    9
    10
    12

    View Slide

  21. 5-Hairy Cycle
    Theorem
    For all n ≥ 3, Cn
    S5
    has a prime labeling.
    Labeling
    Let c1, c2, . . . , cn
    denote the vertices of Cn
    , and let the pendant
    vertices adjacent ci
    be denoted pj
    i
    , 1 ≤ j ≤ 5. The labeling
    formula f : V → {1, 2, . . . , 6n} is given by:
    f(ci) =
    1, i = 1
    6(i − 1) + 5, i ≥ 2
    f(pj
    i
    ) =





    j + 1, 1 ≤ j ≤ 5, i = 1
    6(i − 1) + j, 1 ≤ j ≤ 4, i ≥ 2
    6(i − 1) + 6, j = 5, i ≥ 2

    View Slide

  22. A Labeled 5-Hairy Cycle
    1
    4
    5
    6
    2
    3
    23
    21
    22
    24
    19
    20
    17
    15
    16
    18
    13
    14
    11
    9
    10
    12
    7
    8

    View Slide

  23. 7-Hairy Cycle
    Theorem
    For all n ≥ 3, Cn
    S7
    has a prime labeling.
    Labeling
    Let c1, c2, . . . cn
    denote the vertices of Cn
    , and let the pendant
    vertices adjacent to ci
    be denoted pj
    i
    , 1 ≤ j ≤ 7. The labeling
    formula f : V → {1, 2, . . . 8n} is given by:
    f(c1) = 1
    f(pj
    1
    ) = j + 1
    f(ci) =





    8i − 5 i ≡ 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 (mod 15)
    8i − 3 i ≡ 4, 5, 7, 10, 13 (mod 15)
    8i − 1 i ≡ 0, 1 (mod 15)
    f(pj
    i
    ) ∈ {8i − 7, 8i − 6, . . . , 8i} \ {f(ci)}

    View Slide

  24. A Labeled 7-Hairy Cycle
    1
    2
    3
    4 5 6
    7
    8
    19
    17
    18
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    11
    9
    10
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    29
    25
    26
    27
    28
    30
    31
    32

    View Slide

  25. Future Work
    This technique works well for odd m values, so extending this
    method to evens is an obvious goal.
    However, this method will fail for m ≥ 16, due to a result by
    S.S. Pillai, who found that in a string of 17 or more consecutive
    integers, there will not always be an integer in the set relatively
    prime to the rest.

    View Slide

  26. Bertrand’s Postulate
    Prior to this, labelings were constructed for graphs. However, for
    this graph, a labeling scheme was devised first.
    Bertrand’s Postulate
    For every n > 1, there exists a prime p such that n < p < 2n.
    Unlike hairy cycles, this constructed graph will not have a
    consistent number of pendants per cycle vertex. Instead, the
    number will grow to allow us to use Bertrand’s postulate to find
    primes.

    View Slide

  27. Bertrand Weed Graph
    Earlier, the natural numbers were split up into sets of a
    consistent size. For this graph, each set of integers needs to be
    twice as large as the previous set.
    Due to Bertrand’s postulate, there is guaranteed to be a prime
    in each set. Assign the largest prime in each set as the label to
    the cycle vertex, then label the pendant vertices with the rest
    of the consecutive integers.

    View Slide

  28. A Labeled Bertrand Weed Graph
    1
    2
    13
    10
    9
    11
    14
    7
    12
    8
    5
    4
    3
    6

    View Slide

  29. Acknowledgments
    Center for Undergraduate Research in Mathematics
    Northern Arizona University
    Research Advisors Dana Ernst and Jeff Rushall

    View Slide