Diverse Portfolio of Scientific Instrumentation Initiatives of the Deep Carbon Observatory

An overview of Deep Carbon Observatory's instrumentation initiatives for the study of deep carbon.

Transcript

1. Diverse Portfolio of Scientific Instrumentation Initiatives of the Deep Carbon Observatory deepcarbon.net cschiffries@ciw.edu Craig M. Schiffries, Robert M. Hazen, Russell J. Hemley, and Andrea Johnson Mangum Deep Carbon Observatory Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of Washington EGU General Assembly Vienna, Austria April 2016
2. Why Deep Carbon? •  Carbon is the element of life •  Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy •  Carbon-bearing molecules in the atmosphere play a major role in climate change •  The vast majority of previous research has focused on the oceans, atmosphere, and shallow crustal environments, which collectively may contain < 10% of Earth’s carbon •  DCO is focusing on carbon in the planet’s deep interior, which may contain > 90% of Earth’s carbon •  We know relatively little about Earth’s deep carbon cycle, including the nature of deep carbon reservoirs and fluxes •  We are largely ignorant of the nature and extent of deep microbial ecosystems, which by some estimates rival the total surface biomass
3. Deep Carbon Observatory Overview •  A 10-year project launched in September 2009 •  Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  Foster international cooperation •  Engage over 1,000 researchers from 40 countries •  Vibrant network of DCO Early Career Scientists •  Four DCO Science Communities and crosscutting activities •  Published more than 600 peer-reviewed papers •  More than 50 papers in Science, Nature, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, documenting novel results of broad interest beyond traditional scientific disciplines •  Seed major funding for deep carbon research
4. Panorama and the Panorama team P. A. Freedman, Designer; D. Rumble and E. D. Young, co-PI’s Nu Instruments Ltd. Factory, Wrexham, Wales 5-November-2014 Advanced instrumentation is needed to achieve DCO goals
5. Deep Life: Chikyu Expedition 24 July 2015 349:420-424 SCIENCE Inagaki F, Hinrichs K-U, Kubo Y, Bowles MW, Heuer VB, Hong W-L, Hoshino T, Ijiri A, Imachi H, Ito M, Kaneko M, Lever MA, Lin Y-S, Methé BA, Morita S, Morono Y, Tanikawa W, Bihan M, Bowden SA, Elvert M, Glombitza C, Gross D, Harrington GJ, Hori T, Li K, Limmer D, Liu C-H, Murayama M, Ohkouchi N, Ono S, Park Y-S, Phillips SC, Prieto-Mollar X, Purkey M, Riedinger N, Sanada Y, Sauvage J, Snyder G, Susila- wati R, Takano Y, Tasumi E, Terada T, Tomaru H, Trembath-Reichert E, Wang DT, Yamada Y Exploring deep microbial life in coal-bearing sediment down to ~2.5km below the seafloor ü  Samples  recovered                from  record  depth  of                2.5  km  below  seafloor    
6. OCO and DCO Collaboration Florian Schwandner, NASA/JPL, DCO DECADE The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 – Opportunities for Deep Carbon Research Opportuni<es  for  measuring  volcanic     emissions  of  CO2  from  space   ü  Remote  sensing  using                instruments  op<mized                for  other  purposes  
7. Reservoirs and Fluxes 24 August 2015 8:755-758 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Diane T. Wetzel, Erik H. Hauri, Alberto E. Saal, and Malcolm J. Rutherford Carbon content and degassing history of the lunar volcanic glasses ü  NanoSIMS  
8. Mantle Redox State Linked to Deep Carbon Cycle Redox Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts as a Function of Mantle Source 14 JUNE 2013 SCIENCE Elizabeth Cottrell, Katherine A. Kelley ü  Micro-­‐XANES   ü  Na<onal  Synchrotron                Light  Source  
9. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Reservoirs and Fluxes ü  Micro-­‐XRF;  FTIR   ü  Single  crystal  XRD   ü  Raman  spectroscopy  
10. 16 MAY 2013 VOL 497 NATURE G. Holland, B. Sherwood Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, G.F. Slater & C.J. Ballentine Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era Deep Energy: World’s Oldest Water ü  Noble  gas  isotopes  
11. Extreme Physics and Chemistry 18 February 2015 6:6311 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Eglantine Boulard, Ding Pan, Giulia Galli, Zhenxian Liu, Wendy Mao Tetrahedrally coordinated carbonates in Earth’s lower mantle ü  Diamond  anvil  cell   ü  NSLS   ü  APS  
12. Novel Instrumentation •  Existing instrumentation is being utilized by DCO •  New instrumentation is needed to achieve DCO Decadal Goals •  The DCO front-loaded its decadal program with investments in instrument development
13. New Instruments are Keys to Discovery Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CMIG)                  Andrew Steele, Carnegie/Smithsonian Institution   Novel large-volume diamond anvil cell for neutron scattering                      Malcolm Guthrie, , European Spallation Source   Development of an ultrafast laser instrument for in situ measurements of thermodynamic properties of carbon bearing fluids and crystalline materials                  Alexander Goncharov, Carnegie Institution of Washington   Gas instrumentation sandpit workshop—developing next generation sensors for monitoring volcanic carbon flux                              Adrian Jones, University College London   Experimental High-P and T Bioreactors Sandpit Workshop                  Isabelle Daniel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1   DCO Computer Cluster                        Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
14. New Instruments are Keys to Discovery Detecting the deep biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon A high P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons A modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico Wendy Mao, Stanford University Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology
15. Pressurized Underwater Sample Handler (PUSH50) •  High-pressure microbial sampling and experiments had been limited by expense, expertise, and lack of standardized equipment •  DCO supported custom development of 50 mL PUSH50 to facilitate high- pressure biological/geochemical research and to promote collaboration among researchers •  PUSH50 has capability to sample and transport biological samples under constant pressure and is certified for airline transport •  Instrument pool will be available for community use after testing is complete
16. Novel Large-Volume Diamond Anvil Cell •  A large-volume diamond anvil cell (DAC) is essential to investigate reactions under extreme pressure and temperature conditions—particularly reactions involving the evolution of mantle fluid phases •  A novel cell with single-crystal diamond apertures and target volumes of 0.1-1.0 mm3 capable of operating at pressures of more than 50 GPa was proposed Panoramic DAC (2008) EFree nDAC (2013) DCO LV-DAC (2014) •  The resulting cell design can support 10 tons (vastly more than a traditional DAC) and has been tested to 100 GPa •  The new cell has been used for neutron diffraction experiments on the SNAP beamline at the $1.2 billion Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory •  Malcolm Guthrie, European Spallation Source, Principal Investigator
17. Field Deployable Infrared Spectrometers •  Portable CO2 isotope analysis instruments optimized for geochemistry/volcanology •  Laser Isotope Ratio-meter developed with partial DCO support by Damien Weidmann, RAL, UK •  Successful 2015 volcanic field test campaign to measure 13CO2 /12CO2 ratio from a fumarole in situ and in real time •  First product of new company: Mirico Ltd. •  Delta Ray™ Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer developed by Thermo Fisher and loaned to DCO Sampling a fumarole at Solfatara, Naples, Italy Laser Isotope Ratio-meter (LIR) installed in a car
18. Methane Clumped Isotopes DCO  is  simultaneously  pursuing   two  radically  different  approaches   for  measuring  clumped  isotopes  in   methane  and  other  gases:     •  Mass  spectrometry   •  Caltech/Thermo  Fisher   •  UCLA/Carnegie/Nu   Instruments     •  Absorp<on  spectroscopy     •  MIT/Aerodyne  Research     Data  from  these  instruments  is   enabling  DCO  to  achieve  a  major   decadal  goal  regarding  methane   forma<on  temperatures,  sources,   and  provenance.   Caltech,  MIT,  UCLA  (clockwise  from  top  leV)  
20. Thermo 253 Ultra Mass Spectrometer 27 JUNE 2014 VOL 344:1500-1503 SCIENCE Daniel Stolper, Michael Lawson, Cara Davis, Alexandre Ferreira, Eugenio Santos Neto, Geoffrey Ellis, Michael Lewan, Anna Martini, Yongchun Tang, Martin Schoell, Alex Sessions, John Eiler Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane
21. Clumped Isotopes: Absorption Spectroscopy JUNE 2014 ASAP ONLINE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Shuhei Ono, David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Mark S. Zahniser, Barry J. McManus, David D. Nelson Measurement of a doubly substituted methane isotopologue, 13CH3 D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy
24. Clumped Isotopes: Absorption Spectroscopy 24 April 2015 348:428-431 SCIENCE David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Lucy C. Stewart, James F. Holden, Alexander N. Hristov, John W. Pohlman, Penny L. Morrill, Martin Könneke, Kyle B. Delwiche, Eoghan P. Reeves, Chelsea N. Sutcliffe, Daniel J. Ritter, Jeffrey Seewald, Jennifer C. McIntosh, Harold F. Hemond, Michael D. Kubo, Dawn Cardace, Tori M. Hoehler, Shuhei Ono Nonequilibrium clumped isotope signals in microbial methane.
25. Clumped Isotopes: Mass Spectrometry 24 April 2015 348:431-434 SCIENCE Laurence Yeung, Jeanine Ash, Edward Young Biological signatures in clumped isotopes of O2
26. Publication Perspective by B. Passey, Biogeochemical tales told by isotope clumps 24 April 2015 348:394-395 SCIENCE
27. A Large-Radius High- Mass-Resolution Multiple-Collector Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer for Analysis of Rare Isotopologues of O2 , N2 , CH4 and Other Gases April 2016 International Journal of Mass Spectrometry Edward D. Young, Douglas Rumble III, Philip Freedman, Mark Mills preliminary pages iii–v International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 1 25 April 2016 International Journal of Mass Spectrometry Vol . 401 ( 2016 ) 1 – 64 ELSEVIER 401 ntents in: Chem. Abstr.; Curr. Contents, Phys. Chem. Earth Sci.; Embase/Excerpta Medica; INSPEC; m. Bull.; PASCAL/CNRS. Also covered in the abstract and citation database SCOPUS®. Full text available on ® Volume 401 , 25 April 2016 ISSN 1387-3806 On-line Access via: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijms “A large-radius high-mass- resolution multiple-collector isotope ratio mass spectrometer for analysis of rare isotopologues of O 2 , N 2 , CH 4 and other gases” Corresponding Author: Prof. Edward Young
28. Panorama Mass Spectrometer Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments Young et al., 2016
29. New Class of Mass Spectrometers Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments
30. Two Doubly-Substituted Isotopologues of Methane Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments Young et al., 2016
31. Multiple, Multiply-Substituted Isotopologues Young et al., 2016 •  Measuring multiple, multiply- substituted isotopologues of a molecule has potential to deconvolve superimposed effects of multiple process, such as: v  mixing v  kinetics v  diffusion v  temperature •  New quantitative tests of geochemical models may become possible
32. Sponsors •  Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  UK Natural Environment Research Council •  Russian Ministry of Science and Education •  European Research Council •  European Commission’s Marie Sklodowska Curie Research Program •  US National Science Foundation •  US Department of Energy •  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada •  Canadian Space Agency •  Canada Research Chairs Program •  Conseil Régional d’Ile de France •  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft •  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science •  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, & Technology of Japan •  Chinese Academy of Sciences •  International Continental Scientific Drilling Program •  International Ocean Discovery Program •  Many other organizations
33. For More Information Craig M. Schiffries, Director Deep Carbon Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington cschiffries@ciw.edu 202-478-8819 deepcarbon.net