than 150 parameters. • No security against accidents. User iden<fica<on added a=er Last.fm deleted a fileystem by accident. • HDFS is primarily designed for streaming access of large files. Reading through small files normally causes lots of seeks and lots of hopping from datanode to datanode to retrieve each small file. • Steep learning curve. According to Facebook, using Hadoop was not easy for end users, especially for the ones who were not familiar with MapReduce. Challenges