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近代史とアジャイル / Modern History and Agile
Fumihiko Kinoshita
September 19, 2020
Technology
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2.5k
近代史とアジャイル / Modern History and Agile
XP祭り 2020
Fumihiko Kinoshita
September 19, 2020
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Transcript
࢙ۙͱΞδϟΠ ϧ Լ࢙ ӬγεςϜϚωδϝϯτ "HJMF4UVEJPݕఆࡁڭՊॻ ຊ91Ϣʔβάϧʔϓ༻ 91 ࡇΓ ৄઆ
ΠΪϦε https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:View_of_the_manufactory_of_Boulton_%26_Fothergill_in_Birmingham_by_Francis_Eginton_1773.jpg#file
δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Watt_James_von_Breda.jpg ൃ໌Ոɺػցٕज़ऀ ৠؾػؔ鲗վྑ (1736ʙ1819)
࢈ۀֵ໋ ʙੈل wٕೳʹࣝΛ׆͔͢ wٕೳͷମܥԽʹΑΔٕज़ͷੜ w࠷ॳͷؒҎલ͔Βଘࡏ͍ͯͨ͠ͷػցԽ wੜ࢈ੑ্͠ͳ͔ͬͨ wͷమಓग़ݱΛܖػʹ༷૬͕Ұม ࢈ۀࣾձ https://www.sangyo-kakumei.com/description/post-114
ΞμϜɾεϛε https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png ֶऀɺྙཧֶऀɺܦࡁֶऀ ʰࠃʱ 鲰鲟鱅鳘鲲ɾ鳧鲻鳀鱑鲨鳡鲱鲬鱅େֶߏ鱬࣮ݧث۩ɾमཧళ 鲗։ۀ鱞鲐鱳鲗खॿ鱖 (1723ʙ1790)
࢈ۀֵ໋ ࢈ۀ ܦࡁ 2000 1900 1800 ࢿຊओٛ ࢈ۀࣾձ ✦ δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ
ৠؾػؔΛվྑ ✦ ΞμϜɾεϛεʰࠃʱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧͷಠཱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ✦ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ࣾձ ✦ ϦόϓʔϧɾΞϯυɾ ϚϯνΣελʔమಓ։ۀ
ɿͲ͕ͬͪlΞδϟΠϧzʁ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg A B
ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ࡞ɺൃޮ ݱࡏ鲇ػೳ鱜鱫鱉鲐ੈք࠷ݹ鱳จݑ๏ Կ鲇ܾ鲆鱫鱉鱯鱉 鲔鱟鱐 鱉鱔鱩鱐鱳جຊཧ೦ɺ੍ɺ؆୯鱯खଓ鱒鲗ఆ鲆鱤鱥鱖 ޙੈ鲗റ鲏鱤鱔鱯鱉鱭鱉鱋ॊೈ鱯ൃ ݶ鲏鱇鲐ਓ鱳鱭鱜鱫鱴ਅཧ鱴鱯鱐鱯鱐鱩鱐鲆鱯鱉鱭鱉鱋 ߟ鱍ํ मਖ਼खଓ鱒鱑ఆ鲆鲎鲑鱤།Ұ鱳ݑ๏
վਖ਼鱬鱴鱯鱉 ݑ๏߲鱴݁鱜鱫鱉鲐鱳鱬ɺมߋෆՄೳ ৽鱜鱉߲鲗Ճ鱞鲐ํ๏鱬मਖ਼鱞鲐鱳鱬ɺओݖऀ鱳ݖར 鲉ࣗ༝֦େ鱜鱐鱬鱒鱯鱉 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Constitution.jpg ΠϯΫϦϝϯλϧ ΞδϟΠϧ ϚχϑΣετ ͷਫ਼ਆ
ੜ࢈ੑֵ໋ ੈلʙ wςΠϥʔͷՊֶతཧ๏͕ੜ wࣄʢମ࿑ಇʣʹࣝΛ׆༻ wੜ࢈ੑ͕ඈ༂తʹ্ʢഒʹʣ ۀࣾձ ࢈ۀֵ໋ ʙੈل wٕೳʹࣝΛ׆͔͢ wٕೳͷମܥԽʹΑΔٕज़ͷੜ
w࠷ॳͷؒҎલ͔Βଘࡏ͍ͯͨ͠ͷػցԽ wੜ࢈ੑ্͠ͳ͔ͬͨ wͷమಓग़ݱΛܖػʹ༷૬͕Ұม ࢈ۀࣾձ https://gazoo.com/article/car_history/140919_1.html https://www.sangyo-kakumei.com/description/post-114
ϑϨσϦοΫɾςΠϥʔ ٕज़ऀɺܦӦֶऀ 鲾鲜鳡鱅Ҏલ 鲍鲏ଟ鱔鲗ੜ࢈鱞鲐鱤鲆鱳།Ұ鱳ํ๏鱴ɺ鲍鲏鱔ಇ鱐鱠鲐鱐ɺ 鲍鲏ܹ鱜鱔ಇ鱐鱠鲐鱘鱭鱥鱨鱤ɻ 鲾鲜鳡鱅鱳ޭ ࣄ鱢鱳鲇鱳鱳ݚڀɺੳɺ鲠鳫鲰鳃鲚鳢鳫鲨鱰ࣝ鲗Ԡ༻ ੈل鱳ܦࡁൃల鱳ૅ鲗ங鱉鱤ɻ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_L._Gantt.jpg ΨϯτνϟʔτΛൃ໌
ͨ͠ϔϯϦʔɾΨϯτ ςΠϥʔͷఋࢠ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Winslow_Taylor.JPG (1856ʙ1915)
Պֶతཧ๏ʢ՝ۀཧ࡞ۀͷඪ४ԽͳͲʹΑΔ࿑ಇऀཧͷํ๏ʣ ࣄ鲗୯७࡞ۀʢ୯७෮ಈ࡞ʣ鱰ղ鱜ɺ鲄鱞鱘鱭鱬ੜ࢈ੑ鲗ߴ 鲆鲐ํ๏ Պֶతཧ鱳ݪଇ ࡞ۀ鱳֤ཁૉ鱰鱩鱉鱫Պֶత鱰ੳ鱜ɺࣄ鲗࠷鲇ೳత鱰ߦ鱬鱒鲐࠷ળ鱳ํ๏鲗ߟҊ鱞鲐ɻ ࡞ۀऀ鱴ߟҊ鱚鲑鱤௨鲏鱳鲉鲏ํ鱬ࣄ鲗ߦ鱞鲐鲍鱋ڭҭ鱜鱯鱖鲑鱵鱯鲎鱯鱉ɻ࡞ۀऀ鱢鲑鱣鲑鱑ɺ鱮鱳 ࣄ鱰ద鱜鱫鱉鲐鱐鲗ݟ鱩鱖鱫ɺҰྲྀ鱰鱯鲐鲃鱬܇࿅鱞鲐鱳鱴ཧऀ鱳ׂ鱬鱇鲐ɻ ཧऀ鱴ࣄ鲗ୡ鱞鲐鱤鲆鱰ɺ࡞ۀऀ鱭ڠྗ鱜鱯鱖鲑鱵鱯鲎鱯鱉ɻ ཧऀ鱳鱴ܭըཱҊ鱭ಜ鱰ܞ鲔鲏ɺ࡞ۀऀ鱴鱢鲑鲗ߦ鱞鲐ɻ 鲾鲜鳡鱅ओٛ鱽鱳൷
ಇ鱔ਓؒ鲗ࣗಈԽ鱚鲑ඪ४Խ鱚鲑鱤ػց鱭鱜鱫ݟ鱤ɻ࿑ಇऀ鲗ࣾձత鱯Ґஔ鲉ׂɺݸੑ鲗鲇鱤鱯鱉࿑ಇ ྗɺඪ४Խ鱚鲑ަࣗ༝鱯ࣃं鱭鱜鱫ݟ鱤ɻ ख़࿅鲗൱ఆɻ鱢鲑鲃鱬鱴ɺຊ鱳࿑ಇऀ鱭鱴ɺٕज़ऀ鲉৬ਓ鱭鱜鱫鱳ތ鲏ɺࣄ鱳த鱳ཧղɺඞཁ鱭鱚鲑 鲐ٕೳɺ鱢鱜鱫ࣾձత鱯鱜鱐鲐鱾鱒Ґஔ鱭ׂ鲗鲇鱩ਓʑ鱥鱨鱤ɻ
γϟϕϧ͍͘͢ͷ࣮ݧ Photo by Andrey Metelev on Unsplash 鳕鳫鳁鱐鲎鳕鳫鳁鲃鱬鳕鳫鳁ࠁ鲄鱬鲱鳀鲻鳏鲞鲡鲻鲹鱬࣌ؒ 鲗ܭଌ ᶃ鱞鱔鱋࣌ؒ
ᶄ鱯鱗鲐࣌ؒ 鱷鱭鱞鱔鱉鱳ྔ鳕鳫鳁ʢLHʣ鱑鲇鱨鱭鲇ർ࿑ 鱑গ鱯鱔ɺ࠷େ鱳࡞ۀྔʢੜ࢈ੑʣ鲗ಘ鲎鲑鲐 γϟϕϧͻͱ͍͘͢ͷॏ͞ʹదͳॏ͕͋͞Δ w 鲯鳛鳑鳣鱳ฑ鱳ଠ鱚ɺ鱚ɺ࣋鱦ํ w 鲯鳛鳑鳣鲗ࠩ鱜ࠐ鲅鱭鱒鱳֯ɺྗ w 鲯鳛鳑鳣鱬鱞鱔鱉औ鱨鱤鲗鱗ग़鱞ڑ 鲉ߴ鱚 鱰鱩鱉鱫鲇࣮ݧ鲗ߦ鱨鱤ɻ ੜ࢈ੑഒʹ
ɿͲΕ͘Β͍ࣅ͍ͯΔʁ Photo by Andrey Metelev on Unsplash https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2016/09/01/using-mob-programming-to-solve-a-problem/
ੜ࢈ੑֵ໋ ੈلʙ wςΠϥʔͷՊֶతཧ๏͕ੜ wࣄʢମ࿑ಇʣʹࣝΛ׆༻ wੜ࢈ੑ͕ඈ༂తʹ্ʢഒʹʣ wੜ࢈ཁૉɺ࿑ಇɺࢿຊ wϘεͱ෦Լͷ৫ wϚωδϝϯτͷࣄࢦش໋ྩ wࣄॴ༩Ͱ͋Γɺͦͷ༰ҰఆͰ͋Δ ۀࣾձ
࢈ۀֵ໋ ʙੈل wٕೳʹࣝΛ׆͔͢ wٕೳͷମܥԽʹΑ͏Δٕज़ͷੜ w࠷ॳͷؒҎલ͔Βଘࡏ͍ͯͨ͠ͷػցԽ wੜ࢈ੑ্͠ͳ͔ͬͨ wͷమಓग़ݱΛܖػʹ༷૬͕Ұม ࢈ۀࣾձ Ϛωδϝϯτֵ໋ ʙ wࣝ࿑ಇʹ͓͚Δࣝͷ׆༻ wࣝ࿑ಇͷੜ࢈ੑΛ্ w͚͕ࣝͩҙຯ͋ΔࢿݯͰ͋Γɺɺ࿑ಇɺࢿຊ ೋٛతͳཁૉ w྅༑ʹΑΔνʔϜ wϚωδϝϯτͷࣄํ͚ wࣄॴ༩Ͱͳ͍ɻܾΊ͍͔ͯͳ͚ΕͳΒͳ͍ ࣝࣾձ https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2016/09/01/using-mob-programming-to-solve-a-problem/ https://gazoo.com/article/car_history/140919_1.html https://www.sangyo-kakumei.com/description/post-114
ʰΤΫετϦʔϜϓϩάϥϛϯάʱʢέϯτɾϕοΫʣ
ܽ୯७Խ鱚鲑鱤Ծఆ ςΠϥʔओٛ ܭըཱҊ鱭࣮ߦ࡞ۀ鱳 ಠཱ鱜鱤࣭෦鱳ઃஔ 鲾鲜鳡鱅ओٛ鱰鲍鲐鲵鱅鲯鳛鳣鲠鳫鲰鳃鲚鳢鳫鲨 鱳खॱ ௨ৗɺࣄ鱴ܭը鱮鱏鲏鱰ਐ鲅ɻ ہॴ࠷దԽ鱴શମ࠷దԽ鱰鱩鱯鱑鲐ɻ ਓ鱴鲀鲁ସՄೳ鱬鱇鲏ɺԿ鲗鱞鱾鱒鱐鲗ࢦࣔ鱞鲐ඞཁ鱑 鱇鲐ɻ
ʰΤΫετϦʔϜϓϩάϥϛϯάʱʢέϯτɾϕοΫʣ
ɿͲΕ͘Β͍ࣅ͍ͯΔʁ Photo by Andrey Metelev on Unsplash 鲵鳍鳀鲞鲟鲚։ൃ鱬鱭鱯鲐鱳鱴ɺ鲾鲜鳡鱅ओٛ鱰鱋ࣄ鱳ࣾձߏ鱥ɻ 鲾鲜鳡鱅鱑ఏএ鱜鱤ʮ࣌ؒɾಈ࡞ݚڀʯ鱳ّࣜ鲉ಓ۩鱘鱢鱯鱔鱯鱨鱫鱉鲐鱑ɺ զʑ鱴ແҙࣝ鱰鱘鱳ࣾձߏ鲗ܧঝ鱜鱫鱉鲐鱳鱬鱇鲐ɻ
鱢鱳ࣾձߏ鱴ɺ鲵鳍鳀鲞鲟鲚։ൃ鱰鲃鱨鱤鱔ద鱜鱫鱉鱯鱉ɻ ʰΤΫετϦʔϜϓϩάϥϛϯάʱʢέϯτɾϕοΫʣ https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2016/09/01/using-mob-programming-to-solve-a-problem/
࢈ۀֵ໋ ࢈ۀ ܦࡁ 2000 1900 1800 ࢿຊओٛ ڞ࢈ओٛ ࢈ۀࣾձ ✦
δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ ৠؾػؔΛվྑ ✦ ΞμϜɾεϛεʰࠃʱ ✦ ΧʔϧɾϚϧΫεʰࢿຊʱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧͷಠཱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ✦ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ✦ ϦόϓʔϧɾΞϯυɾ ϚϯνΣελʔమಓ։ۀ ࣾձ
ੜ࢈ੑֵ໋ ࢈ۀֵ໋ ࢈ۀ ܦࡁ 2000 1900 1800 ࢿຊओٛ ڞ࢈ओٛ ࢈ۀࣾձ
ۀࣾձ ✦ δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ ৠؾػؔΛվྑ ✦ ϑϨσϦοΫɾςΠϥʔՊֶతཧ๏ ✦ ϔϯϦʔɾϑΥʔυ 5ܕϑΥʔυͷϥΠϯੜ࢈ ✦ ΞμϜɾεϛεʰࠃʱ ✦ ΧʔϧɾϚϧΫεʰࢿຊʱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧͷಠཱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ✦ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ✦ ϩγΞֵ໋ ✦ ϦόϓʔϧɾΞϯυɾ ϚϯνΣελʔమಓ։ۀ ✦ ୈೋ࣍ੈքେઓຄൃ ࣾձ
ੜ࢈ੑֵ໋ ࢈ۀֵ໋ Ϛωδϝϯτֵ໋ ࢈ۀ ܦࡁ 2000 1900 1800 ࢿຊओٛ ڞ࢈ओٛ
ϙετࢿຊओٛ ࢈ۀࣾձ ۀࣾձ ࣝࣾձ Ձ؍ ۙ߹ཧओٛ ✦ δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ ৠؾػؔΛվྑ ✦ ϑϨσϦοΫɾςΠϥʔՊֶతཧ๏ ✦ ϔϯϦʔɾϑΥʔυ 5ܕϑΥʔυͷϥΠϯੜ࢈ ✦ ΞμϜɾεϛεʰࠃʱ ✦ ΧʔϧɾϚϧΫεʰࢿຊʱ ✦ ϧωɾσΧϧτʰํ๏ংઆʱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧͷಠཱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ✦ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ✦ ϩγΞֵ໋ ✦ ι࿈่յ ✦ େҰʰτϤλੜ࢈ํࣜʱ ✦ ϦόϓʔϧɾΞϯυɾ ϚϯνΣελʔమಓ։ۀ ✦ தҮ࣍ɺ߂ߴ ʰ5IF/FX/FX1SPEVDU %FWFMPQNFOU(BNFʱ ✦ ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔ ʰϙετࢿຊओٛࣾձʱ ✦ ୈೋ࣍ੈքେઓຄൃ ✦ "31"/&5 ✦ ϊΠϚϯܕίϯϐϡʔλ ࣾձ
ϧωɾσΧϧτ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg ֶऀɺزԿֶऀ ʰํ๏ংઆʱ 鱤鱥鱷鱭鱩鱳࣮֬鱯鲇鱳鱑༩鱍鲎鲑鲐鱯鲎鱵ɺ鲇鱋鱷鱭鱩 ࣮֬鱯鲇鱳鲗ࣔ鱠鲐 鱞鱾鱫鱳鲇鱳鱴ҼՌؔ鱬໌鲎鱐鱰鱯鲐 ཧ鱳ྗ鱰鲍鱨鱫ਆ鱳ଘࡏ鲃鱬આ໌鱬鱒鲐 ۙ߹ཧओٛʢʮ鳚鲸鳫ʯʣ鱭ݴ鲔鲑鲐ߟ鱍ํ ҙຯ鱳鱇鲐鲇鱳鱴ҼՌؔ鱭ఆྔԽ鱬鱇鲐
ػցతੈք؍ શମ鱴෦鱳ɺ鱢鲑鱮鱘鲒鱐෦鱰鲍鱨鱫نఆ鱚鲑鲐 (1596ʙ1650)
ੜ࢈ੑֵ໋ ࢈ۀֵ໋ Ϛωδϝϯτֵ໋ ࢈ۀ ܦࡁ 2000 1900 1800 ࢿຊओٛ ڞ࢈ओٛ
ϙετࢿຊओٛ ࢈ۀࣾձ ۀࣾձ ࣝࣾձ Ձ؍ ۙ߹ཧओٛ ۙ߹ཧओٛ ✦ δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ ৠؾػؔΛվྑ ✦ ϑϨσϦοΫɾςΠϥʔՊֶతཧ๏ ✦ ϔϯϦʔɾϑΥʔυ 5ܕϑΥʔυͷϥΠϯੜ࢈ ✦ ΞμϜɾεϛεʰࠃʱ ✦ ΧʔϧɾϚϧΫεʰࢿຊʱ ✦ ϧωɾσΧϧτʰํ๏ংઆʱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧͷಠཱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ✦ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ✦ ϩγΞֵ໋ ✦ ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔʰஅઈͷ࣌ʱ ✦ ι࿈่յ ✦ େҰʰτϤλੜ࢈ํࣜʱ ✦ ϦόϓʔϧɾΞϯυɾ ϚϯνΣελʔమಓ։ۀ ✦ தҮ࣍ɺ߂ߴ ʰ5IF/FX/FX1SPEVDU %FWFMPQNFOU(BNFʱ ✦ ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔ ʰϙετࢿຊओٛࣾձʱ ✦ ୈೋ࣍ੈքେઓຄൃ ✦ "31"/&5 ✦ ϊΠϚϯܕίϯϐϡʔλ ࣾձ
ػցతੈք؍ ղੑ ෦࠷ద ఆྔԽ ୯७ੑ ࣮֬ੑ ཧ ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ܭը Ξηεϝϯτ
ສೳༀ ཧ ճ ʰ̥ɽ̛ɽυϥοΧʔɹશϒοΫΨΠυʱΑΓൈਮͯ͠Ҿ༻ ੜతੈք؍ ඇղੑ શମ࠷ద ఆੑԽ ෳࡶੑ ෆ࣮֬ੑ ֮ ΞϝϦΧಠཱ Πϊϕʔγϣϯ ϞχλϦϯά ॲํᝦ έʔε A B ɿͲ͕ͬͪlΞδϟΠϧzʁ
Ϟμϯ ػցతੈք؍ ղੑ ෦࠷ద ఆྔԽ ୯७ੑ ࣮֬ੑ ཧ ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ܭը
Ξηεϝϯτ ສೳༀ ཧ ճ ۙ߹ཧओٛͱۙ߹ཧओٛ ϙετϞμϯ ੜతੈք؍ ඇղੑ શମ࠷ద ఆੑԽ ෳࡶੑ ෆ࣮֬ੑ ֮ ΞϝϦΧಠཱ Πϊϕʔγϣϯ ϞχλϦϯά ॲํᝦ έʔε ʰ̥ɽ̛ɽυϥοΧʔɹશϒοΫΨΠυʱΑΓൈਮͯ͠Ҿ༻
ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔ ࣾձੜଶֶऀ ࣝ࿑ಇऀ鱳ੜ࢈ੑ鲗্鱚鱠鲐鱤鲆鱳݅ ࣄ鱳త鲗ߟ鱍鲐ɻ ಇ鱔ऀࣗ鱑ੜ࢈ੑ্鱳鲗ෛ鱋ɻࣗ鲎鲗鳖鳅鲰鳙鳫鳀 鱞鲐ɻࣗੑ鲗࣋鱩ɻ ܧଓ鱜鱫鲜鳆鳑鱅鲯鳟鳫鲗ߦ鱋ɻ
ࣗ鲎ܧଓ鱜鱫ֶ鱸ɺਓ鱰ڭ鱍鲐ɻ ࣝ࿑ಇ鱳ੜ࢈ੑ鱴ɺྔ鲍鲏鲇࣭鱳鱬鱇鲐鱘鱭鲗ཧղ鱞 鲐ɻ ࣝ࿑ಇऀ鱴ɺ৫鱰鱭鱨鱫鲫鲱鳀鱬鱴鱯鱔ɺࢿຊࡒ鱬鱇鲐 鱘鱭鲗ཧղ鱞鲐ɻࣝ࿑ಇऀࣗ鱑৫鱳鱤鲆鱰ಇ鱔鱘鱭 鲗ཉ鱞鲐ɻ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drucker5789.jpg (1909ʙ2005)
ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔ ࣝ࿑ಇऀ鱴ࣗ鱑Կ鱬鱇鲐鱐ɺ鱉鱐鱯鲐ࣄ鱰鱉鱫鱉鲐 鱐ɺ鱉鱐鱰鱞鲑鱵࠷鲇鲍鱔ಇ鱔鱘鱭鱑鱬鱒鲐鱐鲗鲎鱯鱉鱐鱓 鲏ɺੜ࢈త鱭鱴鱯鲏鱍鱯鱉鱘鱭鱑ɺࠓ鱇鲃鲏鱰鲇໌鲎鱐鱰鱯 鱨鱫鱉鲐鱐鲎鱬鱇鲐ɻݴ鱞鲐鱯鲎鱵ɺࣝ࿑ಇ鱰鱏鱉鱫鱴ɺ ܭը鱑࣮ߦ鱐鲎鲏鱚鲑鲐鱘鱭鱴鱇鲏鱍鱯鱉鱭鱉鱋鱘鱭鱬鱇 鲐ɻ鱢鲑鱮鱘鲒鱐ɺࣝ࿑ಇऀ鱴ɺࣗ鲎ࣄ鲗ܭը鱞鲐鱘鱭鱑 鱬鱒鱯鱖鲑鱵鱯鲎鱯鱉ɻ ʰ鱞鱬鱰ى鱘鱨鱤ະདྷʱʢ鳌鱅鲷鱅ɾ鳁鳡鲻鲣鱅ʣ ݱ鱳৫鱴ɺࣝ࿑ಇऀ鱰鲍鲐৫鱬鱇鲐ɻ鱜鱤鱑鱨鱫ɺ鱢
鲑鱴ಉ鱳ऀɺಉ྅ɺ྅༑鱰鲍鲐৫鱬鱇鲐ɻ鱉鱐鱯鲐ࣝ 鲇ɺଞ鱳্Ґ鱰དྷ鲐鱘鱭鱴鱯鱉ɻࣝ鱳Ґஔ鱪鱖鱴ɺ鱢鲑鱣鲑 鱳ࣝ鱰ݻ༗鱳༏Ґੑ鲉ྼҐੑ鱰鲍鱨鱫鱬鱴鱯鱔ɺڞ௨鱳 鱰ର鱞鲐ߩݙ鱰鲍鱨鱫نఆ鱚鲑鲐ɻݱ鱳৫鱴্࢘鱭෦Լ 鱳৫鱬鱴鱯鱉ɻ鱢鲑鱴鲹鱅鳘鱬鱇鲐ɻ ʰ鳏鳥鳍鲟鲻鲯鳟鳂鳣鱳݅ʱʢ鳌鱅鲷鱅ɾ鳁鳡鲻鲣鱅ʣ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drucker5789.jpg (1909ʙ2005)
959 鲔鲑鲔鲑鱴ɺڭ鱍ɺֶ鱸ɺॆ࣮鱜ɺվળ鱜鱫鱉 鱔鱘鱭鱳鱬鱒鲐鳖鳅鲰鳙鳫鳀鱳ମܥ鲗ඞཁ鱭鱜 鱫鱉鲐ɻ鱢鲑鱴鳕鲱鳀鳚鲸鳫鱳ੈք؍鱰鲍鲐ମ ܥ鱬鱇鲐ɻෆՄٯ鱳鳏鳥鲳鲱鱭鱜鱫鱳ମܥɺ త鲗ࡏ鱞鲐ମܥ鱬鱇鲐ɻ 鱢鱘鱰ݱ鲑鲐鲇鱳鱴ɺมԽɺ鲜鳆鳑鱅鲯鳟鳫ɺ 鳢鲱鲧ɺஅɺɺԽɺݙɺ鳋鲰鳟 鳫ɺใঈɺಈػ鱯鱮ɺ鱤鱭鱍ఆྔԽ鱬鱒鱤鱭鱜 鱫鲇ɺ鱢鱳ຊ࣭鱴ఆੑత鱯鲇鱳鱵鱐鲏鱬鱇鲐ɻ
鱜鱐鲇ɺ鲔鲑鲔鲑鱑鱢鱘鱐鲎ಘ鲐鱾鱒ࣝ鱴ɺ Ұਓ鱷鱭鲏鱳ਓؒ鱭ࣾձ鱰鱳ؔ鲔鲏鲗鲇鱩 ҙࢤܾఆ鱳鱤鲆鱳鲇鱳鱬鱇鲐ɻ ΞδϟΠϧ ʰม͢Δ࢈ۀࣾձʱʢϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔʣ
ੜ࢈ੑֵ໋ ࢈ۀֵ໋ Ϛωδϝϯτֵ໋ ࢈ۀ ܦࡁ 2000 1900 1800 ࢿຊओٛ ڞ࢈ओٛ
ϙετࢿຊओٛ ࢈ۀࣾձ ۀࣾձ ࣝࣾձ Ձ؍ ۙ߹ཧओٛ ۙ߹ཧओٛ ✦ δΣʔϜζɾϫοτ ৠؾػؔΛվྑ ✦ ϑϨσϦοΫɾςΠϥʔՊֶతཧ๏ ✦ ϔϯϦʔɾϑΥʔυ 5ܕϑΥʔυͷϥΠϯੜ࢈ ✦ ΞμϜɾεϛεʰࠃʱ ✦ ΧʔϧɾϚϧΫεʰࢿຊʱ ✦ ϧωɾσΧϧτʰํ๏ংઆʱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧͷಠཱ ✦ ΞϝϦΧ߹ऺࠃݑ๏ ✦ϑϥϯεֵ໋ ✦ ϩγΞֵ໋ ✦ ΞδϟΠϧ ϚχϑΣετ ✦ ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔʰஅઈͷ࣌ʱ ✦ ι࿈่յ ✦ େҰʰτϤλੜ࢈ํࣜʱ ✦ ϦόϓʔϧɾΞϯυɾ ϚϯνΣελʔమಓ։ۀ ✦ தҮ࣍ɺ߂ߴ ʰ5IF/FX/FX1SPEVDU %FWFMPQNFOU(BNFʱ ✦ ϐʔλʔɾυϥοΧʔ ʰϙετࢿຊओٛࣾձʱ ✦ ୈೋ࣍ੈքେઓຄൃ ✦ "31"/&5 ✦ ϊΠϚϯܕίϯϐϡʔλ ࣾձ
·ͱΊ 鲾鲜鳡鱅ओٛ鱴鲵鳍鳀鲞鲟鲚։ൃ鱰鱴鲃鱨鱤鱔ద鱜鱫鱉鱯鱉ɻ 鲚鲰鳛鲜鳣鳘鱅鳎鳙鳫鳀鱴ࣝࣾձɺۙ߹ཧओٛ鱑ੜ鲘鱥࣌鱳ඞવ鱬鱇 鲐ɻ 鳁鳡鲻鲣鱅鱑鱰l鲚鲰鳛鲜鳣z鱳ग़ݱ鲗༧ݴ鱜鱤ʁʁʁ 鲿鲣鳣鳀తɺ鲾鲜鳡鱅ओٛత鱯鲇鱳鱳ݟํ鱬l鲚鲰鳛鲜鳣z鲗ཧղ鱞鲐鱘鱭鱴 ෆՄೳɻ ೦鱯鱑鲎ɺݱ鱳ࣝ࿑ಇऀ鱴ະ鱥鲿鲣鳣鳀鱭鲾鲜鳡鱅鱳ढറ鱐鲎鱴ಀ鲑鲐鱘鱭鱑鱬鱒鱫鱉鱯鱉ɻ 鱘鲑鱑l໊鱵鱐鲏鲚鲰鳛鲜鳣z鱑ੜ鲃鲑鱫鱜鲃鱋ݪҼ鱬鱇鲐ɻ l鲚鲰鳛鲜鳣z鱑鲿鲣鳣鳀తՁ؍鲗ஔ鱒鱍鲐鲇鱳鱥鱭鱞鲐鱭ɺྐྵ
ࠒ鲃鱬ਓྨ鱰鱭鱨鱫༗ޮ鱯Ձମܥ鱤鲏ಘ鲐ɻ l鲠鲧鲱鳀鳢鱅鳘鳏鳥鲨鳡鳗鳫鲨鱴鲵鱅鲯鳛鳣鲹鲟鳫鲰鱬鱇鲐ɻz