Memb - Silent Consonants

Transcript

1. SILENT CONSONANTS
2. How do you pronounce... knife, island, Wednesday, castle
3. knife → /naɪf/ island → /ˈaɪlənd/ Wednesday → /ˈwenzdeɪ / castle → /ˈkæsəl/ www.englishpriority.com
4. Spelling conventions from other languages 8th–13th centuries 1400 1476 1755 -Viking & French settlers -Great Vowel Shift / William Caxton Samuel Johnson -Latin through the Church and science -Consonant Clusters Printing Press Dictionary of the English Language
5. Silent letters are spelling fossils. A written record of how a word used to sound.
6. 'knight' In Old and Middle English: K was pronounced GH was a real guttural sound. Over centuries, the sound simplified. Today you're reading a 700-year-old pronunciation.
7. 8 Families Silent B, K, W, H, T, L, GH, G
8. 1- Silent B (pattern MB at the end of a word) climb, comb, thumb, limb, numb, lamb, bomb, plumber Cultural note: for 'doubt' and 'debt,' the B was actually added back by Renaissance scholars to show off the Latin root.
9. 2- Silent K (pattern KN at the start of a word) know, knee, knife, knock, knight, knuckle, kneel Cultural note: This K used to be fully pronounced. It simplified out of speech by around the 1700s.
10. 3- Silent W (pattern WR at the start, plus a few standalone words) write, wrist, wrong, wrap, answer, two, sword, who, whole Cultural note: The W softened out of speech starting around the 1400s. 'Answer' and 'sword' are older leftovers of the same pattern, just not at the start of the word.
11. 4- Silent H hour, honest, honor, vehicle, exhibit, ghost, what, when, why Cultural note: This one's different, mostly French. Words like 'honor' and 'honest' came into English from French, where the H was already silent. Compare that to native English H-words like 'house' or 'hope,' where the H is very much pronounced.
12. Let’s practice: Honestly, I know you have some doubts about the budget. Let's write everything down so I can give you an honest answer by tomorrow.
13. Let’s practice: Honestly, I know you have some doubts about the budget. Let's write everything down so I can give you an honest answer by tomorrow.
14. Let’s practice: We've been climbing toward this deadline for weeks. Give me an hour, and I'll knock out the last details before we wrap up.
15. Let’s practice: We've been climbing toward this deadline for weeks. Give me an hour, and I'll knock out the last details before we wrap up.
16. Let’s practice: The vehicle for the exhibit won't arrive for another hour, so let's use the time to write up our notes and answer any last questions.
17. Let’s practice: The vehicle for the exhibit won't arrive for another hour, so let's use the time to write up our notes and answer any last questions.
18. Silent B, K, W, H, T, L, GH, G B climb, comb, thumb, limb, numb, lamb, bomb, plumber K know, knee, knife, knock, knight, knuckle, kneel W write, wrist, wrong, wrap, answer, two, sword, who, whole H hour, honest, honor, vehicle, exhibit, ghost, what, when, why www.englishpriority.com
19. 5- Silent T listen, castle, often, fasten, whistle, Christmas, ballet, buffet, gourmet Cultural note: Words like 'ballet,' 'buffet,' and 'gourmet' are direct French loanwords. French drops the final T. But 'listen,' 'castle,' 'fasten,' and 'whistle' are native English words where the T simply disappeared over time
20. 6- Silent L walk, talk, half, calm, salmon, folk, could, would, should Cultural note: The L dropped out before certain consonants, around the 1600s. Some regional accents in the US and UK still preserve the L sound in a few of these words even today.
21. 7- Silent GH night, light, though, through, thought, daughter, high, bright, right Cultural note: This GH used to represent a guttural sound, similar to the 'ch' in German or in Scottish 'loch.' It disappeared from most English dialects by the 1700s
22. 8- Silent G sign, design, foreign, campaign, align, reign, gnome Cultural note: Words like 'sign,' 'design,' 'campaign,' and 'foreign' come from French and Latin words with a 'gn' cluster that softened into a nasal sound and then disappeared.
23. Bonus sounds Silent S island, aisle, isle, corps, debris, Arkansas Silent D Wednesday, handsome, sandwich Silent P psychology, psychic, receipt, cupboard, raspberry
24. Silent B, K, W, H, T, L, GH, G T listen, castle, often, fasten, whistle, Christmas, ballet, buffet, gourmet L walk, talk, half, calm, salmon, folk, could, would, should GH night, light, though, through, thought, daughter, high, bright, right G sign, design, foreign, campaign, align, reign, gnome www.englishpriority.com
25. Family Pattern Examples Silent B -MB at the end - Added via Latin climb, comb, thumb, limb, numb, lamb, bomb, plumber, doubt, debt, subtle Silent K KN- at the start know, knee, knife, knock, knight, knuckle, kneel Silent W WR- at the start + standalone write, wrist, wrong, wrap, answer, two, sword, who, whole Silent H French-derived / word-initial - RH- at the start hour, honest, honor, vehicle, exhibit, ghost, what, when, why, rhythm, rhyme, exhaust Silent T French loanwords - Native elision, before consonant ballet, buffet, gourmet, listen, castle, often, fasten, whistle, Christmas Silent L Before K, M, F, D walk, talk, half, calm, salmon, folk, could, would, should Silent GH -IGH- and -OUGH- night, light, though, through, thought, daughter, high, bright, right Silent G -IGN words - GN- at the start sign, design, foreign, campaign, align, reign, gnome Silent S False Latin connection - French loanwords island, aisle, isle - corps, chassis, debris Silent D N+D+consonant Wednesday, handsome, sandwich Silent P PS - PN - PT - psychology, psalm, pseudo, pneumonia, cupboard, raspberry
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