Landslide processes as a risk factor for Russian cultural heritage objects

Transcript

1. Landslide processes as a risk factor for Russian cultural heritage objects Denis Gorobtsov(1), Igor Fomenko(1), Victor Kuvshinikov (2), Victor Dmitriev (1), Daria Shubina(1), Fedor Bufeev (2) 1) The Engineering Geological Department of Russian State Geological Prospecting University, Moscow, Mikluho-Maclaya st. 23, 117997 　 e-mail: inzh-geo-kaf@mgri-rggru.ru 2) «IGIT» LLC
2. Objective of the project •  The temples and monasteries of Russia are unique monuments of history and architecture, pearls of the cultural heritage of the state and a place of pilgrimage and reverence for many people. Many of them are protected by UNESCO
3. Objective of the project •  The proposed project is dedicated to the development of a specialized methodology for assessing the stability of slopes that are located within the historical natural- technical systems interaction scope. The need of new assessing methods is caused by increasing development of landslides near architectural monuments. Examples include landslides in the Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk, Mozhaisk Kremlins, on the northern slope of the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery, the western slope of the Savvino- Storozhevsky Monastery, the southern slope of the Bogolyubsky Monastery, on the slopes of the Spaso- Evfimiyev and Vasiliyevsky Monasteries in the Suzdal region, Pechorsky Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod.
4. This project is presented by Engineering geological department of Russian State Geological Prospecting University
5. The Russian State Geological Prospecting University was founded as Mining Academy in 1918 and this year celebrates its centenary. The Department of Engineering Geology is the first specialized department, established almost 90 years ago by the founder of the Russian School of Engineering Geology, academician F.P. Savarensky, Great number of professionals working around the world were prepared here. This project was created with the support of IGIT LLC and Advanced Survey Technologies LLC IGIT LLC has twenty five years of experience in research and restoration of architectural, historical and cultural monuments and is currently the leading Russian company in the field of restoration of cultural heritage objects, performing a full range of works: all types of surveys, calculations and design. Advanced Survey Technologies LLC is modern engineering geological survey organization specialized in survey for unique and difficult objects and software for all types of modeling in engineering geology
6. Relevance of the research topic The state of the Russian cultural heritage at the present time can be considered as critical. There is a steady decline in the cultural wealth of the country. According to various estimates, the state from 50 to 70% of the historical and cultural monuments that are under state protection is characterized as unsatisfactory, for most of them it is necessary to take urgent measures to save them from breakdown, damage or destruction. Over the past 10 years, more than 2.5 thousand monuments have been destroyed in the Russian Federation, including 2 thousand - under the influence of adverse natural and man-made processes and landslides have played one of the leading roles. The study of the landslide process within the historical natural-technical systems (HNTS) is concerned with great difficulties. Each architectural monument is unique as the natural conditions of each of them. The evolutionary transformations of the historical territories relief began with the construction of the first structures. This was expressed in the leveling of the territory and its adaptation to the requirements of economic needs. Over the centuries-long history of the HNTS functioning, the surface topography, as a rule, has changed very significantly. A change in the terrain entails a change in quantitative and qualitative indicators of engineering geological processes.
7. •  Pre-setting of the engineering geological conditions. Professor of RGGRU E.M. Pashkin introduced the term “pre-set” that means a set of conditions that serve as a sign of processes realization which is determined by the conditions of previous events. With new construction there is an opportunity to avoid areas with landslide process active development. Dealing with HNTS there is no such possibility and the significance of the landslide danger forecast reliability increases. The disclosure of the “pre-set” concept for landslide processes within the historical areas can be given through the definition and evolution of landslide formation factors. •  These factors primarily include topography, geological structure, hydrogeological conditions and physical and mechanical soil properties. The relief and geological structure of HNTS slopes upper part are determined by the latest history of the territory development and are associated with human activity, which lead to the formation of various technogenic soils layers that overlap the original natural relief. The distribution of properties in technogenic soils is very heterogeneous due to the peculiarities of their formation conditions, which are not always possible to establish. This makes the task of separating layers of different physical and mechanical properties within a series of technogenic soils extremely difficult. And the slopes that are included in the HNTS interaction sphere are often composed of multimeter strata of technogenic soils, so the quantitative assessment of such slopes stability is rather difficult. All mentioned above requires the development of a special approach to the study of such landslide slopes. Features of landslide hazard assessment on cultural heritage sites
8. Landslide danger assessment on the cultural heritage objects Nizhny Novgorod Annunciation Monastery. Is located on the high right bank of the Oka River near its confluence with the Volga. It is believed that it was founded in 1221 by the Holy Grand Prince Georgiy Vsevolodovich and St. Simon the Pontiff of Vladimir at the foundation of Nizhny Novgorod. The slope stability calculations were performed by the engineering geological department of RSGPU. .
9. Landslide Novo-Nikolsky Cathedral of Mozhaisk Kremlin. The Kremlin was founded in the XIII century. The cathedral was built in the 17th century, and since then it has been repeatedly rebuilt. The cathedral acquired this view at the beginning of the XIX century. In April 2013, a landslide came down in close proximity to the temple. The landslide body was formed in technogenic soils. Their thickness on this slope reached 12 m. IGIT LLC employees carried out engineering and geological surveys, made slope stability calculations, developed and executed a slope reinforcement project . Landslide danger assessment on the cultural heritage objects
10. Bogolyubsky monastery of the XII century. The Mother of God-Rozhdestvensky Cathedral, the Ladder Tower and the chambers of which are included in the UNESCO list of cultural heritage sites. In the beginning of the 2010s, the intensity of the suffusion process increased on the territory of the monastery. The main indicator was the volume of removal of silty-clay material in the water from a spring at the base of the slope. Two dips with a diameter of up to 1.5 m and a depth of up to 3 m were formed on the slope. Also began the slope movements. Engineering-geological surveys and calculations of the slope stability were carried out and a project to strengthen the slope was developed and executed . Landslide danger assessment on the cultural heritage objects
11. Landslide danger assessment on the cultural heritage objects 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 >52 0 15 25 30 40 5 10 20 35 The distribution of cohesion in soil massif The distribution of internal friction angle in soil massif 1 1 The results of calculation by limiting equilibrium method Bogolyubsky monastery of the XII century
12. Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery of the XVII century. In the second half of the 20th century, there were several movements of the slope, some measures were carried out on different parts of the slope, but the problem could not be solved completely. In 2009-2012, engineering and geological surveys were carried out on the northern slope, the slope stability was calculated, and a project of slope reinforcement was developed and executed General view of landslide slope, 1996 Engineering-geological section Landslide danger assessment on the cultural heritage objects
13. Landslide danger assessment on the cultural heritage objects Swallow nest The history of the palace dates back to 1877. An unknown Russian general erected his estate on an inaccessible cape from the sea. The house was wooden and did not resemble the modern Swallow Nest. In 1911, the rich man Rudolf von Shtengel decided to create a medieval castle here that reminded him of his homeland. The project was led by Leonid Sherwood. In 1912 the top was adorned with a stone gothic structure. In 2016 the calculations of the rock stability were carried out as part of the project for the r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e monument
14. Work plan and expected results: 1.  Generalization and systematization of knowledge about the features of the landslides development within the HNTS. Field survey of landslides developed within the HNTS with clarification of their mechanism, age, development conditions / factors. 2.  Determination of the age of landslide processes by archaeological methods using if necessary methods of analyzing the absolute age of the landslide bodies various elements. The use of archaeological methods to assess the history of the development of landslide slopes within the HNTS is a tool for the geology and archeology integration. Archaeological research will be directed to the study of landslide slopes where the formation of archaeological monuments took place. 3.  Reconstruction of the evolution of the HNTS - landslide process. 4.  Improving the methodology for the study of landslides, developed within the HNTS, taking into account the peculiarities of their structure, age and formation mechanism, using various methods of mathematical modeling.
15. Thank you for your attention! All calculations were performed using the Rocscience software