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Machine discovery. Found Sci 1, 171–200 (1995). Herbert A. Simon (1975) (1978) Human and machine discovery are gradual problem-solving processes of searching large problem spaces for incompletely defined goal objects. Research on problem solving has usually focused on search of an “instance space” (empirical exploration) and a “hypothesis space” (generation of theories). In scientific discovery, search must often extend to other spaces as well: spaces of possible problems, of new or improved scientific instruments, of new problem representations, of new concepts, and others. This paper focuses especially on the processes for finding new problem representations and new concepts, which are relatively new domains for research on discovery. ( ) /