In this module you will… • Understand the importance of interpretation in performance analysis. • Exposure to a theoretical foundation to justify your observations. • Understand the role of thought process to assist in decision making. 12/2/18 3
Start with semantics • Science is loosely used as a term in sport to describe the act of scientific investigation that incorporates a scientific method. • Art is often used as every other means of enquiry, but most commonly ‘gut feel’. 12/2/18 5
Start with the perception of science • Science is commonly seen as an objective and truthful account of the universe. • Science is also seen as an unbiased method of testing ones assertions. • Science can provide evolving theories on the nature of things e.g. Newtonian physics à Relativity à Quantum mechanics 12/2/18 6
What can science do? • Science is concerned with what and how questions e.g. how does the heart work? What does the heart do? • Science provides a platform to challenge existing theories based on observed evidence. • Scientific evidence provides us with ability to justify claims made based on rigorous analysis. 12/2/18 7
Limitations of science • Science can not give us any answers of why things exist. • Science does not concern itself with the metaphysical e.g. why is the heart there at all? – The presumption is that the how and what questions will provide all we need to know about something. • Scientists do not tend to engage with the philosophies anymore. – Science was originally call natural philosophy and was inseparable. – Thomas Kuhn: normal scientist vs revolutionary scientist 12/2/18 Kuhn (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions 8
What about the perception of Art? • Art, at least in the popular culture of the sports setting, refers to decisions/opinions that do not have obvious reproducible evidence. • The ‘art’ of sport comes from experience, domain specific knowledge, logic and reasoning. 12/2/18 9
What can art do? • Art enables an expression of a certain vision of reality • Blends what is currently understood with other ideas. • Can be spontaneous and impulsive or reasoned through discussion. • Art will sometimes question why things exist and ponder that through expression. 12/2/18 10
Limitations to art • The premise for any discussion must be agreed on for a conclusion to be reached. This is difficult without evidence or a consensus. 12/2/18 11
Objectivity v Subjectivity • This is the most critical distinction between art and science in the sporting debate. • Objectivity: Being the object of perception or thought; belonging to the object of thought rather than to the thinking subject. • Subjectivity: Existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought 12/2/18 13
How does this influence us? • Meaning is purely subjective. • Performance itself is objective. • For us to make an ‘meaningful’ account of performance we must understand the subjective nature of the meaning. 12/2/18 16
Money as an example • The paper that we call money is objective. • However, the notion of money is subjective. • The value people place on money is subjective and therefore the models associated with predicting market behaviour are poor because they deal in the objective (Taleb, 2007). 12/2/18 17
What about sports performance? • Sport performance is objective. • Whether that performance was good or not, above or below expectations or not, acceptable or not is subjective. 12/2/18 18
Hierarchical model 12/2/18 21 Performance Tactical Performance Decision Making Game Involvement Technical Performance Skill Efficiency Technique Physical Performance Work Rate Movement Efficiency
How do we make decisions then? • System 1 and System 2 thinking (Kahneman, 2007) – System 1 = intuitive and impulsive decisions with little thinking and energy required. – System 2 = rational, slow well reasoned decisions, requires computation and rational thinking. 12/2/18 24
Reasoning in a sport context • Deductive Reasoning: – Talent can be identified through physical testing – My physical test correlates with the outputs of the sport – Therefore, my test can identify talent. • Inductive Reasoning: – I’ve had several people identified from my test battery – Therefore, talent can be identified through the test battery. • Abductive reasoning: – I’ve had an athlete won the race – This can be explained by the test battery results… – This can be explained by their skill levels… – The best explanation is ??? 12/2/18 27
Using Reasoning • Each approach has it’s own objectives. • Deductive reasoning sources to make a conclusion based on the rule and the premise • Inductive reasoning sources to prove or disprove the theory based on the observation. • Abductive reasoning sources to determine the most probable explanation for the premise. 12/2/18 28
Hopefully you have… • Understood the importance of interpretation in performance analysis. • Been exposure to a theoretical foundation to justify your observations and observed the importance of reasoning the evidence appropriately. • Understand the role of thought process to assist in decision making. 12/2/18 29
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