侵入検知システムのためのグラフ構造に基づいた機械学習および可視化 / Graph Based Machine Learning and Visualization for Intrusion Detection System

Transcript

1. 3 3 9 2 0 4 -78 -78 8 1

2.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
   τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
   ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

   
   ఏҊख๏ᶄɿڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

3.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
   τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
   ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

   
   ఏҊख๏ᶄɿڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

4. 
   ਤ μʔΫωοτʹ͓͚Δ೥ؒ૯؍ଌύέοτ਺ ԯԯԯ ԯ ԯ ԯ ԯ ԯ

   ԯ ԯ ԯ 
    
           ਤ Πϯλʔωοτʹ઀ଓ͕Մೳͳػثٴͼηϯαʔ ωοτϫʔΫͷ຤୺ͱͯ͠࢖ΘΕΔ୺຤ͷ୆਺ ૯຿ল৘ใ௨৴നॻɿIUUQXXXTPVNVHPKQNFOV@TFJTBLVIBLVTZPJOEFYIUNM /*$5&3؍ଌϨϙʔτɿ IUUQTXXXOJDUHPKQDZCFSSFQPSU/*$5&3@SFQPSU@QEG զʑ͕ීஈར༻͢ΔΠϯλʔωοτ͸ɼεϚϗ΍*P5σόΠεͷٸ଎ͳීٴ ʹ൐͍ɼࠓ΍͔ܽ͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ࣾձج൫ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɽͱ͜Ζ͕ɼαΠό ʔ߈ܸͷڴҖ΋೥ʑ૿Ճ͍ͯ͠ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼαΠόʔ߈ܸରࡦͷඞཁੑ͕ߴ ·͖͍ͬͯͯΔɽ

5. 
   α Π ό ʔ ߈ ܸ ର ࡦ

   ͷ ̍ ͭ ͱ ͠ ͯ ɼ ෆ ਖ਼ ͳ ௨ ৴ Λ ݕ ஌ ͢ Δ ৵ೖݕ஌γεςϜ *%4 *OUSVTJPO %FUFDUJPO 4ZTUFN ͕ଘࡏ͢Δɽ ಛʹ࠷ۙͰ͸ɼػցֶशܕ*%4ͷݚڀ͕੝ΜʹߦΘΕ͍ͯΔɽ ͦΕͧΕҟͳΔར఺Λ༗͍ͯ͠Δ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ ϥϕϧͷ͍ͭͨڭࢣσʔλΛֶश͢ Δख๏ • L
   ۙ๣๏ • χϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫ ͳͲ ਖ਼ৗσʔλ ҟৗσʔλ ֶश Ϟσϧ ৽نσʔλ Ϟσϧ ط஌ͷ߈ܸʹ༗ޮ σʔλͷେଟ਺͸ਖ਼ৗͰ͋ΔͱԾఆͯ͠ɼ ਖ਼ৗσʔλͷΈΛֶश͢Δख๏ • LNFBOT๏ • 0OFDMBTT
   47. ͳͲ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ ະ஌ͷ߈ܸʹ༗ޮ ֶश ৽نσʔλ ਖ਼ৗσʔλ ਖ਼ৗϞσϧ ਖ਼ৗϞσϧ

6. 
   ҟৗݕ஌ τϥϑΟοΫ ݕূ ରॲ ͲΜͳҟৗʁ ຊ౰ʹҟৗʁ  ਖ਼ৗҟৗ

    ҟৗͷछྨ ख๏ ༧ଌਫ਼౓ ֶशର৅ จݙ χϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫ 
    ਖ਼ৗҟৗ  αϙʔτϕΫλʔϚγϯ 
    ਖ਼ৗҟৗ  -45. 
    ҟৗͷछྨʢछʣ  ϕΠδΞϯωοτϫʔΫ 
    ҟৗͷछྨʢछʣ  ද ػցֶशܕ*%4ͷઌߦݚڀͷྫ ͢Ͱʹߴ͍༧ଌਫ਼౓͕ใࠂ͕ଘࡏ ଟ͘ͷ࣌ؒΛඅ΍͢  4
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7. 
   ը૾ॲཧͷ෼໺Ͱ͸ɼೖྗը૾ͷͲͷ෦෼͕ॏཁͰ͋Δ͔Λఆྔత਺஋͓Αͼ ͦΕʹج͍ͮͨՄࢹԽʹΑͬͯ൑ఆ݁ՌΛઆ໌͢Δख๏͕͢ͰʹఏҊ͞Ε͍ͯΔ ਤ ൑ఆ݁ՌͷՄࢹԽʹΑΔઆ໌ΛՄೳʹͨ͠ઌߦݚڀ  .
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    ਤ ൑ఆ݁ՌͷՄࢹԽʹΑΔઆ໌ΛՄೳʹͨ͠ઌߦݚڀ

8. 
   ը૾ॲཧͷ෼໺Ͱ͸ɼೖྗը૾ͷͲͷ෦෼͕ॏཁͰ͋Δ͔Λఆྔత਺஋͓Αͼ ͦΕʹج͍ͮͨՄࢹԽʹΑͬͯ൑ఆ݁ՌΛઆ໌͢Δख๏͕͢ͰʹఏҊ͞Ε͍ͯΔ ਤ ൑ఆ݁ՌͷՄࢹԽʹΑΔઆ໌ΛՄೳʹͨ͠ઌߦݚڀ  .
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    ਤ ൑ఆ݁ՌͷՄࢹԽʹΑΔઆ໌ΛՄೳʹͨ͠ઌߦݚڀ *%4ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɼ  τϥϑΟοΫͷͲͷཁૉ͕ݕ஌݁Ռʹରͯ͠Өڹ͍͔ͯͨ͠ Λ  ఆྔత਺஋ʹج͍ͮͨՄࢹԽʹΑͬͯઆ໌ Ͱ͖Ε͹ɼݕূͷॿ͚ͱͳΔ

9. 
       DARPA 1998 Dataset 

   
              *1  5$1  )551  4:/  "$, ྫʣ ֤ϑΟʔϧυ৘ใ͸ɼϓϩτίϧʹैͬͨ࣌ܥྻతڍಈΛࣔ͢ɽ 4ZO 4ZO "DL "DL ྫ ΢ΣΠϋϯυγΣΠΫ τϥϑΟοΫσʔλΛෳ਺ͷཁૉͱͦΕΒͷؔ܎ੑΛ௚ײతʹཧղͰ͖Δ άϥϑߏ଄Ͱදݱ͢Δ͜ͱʹண໨ͨ͠ɽ ҎԼͷఆٛʹΑΓɼτϥϑΟοΫΛάϥϑߏ଄Խ͢Δɽ ϊʔυɿϑΟʔϧυ৘ใ ΤοδɿϑΟʔϧυ৘ใͷ࣌ܥྻతڍಈͷ૬ؔ άϥϑߏ଄Խ

10.  
          *1 

    5$1  )551  4:/  "$, 4ZO 4ZO "DL "DL 4ZO 4ZO "DL       *1  5$1  )551  4:/  "$, ૬ؔؔ܎ͷ่Ε ڭࢣͳֶ͠श ˠ ҟৗ ˠ ਖ਼ৗ άϥϑߏ଄Խ ྫʣ ϥϕϧͷ෇༩ ڭࢣ͋Γֶश τϥϑΟοΫͷάϥϑߏ଄ԽΛར༻͠ɼఆྔత਺஋ʹج͍ͮͨՄࢹԽʹΑ ͬͯݕ஌݁Ռʢҟৗʣͷઆ໌͕Ͱ͖Δػցֶशܕ*%4ͷ࣮ݱΛ໨తͱ͢Δɽ छྨͷػցֶशख๏      ՄࢹԽͷྫʣ ϊʔυ ෦෼άϥϑ

11.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
    τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
    ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

    
    ఏҊख๏ᶄɿڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

12.  
     ఏҊख๏ᶄ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ %"31" ෳ਺ͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔΛநग़ ର਺ࠩ෼ܥྻσʔλ΁ͷม׵ ඪ४Խ ૄߏ଄ֶशʢ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPʣ

    άϥϑͷ่Ε άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈ // ఏҊख๏ᶃ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ άϥϑߏ଄Խͨ͠τϥϑΟοΫσʔλʹج͍ͮͨ̎छྨͷػցֶशख๏Λ ར༻ͨ͠*%4ΛఏҊ͢Δɽ લॲཧ σʔληοτ άϥϑߏ଄Խ ఏҊख๏ᶃɼᶄ

13.  
     ि ༵೔ ߈໊ܸ ࣌ؒ  ݄ GPSNBU

      ݄ GGC   Ր MPBENPEVMF  ʜ ʜ ʜ ʜ  ۚ OFQUVOF   ۚ TNVSG   ۚ OFQUVOF   ۚ CBDL  ද %"31"
    
    %BUBTFUͷ߈ܸ৘ใ ఏҊख๏Ͱ͸ɼϥϕϧ͕෇༩͞ΕͨύέοτΩϟϓνϟܕͷτϥϑΟοΫ͕ ඞཁͰ͋ΔͨΊɼ%"31"Λ࢖༻ͨ͠ɽຊσʔληοτ͸ɼԾ૝తʹߏங ͨ͠ωοτϫʔΫ΁ͷ߈ܸΛ૝ఆͨ͠ͱ͖ͷ5DQEVNQσʔλ͓Αͼ߈ܸ৘ใΛ ఏڙ͍ͯ͠Δɽ 4:/GMPPE 4NVSG %"31"
    σʔληοτ dि ͷ͏ͪɼ 
    ि໨ͷ༵ۚ೔ͷσʔλΛ࢖༻ͨ͠ 4ZO 4ZO "DL QJOH

14.  
     ఏҊख๏ᶃ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ छྨͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔʹ෼ղ ର਺ࠩ෼ ෼ࠩ෼ %"31" ෳ਺ͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔΛநग़

    ର਺ࠩ෼ܥྻσʔλ΁ͷม׵ ඪ४Խ ૄߏ଄ֶशʢ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPʣ άϥϑͷ่Ε άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈ // ఏҊख๏ᶄ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ

15.  ʜ ʜ %"31" ෳ਺ͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔΛநग़ ର਺ࠩ෼ܥྻσʔλ΁ͷม׵ ඪ४Խ ૄߏ଄ֶशʢ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPʣ
     ΢Οϯυ΢αΠζ෼

    ຊݚڀͰ͸ɼ-
    ੍໿෇͖ͷૄߏ଄ֶशख ๏Ͱ͋Δ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPΛར༻͠ɼ෼ͷ ΢Οϯυ΢αΠζͰάϥϑߏ଄Խͨ͠ɽ ఏҊख๏ᶃ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ άϥϑͷ่Ε άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈ // ఏҊख๏ᶄ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ

16.  ʜ ʜ ૄߏ଄ֶशʢ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPʣ άϥϑͷ่Ε ఏҊख๏ᶃ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ ਖ਼ৗάϥϑ άϥϑO άϥϑN

    ҟৗ౓ɿਖ਼ৗͳ૬ؔάϥϑ͕ͲΕ่͚ͩΕ͔ͨ ʜ ʜ
     ΢Οϯυ΢αΠζ෼ %"31" ෳ਺ͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔΛநग़ ର਺ࠩ෼ܥྻσʔλ΁ͷม׵ ඪ४Խ άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈ // ఏҊख๏ᶄ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  5
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      ˞άϥϑߏ଄ͷఆٛ෦෼ʹಠࣗੑ͸͋Δ͕ɼάϥ ϑߏ଄ͷ่ΕʹΑΔҟৗݕ஌͸ɼҪखΒ ͕ఏҊ ͨ͠ख๏Λར༻͍ͯ͠Δɽ

17. ʜ ʜ ΢Οϯυ΢αΠζ෼ 
     ఏҊख๏ᶄ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ   

                           ग़ྗ: ʢਖ਼ৗҟৗʣ ෼ྨ      1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU 1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU ̍ۙ๣ ۙ๣ ʜ ʜ // ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 $POW૚ $POW૚ ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ೖྗ ૄߏ଄ֶशʢ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPʣ άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈ // %"31" ෳ਺ͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔΛநग़ ର਺ࠩ෼ܥྻσʔλ΁ͷม׵ ඪ४Խ ఏҊख๏ᶃ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ άϥϑͷ่Ε άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈχϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫ 'JOHFSQSJOU௕ɿ  ࠷େۙ๣਺ɿ  ӅΕ૚αΠζɿ  όοναΠζɿ  ΤϙοΫ਺ɿ  σʔλͷׂ߹ʢ܇࿅ɿݕূʣɿ70:30 ($//
    ͷֶशύϥϝʔλ

18. άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈχϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫʢ($//ʣ
     
    IUUQTMJCSBSZOBJTUKQNZMJNFEJPEMMJNFEJPTIPXQEGDHJ%-1%'3@1 $//ͷ৔߹ ($//ͷ৔߹ $//ͷ৔߹ɼݩը૾ͱϑΟϧλʔͱͷ৞ΈࠐΈԋࢉʹΑΓɼಛఆըૉͱपΓ ͷըૉͱͷؔ܎ੑʢಛ௃ʣΛ࣍ͷ૚΁ͱ౉͢ɽ($//͸ɼϊʔυʹΑͬͯۙ઀ϊ ʔυͷ਺͸ҟͳΔ͕ɼ$//ͱಉ༷ʹ஫໨ϊʔυͱͦͷपΓͷϊʔυͱͷؔ܎ੑΛ ৞ΈࠐΈԋࢉʹΑΓ࣍ͷ૚΁ͱ౉͢ɽ

    ਤ άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈχϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫͷུ֓ਤ͓Αͼάϥϑදݱ ਤ ৞ΈࠐΈԋࢉͷྫ͓Αͼάϥϑදݱ                           ग़ྗ: ʢਖ਼ৗҟৗʣ ෼ྨ      1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU 1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU ̍ۙ๣ ۙ๣ ʜ ʜ // ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 $POW૚ $POW૚ ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ೖྗ ݩը૾ ϑΟϧλʔ I I I I

19. άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈχϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫʢ($//ʣ
     
    %BWJE
    %VWFOBVE FU
    BM
    *O
    UIF
    1SPD
    /*14
    
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     ຊݚڀͰ͸ɼ($//ͷதͰ΋/'1 /FVSBM 'JOHFS 1SJOUΛར༻͢Δɽઌߦݚڀ Ͱ͸ɼಟੑͳͲͷߴਫ਼౓ͳ༧ଌʹ੒ޭ͠ɼ'JOHFS 1SJOUͷੜ੒ʹ੒ޭͨ͠ɽ 'JOHFS 1SJOU͸ɼೖྗͨ͠άϥϑߏ଄Λ࣍ݩϕΫτϧͰදݱͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ ֤Ϗοτ͕෦෼άϥϑʹ૬౰͠ɼ஋͕݁Ռʢಟੑʣʹର͢ΔӨڹ౓ ʹ૬౰͢Δɽ ਤ ಟੑΛ༧ଌ͢ΔͨΊʹ࠷దԽ͞Εͨ'JOHFS
    1SJOUͷՄࢹԽ                           ग़ྗ: ʢਖ਼ৗҟৗʣ ෼ྨ      1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU 1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU ̍ۙ๣ ۙ๣ ʜ ʜ // ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 $POW૚ $POW૚ ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ೖྗ ಟ ੑ                  ʜ ˞ਖ਼֬ʹ͸ɼͰ͸ͳ͘d·Ͱͷ஋ 'JOHFS1SJOU ਤ /'1ͷωοτϫʔΫུ֓ਤ

20. άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈχϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫʢ($//ʣ 
    
    %BWJE
    %VWFOBVE FU
    BM
    *O
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    /*14
    
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    %FDFNFCFS 

    
    
     ຊݚڀͰ͸ɼ($//ͷதͰ΋/'1 /FVSBM 'JOHFS 1SJOUΛར༻͢Δɽઌߦݚڀ Ͱ͸ɼಟੑͳͲͷߴਫ਼౓ͳ༧ଌʹ੒ޭ͠ɼ'JOHFS 1SJOUͷੜ੒ʹ੒ޭͨ͠ɽ 'JOHFS 1SJOU͸ɼೖྗͨ͠άϥϑߏ଄Λ࣍ݩϕΫτϧͰදݱͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ ֤Ϗοτ͕෦෼άϥϑʹ૬౰͠ɼ஋͕݁Ռʢಟੑʣʹର͢ΔӨڹ౓ ʹ૬౰͢Δɽ ਤ ಟੑΛ༧ଌ͢ΔͨΊʹ࠷దԽ͞Εͨ'JOHFS
    1SJOUͷՄࢹԽ                           ग़ྗ: ʢਖ਼ৗҟৗʣ ෼ྨ      1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU 1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU ̍ۙ๣ ۙ๣ ʜ ʜ // ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 $POW૚ $POW૚ ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ೖྗ ಟ ੑ                  ʜ ˞ਖ਼֬ʹ͸ɼͰ͸ͳ͘d·Ͱͷ஋ 'JOHFS1SJOU ਤ /'1ͷωοτϫʔΫུ֓ਤ άϥϑԽͨ͠τϥϑΟοΫσʔλΛ($//Ͱֶश͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼ ݕ஌݁ՌʢҟৗʣΛઆ໌Ͱ͖Δ෦෼άϥϑͷՄࢹԽ͕Ͱ͖Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

21.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
    τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
    ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

    
    ఏҊख๏ᶄɿڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

22. τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ
    
    छྨͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔʹ- ੍໿෇͖ͷૄߏ଄ֶशख๏(SBQIJDBM -BTTPΛద ༻ͨ݁͠Ռɼૄͳ૬ؔؔ܎ͷάϥϑߏ଄͕ಘΒΕΔ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɽ ૄͳάϥϑߏ଄ʹ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼ৘ใྔͷѹॖ΍ϊΠζ΁ͷؤڧੑʹ༗ޮͰ ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ (SBQIJDBM
    -BTTP ਤ

    τϥϑΟοΫσʔλ͔Β࡞੒ͨ͠άϥϑߏ଄(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPͷద༻લ͓Αͼ ద༻ޙ

23.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
    τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
    ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

    
    ఏҊख๏ᶄɿڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

24.  
     ਖ਼ৗঢ়ଶͷάϥϑߏ଄ άϥϑͷ࣌ܥྻ ҟৗ౓ɿਖ਼ৗͳ૬͕ؔͲͷఔ౓่Ε͔ͨ ਖ਼ৗঢ়ଶͱԾఆͨ͠୯Ұͷάϥϑߏ଄ͱάϥϑͷ࣌ܥྻσʔλͱͷҧ͍Λҟ ৗ౓ͱ͠ɼΧϧόοΫɾϥΠϒϥʔڑ཭ʹΑͬͯܭࢉΛߦͬͨ ࣌ؒU

    ࣌ؒU ҟৗ౓ E 4SD*1 5$1

25.  
     ਤ %"31"
    ͷਖ਼ղσʔλ͓Αͼ֤࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔ ͱఏҊख๏ 
    ʹΑͬͯݕ஌ͨ͠ҟৗͷՄࢹԽ݁Ռ ҟৗɿ 5$1

    )551ɼ4:/ɼ ൪ϙʔτʹର͢Δ4:/qPPE߈ܸ ҟৗ̎ɿ 4SD*1 *$.1ɼ ෳ਺ૹ৴ݩ*1͔Β ͭͷૹ৴ઌ*1ʹ ରͯ͠ߦΘΕͨ4NVSG߈ܸ ҟৗ̎ ҟৗ̍ 4ZO 4ZO "DL QJOH

26.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
    τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
    ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

    
    ఏҊख๏ᶄɿڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

27.  
     ਖ਼ղσʔλ ༧ଌ݁Ռ άϥϑߏ଄Խͨ͠τϥϑΟοΫσʔλΛ($//Ͱֶशͨ݁͠Ռɼ༧ଌਫ਼౓͕ ͱͳͬͨɽ͜ͷ஋͸ઌߦݚڀͰใࠂ͞Ε͍ͯΔ஋ͱಉఔ౓ʹߴ͍஋Ͱ͋Δɽ ਤ ਖ਼ղσʔλ͓ΑͼֶशϞσϧʹΑΔ༧ଌ݁Ռ

    ख๏ ༧ଌਫ਼౓ จݙ χϡʔϥϧωοτϫʔΫ 
      αϙʔτϕΫλʔϚγϯ 
      -45. 
      ϕΠδΞϯωοτϫʔΫ 
      ද ػցֶशܕ*%4ͷઌߦݚڀͷྫ  4
    .VLLBNBMB FU
    BM
    5SBJOJOH
       +
    ,JN
    FU
    BM
    ``
    JO
    1SPD
    *OU
    $POG
    1MBUGPSN
    5FDIOPM
    4FSWJDF
    
    r  4
    $IFCSPMV FU
    BM
    $PNQVUFST
    
    4FDVSJUZ
    
    
    
    

28.  
     ($//Ͱֶशͨ͠ϞσϧΛར༻͠ɼ'JOHFS 1SJOUͷऔಘʹ੒ޭͨ͠ɽ 4:/GMPPE߈ܸ࣌ɼҟৗ͕ݕ஌͞Εɼ'JOHFS 1SJOU಺Ͱߴ͍Өڹ౓Λࣔ͢෦ ෼άϥϑ͸ɼ)551ͱ4:/ͷ૬ؔؔ܎ʹؔ࿈͢Δ΋ͷͰ͋ͬͨɽ (a)

    (b) ਤ 'JOHFSQSJOU
    ͓ΑͼҟৗͷཁҼͱͳͬͨ෦෼άϥϑͷҰྫ
    4:/GMPPE߈ܸ ෦෼άϥϑ 'JOHFS
    1SJOU Өڹ౓

29.  
     4NVSG߈ܸ࣌ɼ'JOHFS1SJOU಺ͷӨڹ౓ͷߴ͍෦෼άϥϑ͸ɼૹ৴ݩ*1͓Αͼ *$.1ͷ૬ؔؔ܎ʹؔ࿈͢Δ΋ͷͰ͋ͬͨɽ ఏҊख๏ᶄͰ͸ϊʔυؒͷ૬ؔؔ܎ʢ෦෼άϥϑʣͷՄࢹԽͰ͖ΔͨΊɼϊ ʔυͷՄࢹԽͷΈͰ͋ͬͨఏҊख๏ᶃΑΓ΋۩ମతͳઆ໌ੑ͕ظ଴Ͱ͖Δɽ (b) ਤ

    'JOHFSQSJOU
    ͓ΑͼҟৗͷཁҼͱͳͬͨ෦෼άϥϑͷҰྫ
    4:/GMPPE߈ܸ ෦෼άϥϑ 'JOHFS
    1SJOU Өڹ౓

30. 
            

                       ग़ྗ: ʢਖ਼ৗҟৗʣ ෼ྨ      1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU 1PPMJOH 'JOHFSQSJOU ̍ۙ๣ ۙ๣ ʜ ʜ // ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 $POW૚ $POW૚ ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ˎ 8 ೖྗ ఏҊख๏ᶄͰ͸ɼ ਖ਼ৗঢ়ଶ͓Αͼҟৗঢ়ଶΛ෦෼άϥϑ୯ҐͰֶश͢ΔͨΊɼෳ਺ͷਖ਼ৗঢ় ଶ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹ʹ΋ؤڧͳݕ஌͕ظ଴Ͱ͖Δɽ ਤ /'1ͷωοτϫʔΫུ֓ਤ ఏҊख๏ᶃͷ՝୊ ୯Ұͷਖ਼ৗঢ়ଶΛԾఆ͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊɼෳ਺ͷਖ਼ৗঢ়ଶʢ࣌ؒґଘ΍؀ڥґଘͳ Ͳʣ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹ʹޡݕ஌͢Δ৔߹͕༧૝͞ΕΔɽ

31.  എܠ  ໨త  ఏҊख๏  ࣮ݧ݁Ռ 
    τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑԽ 
    ఏҊख๏ᶃɿڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ

    
    ఏҊख๏ᶄڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ  ·ͱΊ

32.  
    ·ͱΊ • τϥϑΟοΫσʔλͷάϥϑߏ଄Խʹ੒ޭͨ͠ɽ • άϥϑߏ଄ʹج͍ͮͨ̎छྨͷػցֶशख๏ ʢڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ͓Αͼڭࢣ͋ΓֶशܕʣΛఏ Ҋͨ͠ɽ •

    ҟৗݕ஌ͷΈͳΒͣɼݕ஌݁ՌΛఆྔతͳ਺஋ ʹج͍ͮͨϊʔυ΍෦෼άϥϑͷՄࢹԽʹΑͬ ͯઆ໌Ͱ͖Δ*%4࣮ݱͷՄೳੑΛࣔͨ͠ɽ ࠓޙͷ՝୊ • ࠷৽σʔληοτͰͷ༗ޮੑݕূ • ϊʔυͷछྨͷ࠶ݕ౼ • ڭࢣ͋Γͳ͠ͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤʹΑΔઆ໌ੑͷ޲্ ఏҊख๏ᶄ ڭࢣ͋Γֶशܕ %"31" ෳ਺ͷ࣌ܥྻಛ௃ྔΛநग़ ର਺ࠩ෼ܥྻσʔλ΁ͷม׵ ඪ४Խ ૄߏ଄ֶशʢ(SBQIJDBM
    -BTTPʣ άϥϑͷ่Ε άϥϑ৞ΈࠐΈ // ఏҊख๏ᶃ ڭࢣͳֶ͠शܕ ͝ਗ਼ௌ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͍͟͝·ͨ͠