Chef Workshop - SCaLE 11x - Sunday

Slides for Chef Workshop on Sunday of SCaLE 11x

Transcript

1. Chef Introductory Workshop training@opscode.com http://opscode.com/training http://bit.ly/VFYRfR
2. Introductions
3. Nathen Harvey • Technical Community Manager • Co-host Food Fight Show • http://foodfightshow.org • @nathenharvey
4. Introduce yourselves
5. Objectives and Expectations
6. System Administration with Chef: Agenda • Overview of Chef • Your First Recipe • Configure Your Workstation • Bootstrap a Node • Use a Community Cookbook • Further Resources
7. Workshop Objectives • Describe Chef’s architecture. • Use Community Cookbooks • Be familiar with Chef's various tools • Know how to get further help
8. Overview of Chef What is this thing again?
9. Evolving towards Configuration Management • Just build it • Keep notes in server.txt • Move notes to the wiki • Custom scripts (in scm?!) • Snapshot & Clone
10. Chef is an automation platform for developers & systems engineers to continuously define, build, and manage infrastructure. CHEF USES: Recipes and Cookbooks that describe Infrastructure as Code. Chef enables people to easily build & manage complex & dynamic applications at massive scale • New model for describing infrastructure that promotes reuse • Programmatically provision and configure • Reconstruct business from code repository, data backup, and bare metal resources “ ” Chef
11. http://www.flickr.com/photos/steffenz/337700069/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/kky/704056791/ Applications
12. Infrastructure http://www.flickr.com/photos/sbh/462754460/
13. Collection of Resources http://www.flickr.com/photos/philliecasablanca/3354734116/ • Networking • Files • Directories • Symlinks • Mounts • Routes • Users • Groups • Tasks • Packages • Software • Services • Configuration • Other Stuff
14. Code Sample Acting in Concert http://www.flickr.com/photos/glowjangles/4081048126/
15. Code Sample To Provide a Service http://www.flickr.com/photos/28309157@N08/3743455858/
16. And it Evolves http://www.flickr.com/photos/16339684@N00/2681435235/
17. See Node Application Server
18. Application Server Application Database See Nodes
19. Application Server Application Databases See Nodes Grow
20. Application Servers Application Databases See Nodes Grow
21. Application Servers Application Databases Load Balancer See Nodes Grow
22. Application Servers Application Databases Load Balancers See Nodes Grow
23. Application Servers Application Database Cache Load Balancers Application Databases See Nodes Grow
24. Application Servers Application Database Cache Load Balancers Application Databases Tied Together with Configuration
25. Application Servers Application Database Cache Load Balancers Floating IP? Application Databases Infrastructure is a Snowflake
26. Load Balancers Application Servers NoSQL Database Slaves ApplicationCache Database Cache Database Evolving Complexity
27. DC1 DC3 DC2 Complexity Grows Quickly
28. Configuration Management http://www.flickr.com/photos/philliecasablanca/3354734116/
29. Golden Images are not the answer • Gold is heavy • Hard to transport • Hard to mold • Easy to lose configuration detail http://www.flickr.com/photos/garysoup/2977173063/
30. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite Typical Infrastructure
31. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite • Move SSH off port 22 • Lets put it on 2022 New Compliance Mandate!
32. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite • edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 Golden Image Updates
33. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite • Delete, launch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 • Repeat • Typically manually 12 Instance Replacements
34. • Don’t break anything! • Bob just got fired =( 5 Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 Done in Maintenance Windows
35. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite • Invalid configs! Different IP Addresses?
36. Configuration Desperation Code Sample http://www.flickr.com/photos/francoforeshock/5716969942/
37. • But you already guessed that, didn’t you? Chef Solves this Problem
38. http://www.flickr.com/photos/louisb/4555295187/ • Programmatically provision and configure • Treat like any other code base • Reconstruct business from code repository, data backup, and bare metal resources. Chef is Infrastructure as Code
39. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ssoosay/5126146763/ • Chef generates configurations directly on nodes from their run list • Reduce management complexity through abstraction • Store the configuration of your programs in version control Programs
40. • Define Policy • Say what, not how • Pull not Push Code Sample http://www.flickr.com/photos/bixentro/2591838509/ Declarative Interface to Resources
41. package "ntp" do action :install end service "ntpd" do action [:enable,:start] end template "/etc/ntpd.conf" do source "ntpd.conf.erb" owner "root" group "root" mode 0644 action :create variables(:time_server => “time.example.com”) notifies :restart, “service[ntpd]” end That looks like this
42. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite So when this
43. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite Becomes this
44. Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves Postgres Master Nagios Graphite This can happen automatically
45. Nagios Graphite Jboss App Memcache Postgres Slaves • Load balancer config • Nagios host ping • Nagios host ssh • Nagios host HTTP • Nagios host app health • Graphite CPU • Graphite Memory • Graphite Disk • Graphite SNMP • Memcache firewall • Postgres firewall • Postgres authZ config • 12+ resource changes for 1 node addition Count the resources
46. Getting Started
47. Getting Started • Your first recipe • Workstation Setup • Chef Server Account • Chef Repository • Remote target managed node
48. Pre-requisites • Install Chef Client on your workstation • opscode.com/chef/install • Register for FREE Hosted Chef trial • http://www.opscode.com/hosted-chef/
49. Your First Recipe • Resource are the building blocks of Chef • Recipes are a collection of resources
50. Chef Resources • Have a type. • Have a name. • Have parameters. • Take action to put the resource in the declared state. • Can send notifications to other resources. package "haproxy" do action :install end template "/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg" do source "haproxy.cfg.erb" owner "root" group "root" mode 0644 notifies :restart, "service[haproxy]" end service "haproxy" do supports :restart => true action [:enable, :start] end
51. The Problem and the Success Criteria • The Problem: We need a web server configured to serve up our home page. • Success Criteria: We can see the homepage in a web browser.
52. Apache Recipe • Write a simple recipe file • SSH and vim • Write locally and scp • Apply with chef-apply
53. apache.rb package "apache2" do action :install end
54. apache.rb file "/var/www/index.html" do mode "0644" content "<h1>Hello, SCALE!</h1>" end
55. apache.rb service "apache2" do action [:start,:enable] end
56. Apply the Apache Recipe $ sudo chef-apply apache.rb [sudo] password for opscode: Recipe: (chef-apply cookbook)::(chef-apply recipe) * package[apache2] action install - install version 2.2.22-1ubuntu1 of package apache2 * file[/var/www/index.html] action create - update content in file /var/www/index.html from 94850c to 599510 --- /var/www/index.html 2013-02-24 14:56:23.445076249 +0000 +++ /tmp/chef-diff20130224-3262-1h031ui 2013-02-24 14:56:26.065076250 +0000 @@ -1,4 +1 @@ -<html><body><h1>It works!</h1> -<p>This is the default web page for this server.</p> -<p>The web server software is running but no content has been added, yet.</p> -</body></html> +<h1>Hello, SCALE!</h1> * service[apache2] action start (up to date) * service[apache2] action enable (up to date)
57. Hello!
58. Congratulate yourself! • You have just written your first Chef recipe! • (clap!)
59. Code Sample Landscape of Chef-managed Infrastructure
60. Workstation Setup • Install Chef (if not already installed) • https://www.opscode.com/ chef/install/
61. Your Chef Server for this class... • Set up Chef Server Account • Opscode Hosted Chef • https://manage.opscode.com
62. Sign-up for Hosted Chef
63. Create an Organization
64. Create New Organization Organization Short Name must be GLOBALLY unique!
65. Download the Validation Key and Knife Config
66. Get a New User Key • Only if you don’t have your user key with you today!
67. Setup Your Chef Repository > cd [THE DIR FOR THIS WORKSHOP] > mkdir .chef
68. Copy Chef Server Files # copy your user key, validation key and knife config: > cp ~/Downloads/ORGNAME-validator.pem .chef > cp ~/Downloads/USERNAME.pem .chef > cp ~/Downloads/knife.rb .chef > ls .chef ORGNAME-validator.pem USERNAME.pem knife.rb
69. Verify Knife > knife --version Chef: 11.4.0 > knife client list ORGNAME-validator Your version may differ, that's okay!
70. Bootstrap the Target Instance
71. Target Instances ec2-based Instance • ec2-STUDENT_ID.compute-1.amazonaws.com • Ubuntu 12.04 • SSH • Username: opscode • Password: opscode
72. "Bootstrap" the Target Instance > knife bootstrap IPADDRESS --sudo -x opscode -P opscode Bootstrapping Chef on IPADDRESS IPADDRESS knife sudo password: Enter your password:
73. Opscode Hosted Chef local workstation managed node (VM) chef-client knife bootstrap IPADDRESS --sudo -x USERNAME -P PASSWORD chef_server_url validation_client_name validation_key SSH! bash -c ' install chef configure client run chef'
74. Chef 101 Terminology
75. chef-client runs on your systems
76. chef-client talks to a Chef Server
77. API Clients authenticate with RSA keys The server has the public key
78. Configured, or managed systems are called Nodes
79. Knife is the command-line user's tool for Chef.
80. Anatomy of a Chef Run
81. build node authenticate sync cookbooks load cookbooks converge node.save notification handlers exception Yes No chef-client success? expanded run list (recipes) Ohai! node_name platform platform_version
82. /etc/chef/ client.pem? /etc/chef/ validation.pem? 401! Request API Client Sign Requests client.pem Yes No No Yes
83. Current Status - Managed Node
84. Current Status: > knife node list target1 > knife client list target1 ORGNAME-validator > knife node show target1 Node Name: ip-XXX.ec2.internal Environment: _default FQDN: ip-XXX.ec2.internal IP: IPADDRESS Run List: Roles: Recipes: Platform: ubuntu 12.04 Tags:
85. Knife's commands have built-in help > knife node show --help > knife help node
86. What did Knife Bootstrap Create? > ssh opscode@target opscode@target1:~$ ls /etc/chef client.pem client.rb first-boot.json validation.pem
87. /etc/chef/client.rb $ cat /etc/chef/client.rb log_level :auto log_location STDOUT chef_server_url "https://chef.local/organizations/ORGNAME" validation_client_name "ORGNAME-validator" # Using default node name (fqdn)
88. /etc/chef/first-boot.json $ cat /etc/chef/first-boot.json {"run_list":[]"]} $ chef-client -h | grep -i json -j JSON_ATTRIBS, Load attributes from a JSON file or URL --json-attributes
89. Private Keys • Remember from the authentication cycle: Chef Server requires keys to authenticate. • client.pem - private key for API client • validation.pem - private key for ORGNAME-validator
90. Chef 101 Terminology
91. chef-client runs on your systems
92. chef-client talks to a Chef Server
93. API Clients authenticate with RSA keys The server has the public key
94. Configured, or managed systems are called Nodes
95. Nodes have a Run List The list of roles or recipes to apply in order
96. Recipes are lists of resources Resources are applied in the order they're written in recipes
97. Cookbooks are packages for Recipes
98. Knife is the command-line user's tool for Chef.
99. Exercise: base role
100. Objectives • Understand what a role is • Know how to create a new role • Know how to upload a role to the Chef Server
101. Exercise: Re-run the Chef Client $ mkdir roles $ vim roles/base.rb name "base" description "Base role applied to all nodes" run_list( ) default_attributes( )
102. Exercise: Re-run the Chef Client $ knife role from file roles/base.rb Updated Role base!
103. The pattern for each exercise is a common Chef workflow • Download cookbooks from Chef Community Site with Knife. • Extract the cookbook's .tar.gz into cookbooks directory. • Review the code you're going to run as root. • Upload the cookbook to the Chef Server. • Apply the cookbook to your node(s) with a role. • Edit role's run list (base, monitoring) • Modify attributes as required
104. Download, extract, upload > knife cookbook site download COOKBOOK > tar -zxvf COOKBOOK*.tar.gz -C cookbooks > less cookbooks/COOKBOOK/README.md > less cookbooks/COOKBOOK/recipes/default.rb > knife cookbook upload COOKBOOK
105. Exercise: sudo cookbook
106. Exercise: sudo cookbook Policy statement: User privileges will be managed through sudoers entries. New concepts: • Attribute priority • Setting attributes in Cookbooks and Roles • Using attributes in a template • Ruby array iteration • Package resource • File backups
107. #protip: Log in and su to root!
108. sudo cookbook • Download the sudo cookbook. • Extract it to the cookbooks directory. • Upload it to the Chef Server. • Add "recipe[sudo]" to the run list. • Modify sudo-specific attributes in the base role. • Run Chef on the target managed node.
109. Exercise: chef-client cookbook > knife cookbook site download sudo > tar -zxvf sudo*.tar.gz -C cookbooks > knife cookbook upload sudo
110. Opscode Hosted Chef Chef Repository .chef/knife.rb cookbooks/ data_bags/ roles/ local workstation Chef Community Site knife cookbook site download knife cookbook upload cookbook tar -zxvf cb.tar.gz -C cookbooks cookbooks/COOKBOOK ├── metadata.rb ├── recipes │ └── default.rb └── templates └── default └── my-tmpl.erb
111. Update the base role name "base" description "Base role applied to all nodes." run_list( "recipe[sudo]" ) default_attributes( "authorization" => { "sudo" => { "users" => ["opscode"], "groups" => ["admin","sudo"], "passwordless" => true } } )
112. Exercise: Re-run the Chef Client $ knife role from file roles/base.rb Updated Role base!
113. cookbooks/sudo/attributes/default.rb default['authorization']['sudo']['groups'] = [] default['authorization']['sudo']['users'] = [] default['authorization']['sudo']['passwordless'] = false default['authorization']['sudo']['include_sudoers_d'] = false default['authorization']['sudo']['agent_forwarding'] = false
114. cookbooks/sudoers/recipes/default.rb package 'sudo' do action :install end if node['authorization']['sudo']['include_sudoers_d'] directory '/etc/sudoers.d' { ... } cookbook_file '/etc/sudoers.d/README' { ... } end template '/etc/sudoers' do source 'sudoers.erb' mode '0440' owner 'root' group 'root' variables(:sudoers_groups => node['authorization']['sudo']['groups'], :sudoers_users => node['authorization']['sudo']['users'], :passwordless => node['authorization']['sudo']['passwordless'], :include_sudoers_d => node['authorization']['sudo']['include_sudoers_d'] :agent_forwarding => node['authorization']['sudo']['agent_forwarding']) end
115. cookbooks/sudo/templates/default/sudoers.erb root ALL=(ALL) ALL <% @sudoers_users.each do |user| -%> <%= user %> ALL=(ALL) <%= "NOPASSWD:" if @passwordless %>ALL <% end -%> # Members of the sysadmin group may gain root privileges %sysadmin ALL=(ALL) <%= "NOPASSWD:" if @passwordless %>ALL <% @sudoers_groups.each do |group| -%> # Members of the group '<%= group %>' may gain root privileges %<%= group %> ALL=(ALL) <%= "NOPASSWD:" if @passwordless %>ALL <% end -%> <%= '#includedir /etc/sudoers.d' if @include_sudoers_d %>
116. File Content Updates • "file", "template", "cookbook_file" and "remote_file" • Default backup location is /var/chef/ backup, configurable with "file_backup_path" in /etc/chef/client.rb • 5 backups are kept by default, change this with the "backup" parameter in the resource.
117. Running chef-client
118. Running the Chef Client • Automatically • cron • daemon
119. knife ssh $ knife ssh "role:base"
120. knife ssh $ knife ssh role:base "sudo chef-client" -x opscode -P opscode
121. Further Resources
122. Further Resources • http://opscode.com/ • http://community.opscode.com/ • http://docs.opscode.com • http://wiki.opscode.com/ • http://lists.opscode.com • http://youtube.com/user/Opscode
123. Food Fight Show • http://foodfightshow.org • The Podcast Where DevOps Chef Do Battle • Regular updates about new Cookbooks, Knife-plugins, and more • Best Practices for working with Chef
124. Get Involved Locally
125. More Local User Groups • http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/ Community+Events
126. More Training in LA • SOCAL-CHEF saves you $200 • http://opscode.eventbrite.com/
127. #ChefConf 2013 Tex OPSCODE-SCALE - Save 10%
128. Exercise: Database Connection
129. Exercise: Database Connection Policy statement: The database connection should be dynamically generated based on a search and encrypted credentials New concepts: • Creating Cookbooks • Search • Environments • Encrypted Data bags
130. Exercise: Database Connection • Create an Environment • Update your node’s Environment • Create an encrypted data bag item with database credentials • Create a cookbook • Write a file that uses • Search for the host • Encrypted Data Bag for the Credentials
131. database.yml staging: host: foo.example.com username: yourusername password: yourpassword
132. Additional Topics Version Control Ruby Testing Recipes Get Involved! Chef Development
133. Version Control • USE SOMETHING. • Distributed Version Control • Git, GitHub, BitBucket • http://git-scm.com • https://github.com • https://bitbucket.org • Workflows, CI
134. Ruby is worth learning • Recipe DSL • Libraries, "LWRPs" and more • Knife plugins • Report/exception handlers • chef-shell
135. Testing Recipes • Chef 10.14+, "why run" mode • Test Kitchen (RubyGem) • Vagrant • http://vagrantup.com • Minitest - cookbook, handler • Cucumber - cucumber-chef • http://www.cucumber-chef.org/
136. Get Involved • Community Site: • community.opscode.com • IRC: #chef, #chef-hacking • irc.freenode.net • Mailing list: • lists.opscode.com • ChefConf, Community Summits, User Groups, Hack days and more
137. Chef Development • Apache 2 Software License • Continually growing number of contributors! • Development repositories: • http://github.com/opscode • http://github.com/opscode-cookbooks