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Presentation Fukushima

ortospace
December 04, 2012

Presentation Fukushima

Fukushima, Nuclear incident, Damages, Compensation, Japan, Comparative Law

ortospace

December 04, 2012
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  1. Mass Tort
    in Japanese Nuclear Incidents
    East China University of Political Science and Law
    Shanghai
    November 28, 2012
    Andrea Ortolani, PhD
    Centre for Comparative and Transnational Law – Torino
    The University of Tokyo
    1
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  2. Outline
    1. The facts of March 2011
    2. Nuclear damage compensation in Japan
    3. The incident at JCO
    4. The incident at Fukushima-1
    5. Current state of compensation
    6. Lessons learned (?)
    2
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  3. Fukushima Daiichi
    The Facts
    3
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  4. Fukushima Daiichi
    The Facts
    4
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  5. Fukushima Daiichi
    The Facts
    5
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  6. Radioactive materials escaped from cores
    Contamination of air (I-131, Cs-134, Cs-137, other)
    Direct contamination of sea water
    Indirect contamination of sea water (fallout, rivers, etc)
    Contamination of:
    Agricultural lands, rivers and sea
    Urban waste, sewage and sewage sludge
    Environment
    Fukushima Daiichi
    The Facts
    6
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  7. Fukushima Daiichi
    The Facts
    7
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  8. Nuclear Damage Compensation
    National Legal Framework
    Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage
    (Act 147/1961)
    - Purpose
    - Strict liability (with exception)
    - Channelled liability
    - Liability not limited (but...)
    - Mandatory insurance
    - Possibility of additional Governmental support
    - Dispute Reconciliation Committee
    8
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  9. Nuclear Damage Compensation
    International Legal Framework
    General principles
    - Sources of law, content, judicial precedents
    Treaties: Paris and Vienna (with amendments)
    - strict liability (with exceptions)
    - channelled liability
    - mandatory insurance;
    - maximum liability cap
    - time limitations
    - jurisdiction
    9
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  10. The incident at JCO Tokaimura
    The Facts
    Source: JAIF http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news/1999/1209-1.html
    10
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  11. The incident at JCO Tokaimura
    The Facts
    Uncontrolled chain reaction
    Irradiation of workers at the plant (2 workers died)
    Limited irradiation of air and areas around the plant
    Several precautionary measures of Mayor and Prefecture
    11
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  12. The incident at JCO Tokaimura
    Liabilities
    Civil liability
    Guidelines of Nuclear Damage Dispute Reconciliation Committee
    - Most claims solved through mediation
    - Some claims went to court
    Criminal liability
    Criminal charges against JCO, executives and surviving worker
    All defendants guilty - light sentences
    12
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  13. The incident at JCO Tokaimura
    Liabilities
    Civil liability
    Guidelines of Nuclear Damage Dispute Reconciliation Committee
    - Personal injuries
    - Medical examination expenses
    - Evacuation expenses
    - Examination expenses for property
    - Loss of value for contaminated property
    - Loss of income
    - Business damage (actual damage and damage for rumour)
    - Mental suffering (in principle, only when recognized)
    98% of claims compensated in a year
    15.4 billion yen paid out in compensation
    13
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  14. The incident at JCO Tokaimura
    Civil suits & Lessons learned
    Civil suits
    “Successful” claimants: compensation won in Court is less than
    what granted on the basis of guidelines
    Unsuccessful claimants: failure to prove damages
    Lessons learned
    Very low financial security (compensation 15x insured sum)
    Litigation control through mediation
    14
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  15. Compensation for Fukushima-1
    Legal Issues
    Credit: Reuters/Kim Kyung-Hoon
    http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/27/us-tepco-compensation-idUSTRE7BQ02Q20111227
    15
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  16. Compensation for Fukushima-1
    Legal Issues
    Liability of TEPCO
    “A grave natural disaster of an exceptional character”?
    Jurisdiction
    Fukushima City, Tokyo
    Causation
    Vague standards (to be evaluated in practice)
    State Liability
    - For surveillance through NISA?
    - For emergency response?
    16
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  17. ݪࢠྗଛ֐ഛঈฆ૪৹ࠪձ
    Decree 99/2011
    Pres. Yoshihisa Nomi (Gakushuin Univ.)
    ✴ Guidelines
    Provisional guidelines 4/28, 5/31
    Interim guidelines 8/5 + 12/6, 3/16
    economic damages + non-economic
    ✴ Guidelines March 16, 2012:
    - ¥ 6.000.000 for areas contaminated 5+years
    - 100% compensation for land and real estate.
    - Other zones: compensation according to evacuation time
    Compensation for Fukushima-1
    Current Situation
    17
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  18. Compensation for Fukushima-1
    Compensation Guidelines
    1) Damages caused by governmental order to evacuate;
    2) Damages caused by governmental designation of the
    sea and sky hazard zone;
    3) Damages caused by governmental request to restrict
    shipment of agricultural and sea products;
    4) Damage caused by other governmental orders;
    5) Reputation damage (the so-called “fuhyo higai”);
    6) Indirect damage (including business damage and lost
    income);
    7) Damage caused by exposure to radiation;
    8) Coordination between donations to victims; property
    damage suffered by local governments.
    18
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  19. Claim
    Preparation of documents
    Filing the claim
    Accepting the claim
    Mediation
    Mediation offer
    Center does not
    accept
    Center does not
    accept
    Total or partial
    agreement
    Total or partial
    disagreement
    Total or partial
    disagreement
    Mediation contract
    Court
    Procedure
    restarts
    Compensation for Fukushima-1
    Dispute Settlement Center
    19
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  20. ݪࢠྗଛ֐ഛঈࢧԉػߏ
    Established on September 12, 2011
    Ex. Director: Takehiko Sugiyama
    ✴ Capital: ¥14 billion
    Government 50% + 12 EPCO 50%
    ✴ Aim: obtaining funds to pay the compensation
    Bonds issued for 5,000 billion
    ✴ http://www.ndf.go.jp/index.html
    Compensation for Fukushima-1
    Nuclear Damage Liability Facilitation Fund
    20
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  21. Compensation for Fukushima-1
    The situation
    21
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  22. Compensation claims
    - Ordinary procedure:
    Deterrents (mandatory conciliation?)
    JCO precedents: no gains for plaintiffs
    Derivative suit of shareholders
    - Biggest legal suit in Japanese history
    Lessons Learned (?)
    Japanese Aversion to Litigation?
    22
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  23. The role of the Bar Associations
    - Active voice in public debate
    - Free legal assistance for compensation claims
    - National network for suits against nuclear plants
    Lessons Learned (?)
    Japanese Aversion to Litigation?
    23
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  24. ่ࡺมᅹНћрే࡝ଢ଼ᆊнжЖи!
    ̻ࡼићณ୞эѿಶџ̻Ȼ
    މᄻѢоଚ७џ๪࢜ใᆛпѽ८તᆛടޔ༟஌џ࠘эѿ౩ࡿ୿ᆬрຫињиѿќ઩иѲэ̝
    ᆘѶ
    ണу̞࿷੺ў຾ᄴћ̞ќѲѝїњиѽїыѷѿၑ̞ѝкыњѼип҃пѽўиќикၑѶണи
    ќ၇ທщҀњиѲэ̝!
    ໘ႎုদઠᇌ৽ݵћѣ̞྇ޔ଄Ѣމᄻџౝ๴пјสౝўग़ᅦ৪ચ҆ыњиѓєхѿѼк̞݀ࡋ
    Ѣ฾џදڝыњиѓєс̞ုদઠ๷ಔჷ݌ѢҔһӂҖҫѸஃᆛ҆ຜњၑక҆ूѵѿўѝ̞௿୓
    ўഴܤ҆щҀѿѼкџॾѧпхњиѲэ̝
    ่ࡺมᅹНћрే࡝ଢ଼ᆊѤ࡚Жй଼ЧмЖкसᅄѤૈеиЩѐИ
    кЖИХксДќѐЭѥ! ! ༳൧с௝଱н!
    ่ࡺมᅹр೽ݲ໽୪ࠎୌнࠩਮЧўиЖмЖХкнжЖиє໽୪
    ѤଃУћўѝܦ໕ళОДќѐЫ!
    ! ่ࡺมᅹр೽ݲ໽୪ࠎୌ̹৥О෨ѓб໽୪ࠎୌйсДќѐЭѥ̂!
    Жебѥ่ࡺมᅹнే࡝ଢ଼Ѥ଼Щиє˼ഀр೽ݲѤే࡝Ыѝसᅄ
    ОмСмѝєрйсДќѐЭѥ! ! ౲ვܪн೎൬Ѥ!
    ่ࡺมᅹнే࡝ଢ଼Ѥ଼Ыٰݰнє೽ݲ໽୪ే࡝рုေОДќѐЫ
    ৥Оौંᅹ೽ݲ໽୪࿨ೌݔठҋӃҏ̔кЖИࠝ߶Ѥ౥൶Щ˼঎఻˾ආᅓмᅓஶрඇݒٷ
    ڝО่ࡺมᅹкཥݲૢрߴнຸќ˼ᇊݔрඇݒѤৈИкЖИయีО༥೯ЩиЖѐЫ!
    ဍ঄੾О೎൬ݓ
    ѤৈеиЖѐЫș
    ཎᏊຊⓎ㟁ᡤ஦ᨾࡢᦆᐖ㈺ൾࡣ㸪
    ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ
    ⓙᵝࡀ⮬ࡽุ᩿ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ၥ㢟ࡶྵ
    ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
    ࡑࡇ࡛඲ᅜྛᆅࡢᘚㆤኈ఍
    ࡛ࡣ㸪㟈⅏↓ᩱἲᚊ┦ㄯࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
    ࡲࡓ㸪ཎⓎ㈺ൾㄝ᫂఍࣭┦ㄯ఍ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸
    ࡿᆅᇦࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
    ㄝ᫂఍ࡸ┦ㄯ఍ࡣཎ๎
    ↓ᩱ࡛ࡍࠋᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ␲ၥ㸪୙Ᏻ࡞Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡗ
    ࡓࡽ㸪
    ࡲࡎᘚㆤኈ࡟ࡼࡿㄝ᫂ࡸ┦ㄯࢆཷࡅ
    ࡚࠿ࡽ㸪
    ᮾி㟁ຊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᦆᐖ㈺ൾࡢ᪉ἲ
    ࢆỴࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࠾່ࡵࡋࡲࡍ
    㸦࠾㏆ࡃࡢ┦
    ㄯඛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⿬㠃ࢆᚚぴࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ


    ࠾ၥ࠸ྜࢃࡏ ᪥ᮏᘚㆤኈ㐃ྜ఍㸸ᮾ᪥ᮏ኱㟈⅏࣭ཎᏊຊⓎ㟁ᡤ஦ᨾᑐ⟇ᮏ㒊஦ົᒁ
    TEL㸸03-3580-9956㸭FAX㸸03-3580-9957
    MAIL㸸[email protected]
    URL㸸http://www.nichibenren.or.jp/activity/human/higashinihon_daishinsai.html
    As for the claims to TEPCO
    Before sending them out
    - Guidelines may differ
    - Do not hurry in sending claims
    - We can assist you free of charge
    Lessons Learned (?)
    Japanese Aversion to Litigation?
    24
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  25. Lessons Learned (?)
    Transparency & Public Debate
    25
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  26. Lessons Learned (?)
    Need of Framework for Disaster Response
    Problems of disaster preparedness
    1. No comprehensive, realistic plan at governmental/local
    level
    2. Lack of training
    3. Excessive reliance on the Self-Defence Force
    4. Lack of a framework for communication among public
    authorities and between authorities and volunteers/NPO
    Recommendations
    1. A comprehensive “all-hazard” planning
    2. Improvement of training
    26
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  27. Lessons Learned (?)
    New Framework for Compensation
    Hard problems to solve
    1. Unprecedented damages
    Huge compensation with substantial burden
    for the economy of the Country
    2. Long-lasting damages: problem of evaluation
    3. Problem of assessing the causal connection
    27
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  28. Lessons Learned (?)
    Dangers of Moral Hazard
    1. Misalignment of incentives:
    “Nuclear village” vs. others
    2. Chernobyl precedent:
    “Polluter gets paid” principle?
    28
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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  29. Thank You !
    @ortospace
    il diritto cʼè, ma non si vede
    http://dirittogiapponese.wordpress.com/
    search: “diritto giapponese blog”
    [email protected]
    29
    sabato 1 dicembre 2012

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