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Copyright & related rights

schwmr
September 08, 2014

Copyright & related rights

Law, Science & Technology: Copyright & related rights (1 of 2)

- History & developments
- Legal sources
- Copyright harmonization
- Subject matter
- Concept of originality
- Exhaustion + case study

Slide 5: Push and pull relation between technology and copyright

Slide 6: 1450 Invention of printing press

Slide 8: Statute of Ann (1710)

Slide 12: Copyright US Constitution (1790)

Slide 13: The Pirate Publisher

Slide 15: 20th century, cassette, video tape, CDs, Napster, The Pirate Bay, Popcorn Time

Slide 22: The battle of copyright (free culture, corporate capitalism, public domain)

Slide 23: Legal sources (sauces)

Slide 25: Berne convention (1886)

Slide 28: Three step test

Slide 29: Universal Copyright Convention (1952)

Slide 30: Rome convention (1961)

Slide 32: TRIPS - Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994)

Slide 35: WIPO Internet Treaties (1996)

Slide 36: EU Copyright Law

Slide 39: Road to harmonization (Regulations, Directives, CJEU practice...)

(...)

schwmr

September 08, 2014
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Transcript

  1. Copyright Law, Science & Technology in the Information Society Second

    session 8.9.2014 (Basic Module - 1 of 2)  
  2. Warm up What is protected by intellectual property (and why)?

    What IPRs exist and what are their differences? What tool(s) of harmonization are available in the EU?
  3. History & developments Legal sources Subject matter Concept of originality

    Copyright harmonisation Exhaustion + case study
  4. Invention of printing press by Johannes Gutenberg (around 1450) 16th

    century “privileges”: monopoly power for the English printers’ collective organisation (Stationers’ Company) - ended in 1694 Printing press 1450
  5. (…) may it please your Majesty that it may be

    enacted (…) that the author of any book or books already composed, and not printed and published, or that shall hereafter be composed (…) shall have the sole liberty of printing and reprinting such book and books for the term of fourteen years, to commence from the day of the first publishing the same, and no longer (…) Statute of Ann
  6. Author focused (rewarding creative rather than mercantile talent) New time

    limit on copyright (14 years + 14 years when first term expired) Statute of Ann
  7. World's 1st copyright statute “An Act for the Encouragement of

    Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned”
  8. Copyright US Constitution 1790 1450 1694 1710 “To promote the

    Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors the exclusive Right to their Writings”
  9. “During the nineteenth century anyone was free in the United

    States to reprint a foreign publication, and yet American publishers found it profitable to make arrangements with English authors. Evidence before the 1876-8 Commission shows that English authors sometimes received more from the sale of their books by American publishers, where they had no copyright, than from their royalties in [England]” where they did have copyright." " Arnold Plant [1934] "The Economic Aspects of Copyright in Books," Economica, 167-195
  10. 1886 1450 1694 1710 1961 1994 1996 Berne Convention Rome

    Convention TRIPS WIPO Internet Treaties * By no means exhaustive 1820’s Bilateral treaties
  11. Coverage: Literary and artistic works Sets minimum standard of protection

    Requires to protect the copyright on works from other signatory countries in the same way it protects the copyright of its own nationals. 1st multi-lateral copyright treaty 10 states signed in 1886 (NB: US only “observer”) Berne Convention
  12. Exclusive rights for authors •  to make reproductions •  to

    perform / recite the work in public •  to translate the work •  to make adaptations and arrangements of the work •  to communicate the work to the public / broadcast Certain moral rights (attribution and integrity) Exceptions (reproduction right): the 3 steps test Berne Convention
  13. Further exceptions only… Certain special cases No conflict with normal

    exploitation Not un- reasonably prejudice the interest of the rights holder See e.g. Art. 9.2 Berne (reproduction right only) & Art. 13 TRIPS   if a Berne Convention
  14. Closes gaps left by the Berne Convention “neighbouring rights” (“droits

    voisins”) Protection of performers, producers of sound recordings, broadcasters and publishers… Rome Convention
  15. Perceived problem: large-scale copying of books, records & films. Berne

    “inadequate” – no mechanisms to ensure compliance… TRIPS governs extent of protection and enforcement of IPRs (not restricted to copyright). Minimum protection based on the Berne and Rome conventions. TRIPS
  16. Copyright specific “Berne plus” features: •  Confirms that protection extents

    to expressions – not ideas (Art. 9.2) •  Length of protection – 50 years (Art. 12) •  ALL limitations/exceptions have to comply with 3-step test (Art. 13) •  Protection of performers, producers and broadcasters •  Computer programs protected as “literary works” •  Protection for databases (if they constitute intellectual creations) TRIPS
  17. Berne couldn’t be updated (hello, digital agenda) WIPO Copyright Treaty

    (WCT) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) WIPO Internet Treaties (1996) Implemented via Directives in EU and DMCA in US
  18. 1886 “Community legislation should be restricted to what is needed

    to carry out the tasks of the Community. Many issues of copyright law do not need to be subject of action at Community level” 1988 1450 1694 1710 1961 Green Paper on Copyright and the Challenge of Technology (1988) COM/88/172
  19. 1886 Present state of community law “characterised by a lack

    of harmonisation or approximation of legislation governing the protection of literary and artistic property” 1989 1450 1694 1710 1961 CJEU in 1989 (EMI v. Patricia C-341/87, para. 11)
  20. Roads to harmonization? (Regulation, Directives, CJEU practice…) What may challenges

    be? (Legal traditions / Different concepts of use / More or less protection / Means of harmonization / Speed of adaption / Reception of new technologies…)
  21. Roads to harmonization? (Regulation, Directives, CJEU practice…) What may challenges

    be? (Legal traditions / Different concepts of use / More or less protection / Means of harmonization / Speed of adaption / Reception of new technologies…) What do you see as the benefits / deficiencies of these different roads to copyright ?
  22. Protection of Databases (96/9/EC) Satellite and Cable Retransm. (93/83/EC) Rental

    and Lending Rights (2006/115/EC) Protection of Computer Programs (2009/24/EC) Resale right (2001/84/EC) Term of Protection (2011/77/EU) InfoSoc (2001/29) Orphan Works (2012/28/EU) Civil enforcement (2004/48/EC) Collective Rights Mgmt (2014/26/EU)
  23. How would you describe the road taken and why do

    you think that has been chosen?
  24. How would you describe the road taken and why do

    you think that has been chosen? Why relatively late?
  25. How would you describe the road taken and why do

    you think that has been chosen? Why relatively late? (e.g. due to language barriers and differing cultural traditions cross-border exploitation of copyrighted works was not of major economic importance… changed with the advent of new subject matters (computer programs, databases) and new communication technologies (internet).
  26. Art. 2 Berne Convention (Protected Works) 1. “Literary and artistic

    works”; 2. Possible requirement of fixation; 3. Derivative works; 4. Official texts; 5. Collections; 6. Obligation to protect; beneficiaries of protection; 7. Works of applied art and industrial designs; 8. News (1) The expression “literary and artistic works” shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression, such as books, (…) works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography; photographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; works of applied art; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science.
  27. “Creative works” / cultural products Artistic, literary, dramatic, musical, photographical

    and cinematographic works; maps and technical drawings; computer programs and databases (see e.g. Art. 2 Berne) Expanded considerably since earliest concern with printed works… Only expression of copyrighted work, not idea or facts Any work? •  Irrespective of literary or artistic merit •  Originality of work? (more later!) Subject matter
  28. Work (the author) Communicate + making available to the public

    Distribute Berne Convention “Literary and artistic works” Translations, adaptations and arrangements Collections Fixation (protection of investment) Making available to the public Distribute Rome Convention Broadcasting Phonograms Databases Performances Copyright Related Rights
  29. Acquisition of rights? Arises automatically (No formalities/registration, see Art. 5(2)

    Berne) Time limited rights •  Duration: International min. author’s life +50 years (EU 70 years) •  Related rights mostly shorter (70, 50, 25 years, calculated from the date of first publication) Based on principle of territoriality (one and the same work protected by different laws in different countries)
  30. Two particularities •  Limitations/exceptions: Boundaries on the exclusive rights (defenses

    to infringements, limitations to control by copyright holder) play a much greater role in copyright law than in other IPRs •  Numerous mass transactions: Collecting societies grant blanket licenses for the repertoire of the works for which the authors have transferred their rights to the respective society * Among many other.  
  31. Patent 20 years Copyright ✝+ 70 years Design Up to

    25 years Utility model ≈ 10 years
  32. Patent 20 years Copyright ✝+ 70 years Trademark Design Up

    to 25 years Utility model ≈ 10 years ...
  33. Droit d‘auteur Copyright approach Moral/author rights “Emanation of personality” Natural

    rights of the author, prevails in most countries Economic/entrepreneurial rights “Fruit of his labour” prevails in common law countries
  34. “Copyright and related rights play an important role in this

    context as they protect and stimulate the development and marketing of new products and services and the creation and exploitation of their creative content.” Recital 2 of Directive 2001/29/EC
  35. Concept of originality “Up to now, the notion of originality

    has not been addressed in Community legislation in a systematic manner (…) Member States remain free to determine what level of originality a work must possess for granting it copyright protection.” Commission Staff Working Paper SEC(2004),995
  36. Infopaq (C-5/08) [text excerpts] Author’s own intellectual creation is the

    yardstick for all works protected by copyright under the InfoSoc Directive (see para. 37)
  37. Infopaq (C-5/08) [text excerpts] Author’s own intellectual creation is the

    yardstick for all works protected by copyright under the InfoSoc Directive (see para. 37) Painer (C-145/10) [photographic works] An intellectual creation is deemed to be author’s own if it reflects his or her personality (see para. 88) The creation is the author’s own when the author in conjunction with the creation of his/her work has been able to express his/her creative ability by making free and creative choices. (see para. 92)
  38. Infopaq (C-5/08) [text excerpts] Author’s own intellectual creation is the

    yardstick for all works protected by copyright under the InfoSoc Directive (see para. 37) Painer (C-145/10) [photographic works] An intellectual creation is deemed to be author’s own if it reflects his or her personality (see para. 88) The creation is the author’s own when the author in conjunction with the creation of his/her work has been able to express his/her creative ability by making free and creative choices. (see para. 92) Football Dataco (C-604/10) [database] Mere intellectual effort and skill of creating database not relevant in copyright assessment. Does it express any originality in the selection or arrangement of data? (see para. 42)
  39. Infopaq (C-5/08) [text excerpts] Author’s own intellectual creation is the

    yardstick for all works protected by copyright under the InfoSoc Directive (see para. 37) Painer (C-145/10) [photographic works] An intellectual creation is deemed to be author’s own if it reflects his or her personality (see para. 88) The creation is the author’s own when the author in conjunction with the creation of his/her work has been able to express his/her creative ability by making free and creative choices. (see para. 92) Football Dataco (C-604/10) [database] Mere intellectual effort and skill of creating database not relevant in copyright assessment. Does it express any originality in the selection or arrangement of data? (see para. 42) SAS Institute (C-406/10) [computer program/user manual] Author may only through the choice, sequence and combination of words, (…) express creativity in an original manner (see para. 67)
  40. CJEU & originality criterion* (1) The creation is the author‘s own

    original creation. (2) The creation reflects his/her personality. (3) The author, in conjunction with the creation of his/her work, has been able to express his/her creative ability by making free and creative choices and thus stamping his/her ‘personal touch’ on the work. *thus far
  41. Question of whether a work meets the requirement to be

    protected by copyright is not subject to a national test but an EU concept…? Case law extending harmonization to what is agreed… (namely Originality, Work, Ownership, Designs) “Harmonization by stealth”? Lionel Bently
  42. Introduction to copyright & legal framework EU copyright harmonization Subject

    matter Originality Case study: Exhaustion (and software) flashback
  43. Even more copyright! Rights, Limitations and Exceptions (InfoSoc) Enforcement Human

    Rights Licensing (Online, open data, creative commons…) Presentation: TPMs (Nintendo v. PC Box C-355/12) upcoming
  44. Credits / attribution Push pull by Robert S. Donovan from

    Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0) The Battle of Copyright 2011 by Christopher Dombres from Flickr (CC BY 2.0) Kyle Canyon Road by N i c o l a from Flickr (CC BY 2.0) Captain Copyright (captaincopyright.ca) Sand Castle by Adeel Anwer from Flickr (CC BY-ND 2.0) Lego by Jake Dunham from The Noun Project Stop sign by Jaap Knevel from The Noun Project People by Wilson Joseph from The Noun Project Search by hunotika from The Noun Project Gondola by Patricia Ross from The Noun Project Identification Badge by Michela Tannoia from The Noun Project Person by Cristina Gallego from The Noun Project Infinity by im icons from The Noun Project Biopic by Yi Chen from The Noun Project Copyright by Stefan Parnarov from The Noun Project Icon by Acider C Balandrano from The Noun Project VHS Tape by Loic Poivet from The Noun Project Europe Flag by Pham Thi Dieu Linh from The Noun Project Storm Trooper by ARudmann from The Noun Project Ketchup by Taylor Medlin from The Noun Project Coat of Arms by Martin Vanco from The Noun Project Meditation by Pavel Nikandrov from The Noun Project Globe by Chris Tucker from The Noun Project Pirate by Anne Caroline Bittencourt Gonçalves from The Noun Project Stopwatch by Nick Holroyd from The Noun Project Printing Press by Mike Wirth from The Noun Project Police by Luis Prado from The Noun Project CD by José Manuel from The Noun Project Chair by Jardson A. from The Noun Project Emperor by Simon Child from The Noun Project Pharaoh by Simon Child from The Noun Project Cassette by mathies janssen from The Noun Project Music–Boxes 2 by sweetmusic_27 on Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 Wall for sounds by Memphis CVB on Flickr CC-BY One direction 185 by Fiona McKinlay on Flickr CC-BY-SA 2.0