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JavaScript - Lecture 6 - Web Technologies (1019...

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JavaScript - Lecture 6 - Web Technologies (1019888BNR)

This lecture forms part of the course Web Technologies given at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

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October 27, 2026

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Transcript

  1. Web Technologies JavaScript Prof. Beat Signer Department Vrije beatsigner.com Universiteit

    of Computer Brussel Science Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com 2 December 2005

  2. JavaScript ▪ High-level loosely typed dynamic language ▪ Introduced by

    Netscape in 1995 ▪ lightweight interpreted client-side programming ▪ Supports imperative, object-oriented and functional programming styles ▪ Nowadays also used in non-web-based apps ▪ Most Popular Programming, Scripting and Markup Languages Microsoft Office, PDF, … ▪ JavaScript implements the ECMAScript specification ▪ October 27, 2026 latest: ECMAScript 2026 (or ES17) [https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2026/] Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2

  3. Adding JavaScript to a Webpage <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <tile>JavaScript

    Example</tile> ... <script> alert("Message in the header"); </script> <script src="example.js"></script> </head> <body> <h1>A First Example</h1> <script> document.write("<p>Text added by JavaScript</p>"); </script> <p id="p2">A second paragraph.</p> </body> </html> ▪ JavaScript code can be placed in the <head>, in the <body> or in external files October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 3

  4. Adding JavaScript to a Webpage … ▪ Advantages of external

    JavaScript files separation of HTML and code ▪ faster page load if JavaScript file is cached ▪ ▪ JavaScript code placed just before the </body> tag (end of the page) might improve page load display of HTML is not blocked by script loading ▪ alternatives (defer or async attributes) ▪ <script defer src="example1.js"></script> or <script async src="example2.js"></script> ▪ Use the latest version of the language by adding "use strict"; to the top of a script implicit strict for code in a class body or a module ▪ implicit activation when new features are used ▪ October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 4

  5. Execution of JavaScript Programs ▪ JavaScript program consists of all

    the code in or referenced from an HTML document ▪ bits of code share single global Window object providing access to the same underlying document object (HTML document) ▪ JavaScript program is executed in two phases phase 1: document content is loaded (create DOM tree) and any code in <script> elements is executed ▪ phase 2: asynchronous and event-driven execution of code (event handlers installed during phase 1) ▪ JavaScript is single-threaded ▪ - browser stops responding to input while scripts are executed ▪ JavaScript errors silently ignored by most browsers ▪ October 27, 2026 activate browser console for debugging (e.g. F12) Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 5

  6. Browser Console ▪ Error 'aalert' shows up in the console

    October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 6

  7. Output ▪ There are different possibilities for JavaScript output ▪

    document.write() adds content to the page while loading ▪ deletes (overwrites) page if used after page has been loaded ▪ should only be used for testing (slow) ▪ ▪ console.log() ▪ outputs content to the browser console ▪ alert(), prompt() or confirm() ▪ outputs data in an alert, prompt or confirm message box ▪ innerHTML and outerHTML property ▪ adds content to an HTML element (via DOM tree) document.querySelector("p:nth-child(2)").innerHTML = "A new second paragraph."; October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 7

  8. Variables and Data Types ▪ Variables have dynamic types let

    x; // x has been declared but the value is 'undefined' x = "Albert Einstein"; // now x is a string x = 3.1415; // now x is a number typeof x; // number x = false; // now x is a boolean ▪ Primitive data types string, number, bigint, boolean and symbol ▪ null and undefined ▪ ▪ Objects October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 8

  9. Strings ▪ Any text between single (') or double quotes

    (") ▪ Strings are immutable ▪ Special characters (e.g. '\', '\t' or '\n') have to be escaped with a backslash (\) let hello = "Hello World"; let correct = "This is \"correct\""; // escaped double quotes let tmp = hello.length; // 11 tmp = hello + ". " + correct; // Hello World. This is "correct" tmp = hello.charAt(1); // e tmp = hello.toUpperCase(); // HELLO WORLD tmp = hello.replace("World", "VUB"); // replace first occurence of 'World' with 'VUB' October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 9

  10. Numbers ▪ 64-bit floating point numbers (IEEE 754 standard) ▪

    mantissa (52 bits), exponent (11 bits) and sign (1 bit) let x = 42.00; let y = 42; let z = 42e3; // 42000 ▪ NaN indicates that a value is not a number let x = 42 / "foo"; // but what about 'x = 42 + "foo"? isNaN(x); // returns true // what is the difference between '10 + 10 + "foo"' and '"foo" + 10 + 10'? ▪ Infinity for values that are too large to be represented let x = 42 / 0; // x becomes Infinity October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 10

  11. Numbers … ▪ Rounding errors ▪ due to rounding errors

    we might not always get the expected result let x = 0.3 + 0.6; // 0.8999999999999999 let x = (0.3 * 10 + 0.6 * 10) / 10; // possible solution (resulting in 0.9) October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 11

  12. BigInt ▪ Represent whole numbers larger than 253-1 (or Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)

    introduced for compatibility with 64-bit integer representation in many other programming languages and APIs ▪ BigInt values can be of arbitrary size (not limited to 64-bit) ▪ let x = 2000n; // BigInt literals are a string of digits followed by 'n' let s = "1" + "0".repeat(100) ; // one googol let result = x + BigInt(s); ▪ Cannot mix Number and BigInt operands in mathematical expressions October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 12

  13. Boolean ▪ Booleans can have the values true or false

    let x = true; let y = false; let z = 5 > 3; // true October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 13

  14. Date and Math Objects ▪ Date object can be used

    to work with dates const now = new Date(); const nextWeek = new Date("2026-11-03T13:00:00"); // ISO 8610 syntax let milis = now.getTime(); // time in milliseconds since January 1, 1970 let test = nextWeek.getTime() > milis; // true ▪ Math object can be used for various mathematical operations and offers some constants (e.g. PI and E) Math.random(); // random number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive) Math.round(3.6); // 4 (rounded to the nearest integer) Math.max(4,10,3); // 10 (number with the highest value) ▪ Note: BigInt values cannot be used with Math methods October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 14

  15. Objects ▪ Container of properties (name/value) where a value can

    be any JavaScript value (including other objects) const student = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Harper", height: 182 }; ▪ Two possibilities to retrieve object values ▪ second option only works for legal JavaScript names and non-reserved words student["firstName"]; student.lastName; October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 15

  16. Objects ... ▪ Existing values can be updated, new properties

    can be added and existing properties can be deleted student.lastName = "Wayne"; student.address = { street: "Pleinlaan", number: 2 }; delete student.lastName; ▪ Objects are passed by reference and not by value let x = student; // student object created before x.firstName = "Peter"; let name = student.firstName; // name is "Peter" since x and student are references to the same object October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 16

  17. Objects … ▪ Cloning of objects (deep copy) is not

    trivial in JavaScript Object.assign(target, source) only does a shallow copy ▪ use libraries (e.g. Lodash) for a clone() method ▪ October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 17

  18. Arrays ▪ An array is a variable that can hold

    multiple values which can be accessed via an integer offset ▪ values of different types might be mixed const points = [10, 5, 17, 42]; points.length; // number of elements (4) points[1]; // accesses the element with the given offset (5) points[points.length] = 13; // adds 13 to the end of the array [10, 5, 17, 42, 13] let last = points.pop(); // removes the last element [10, 5 , 17 , 42] let l = points.push(2); // adds 2 at the end and returns the length (5) let first = points.shift(); // removes the first element [5, 17, 42, 2] l = points.unshift(7); // adds 7 to the beginning and returns the length (5) delete points[2]; // the third element will be undefined const matrix = [[3, 1, 2], [9, 6, 4], [5, 7, 8]]; // array of arrays ("2D" array) matrix [1][2]; // 4 ▪ Other methods to sort arrays, combine arrays etc. October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 18

  19. Functions ▪ A function is a block of code to

    perform a particular task enables the reuse of code ▪ functions are objects and can be used like any other value ▪ - can be stored in variables, objects and arrays - can be passed as an argument to functions or returned from functions ▪ access to a function without the () operator returns the definition of a function function multiply(p1, p2) { return p1 * p2; } let r = multiply(3, 4); // 12 ▪ Shorthand arrow function syntax ▪ e.g. to pass anonymous function as argument of another function (a, b) => a * b + 100; October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 19

  20. Scope ▪ Local variables declared within a function have block-level

    scoping ▪ A variable declared outside of a function has global scope ▪ Local variables deleted when the block is completed ▪ Function arguments (parameters) work as local variables within functions ▪ Warning ▪ October 27, 2026 old var syntax does not offer block-level scoping but rather provides function scoping Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 20

  21. Objects Revisited ▪ Functions can be added to objects (methods)

    // Let us assume that we have the student object that was created earlier student.fullName = function() { return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName; } ▪ Multiple objects can be created via an object constructor function (prototype) function Student(firstName, lastName, height) { this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; this.height = height; this.fullName = function() {return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;} }; const student1 = new Student("Audrey", "Sanctorum", 174); const student2 = new Student("Maxim", "Van de Wynckel", 177); October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 21

  22. Classes ▪ Classes have been introduced in ECMAScript 2015 (6)

    ▪ simplifies inheritance etc. class Person { constructor(firstName, lastName, height) { this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; this.height = height; } fullName() { return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName; } } class Student extends Person { constructor(firstName, lastName, height, studentID) { super(firstName, lastName, height); this.studentID = studentID; } } October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 22

  23. Classes … const student = new Student("Audrey", "Sanctorum", 174, 93283982);

    console.log(student.fullname()); // Audrey Sanctorum console.log(student instanceof Person); // true console.log(student instanceof Student); // true October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 23

  24. Modules ▪ Modules can be used to control the scoping

    instead of using a shared-everything approach each file is a module ▪ export keyword to expose code to other modules ▪ exported functionality can be accessed from another module via the import keyword ▪ example.js export let counter = 0; export function multiply(p1, p2) { return p1 * p2; } ... main.js import multiply from "./example.js"; ... October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 24

  25. Modules … ▪ can use single export statement at the

    end of a module example.js let counter = 0; function multiply(p1, p2) { return p1 * p2; } ... export {multiply, counter}; ▪ tell the browser that we want to use modules code in modules is automatically in strict mode ▪ other imported modules will be automatically downloaded ▪ <script type="module" src="main.js"></script> October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 25

  26. Conditional Statement ▪ Used to perform different actions based on

    different conditions let mention = ""; if (grade < 10) { mention = "Fail"; } else if (grade < 13.6) { mention = "Pass"; } else if (grade < 15.4) { mention = "Distinction"; } else if (grade < 17) { mention = "Great Distinction"; } else { mention = "Greatest Distinction"; } October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 26

  27. Loops ▪ For Loop for (let i = 0; i

    < 10; i++) { text += "Number: " + i + "<br />"; } ▪ For/In Loop ▪ iterate over object properties for (x in student) { text += " " + student[x]; // Add all properties of 'student' to text string } ▪ While Loop while (i < 10) { text += "Number: " + i + "<br />"; i++; } October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 27

  28. JavaScript Best Practices ▪ Avoid (minimise) global variables ▪ global

    variables can lead to name collisions for sub-programs but modules can be used to fix the problem ▪ Always initialise variables when they are declared avoids undefined values ▪ use strict mode to avoid undeclared variables ▪ ▪ Declare objects and arrays with const ▪ prevents accidental change of type ▪ Always use the === and !== equality operators ▪ == and != do some automatic type coercion (with complicated rules) if the types are not equal October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 28

  29. JavaScript Best Practices ... ▪ Avoid block-less if, while, do

    or for statements if (x > 10) { t = true; } ▪ Avoid the use of eval() ▪ October 27, 2026 runs text as code and leads to performance and security issues Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 29

  30. DOM Revisited document html root node head body title h1

    Vrije Univer ... News document node Internationa ... p … p … a href Vrije Uni ... https:// ... element node attribute node text node October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 30

  31. JavaScript DOM Manipulation document.getElementById("id5"); document.getElementsByTagName("p"); document.getElementsByClassName("highlight"); document.querySelector("#id5"); // newer CSS

    selector document.querySelector("#id5").innerHTML = "Let's <b>change</b> the text"; document.querySelector("#id5").textContent = "Let's change the plain text"; document.querySelectorAll("p.highlight"); // all <p> elements of class 'highlight' document.querySelectorAll("h1, h2, h3"); // all <h1>, <h2> and <h3> elements // Elements have properties for their attributes let image = document.querySelector("#i42"); let url = image.src; image.alt = "new alt text"; // Class attribute (for CSS style sheets) might be updated let image = document.querySelector("#i42"); image.classList.remove("hidden"); image.classList.add("animated"); let classesName = image.className; // returns class names as string // Create new elements let paragraph = document.createElement("p"); paragraph.append("Hello World"); document.querySelector("#id5").after(paragraph) October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 31

  32. DOM Navigation ▪ A set of properties defined on all

    nodes allow to navigate the DOM tree (including elements, text, comments, …) ▪ parentNode, childNodes, firstChild, lastChild, nextSibling, previousSibling, nodeType, nodeName, … ▪ Another set of properties defined on element nodes only allows to navigate the DOM tree (only element nodes) ▪ October 27, 2026 parentNode, children, firstElementChild, lastElementChild, nextElementSibling, previousElementSibling, … Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 32

  33. Event Categories ▪ Can add JavaScript handlers for various event

    types ▪ device-dependent input events - mousedown, mousemove, mouseover, mouseup, keydown, keyup, … ▪ device-independent input events - click, input, pointerdown, pointermove, pointerup, … ▪ user interface events - focus, change, submit, … ▪ state-change events - load, DOMContentLoaded, online, offline, … ▪ API-specific events - waiting, playing, seeking, … October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 33

  34. Registering Event Handlers ▪ We can directly register handlers on

    the HTML elements <button onclick="document.getElementById('demo').innerHTML = Date()">The time is?</button> <button onclick="this.innerHTML = Date()">The time is?</button> <button onclick="displayDate()">The time is?</button> ▪ We can also register event handlers via properties or the addEventListener() method defined on elements let b = documemt.querySelector("#mybutton"); b.onclick = function() {console.log("Thanks for clicking!"); }; b.addEventListener("click", () => {console.log("Thanks again!"); }); b.addEventListener("click", handleClick); October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 34

  35. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) ▪ Developed as an XML alternative

    to represent JavaScript objects as strings (language independent) ▪ Easy to produce and faster to parse than XML ▪ supports different data types ▪ JSON is based on a subset of JavaScript ▪ JSON document can be read via the JavaScript eval() function - security issues: note that this approach can be dangerous if the source is not trusted since any JavaScript code might be executed ▪ recent browsers offer a JSON parser (JSON.parse()) - recognises only JSON data types and rejects any scripts ▪ Many Web 2.0 Applications offer a JSON interface ▪ October 27, 2026 Flickr, YouTube, Delicious, ... Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 35

  36. JSON Data Types Type Description Number integer, real or float

    Boolean true or false String double-quoted Unicode (use backslash for escaping) Array comma-separated ordered sequence of values enclosed in square brackets Object comma-separated collection of key:value pairs enclosed in curly brackets null null value ▪ The values themselves can be simple values (number, boolean or string), arrays or objects nesting is supported ▪ BigInt values not supported by default ▪ October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 36

  37. JSON Syntax Diagrams http://www.json.org October 27, 2026 Beat Signer -

    Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 37

  38. JSON Example { "surname": "Signer", "forename": "Beat", "address": { "street":

    "Pleinlaan 2", "city": "Brussels", "postalCode": 1050, "country": "Belgium" }, "phoneNumbers": [ { "type": "office", "number": "123 456 789" }, { "type": "fax", "number": "987 654 321" } ] } October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 38

  39. JavaScript Libraries ▪ Modernizr.js ▪ check availability of certain HTML,

    CSS and JavaScript features in a browser ▪ D3.js ▪ interactive data visualisations (Data-Driven Documents) ▪ Leaflet ▪ interactive maps ▪ … October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 39

  40. Exercise 6 ▪ JavaScript and HTML5 APIs October 27, 2026

    Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 40

  41. References ▪ JavaScript: The Definitive Guide: Master the World's Most-used

    Programming Language, David Flanagan, O'Reilly (7th edition), May 2020, ISBN-13: 978-1491952023 ▪ Understanding ECMAScript 6: The Definitive Guide for JavaScript Developers, Nicholas C. Zakas, No Starch Press (1st edition), October 2016 ISBN-13: 978-1593277574 Programming TypeScript: Making Your JavaScript Applications Scale, Boris Cherny, O'Reilly (1st edition), May 2019 ISBN-13: 978-1492037651 October 27, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 41

  42. References ... ▪ W3Schools JavaScript Tutorial ▪ https://www.w3schools.com/js/ ▪ JavaScript

    Tutorial ▪ https://javascript.info/ ▪ Mozilla Developer Network (MDN) JavaScript Tutorial ▪ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript ▪ JSLint: The JavaScript Code Quality Tool ▪ October 27, 2026 https://www.jslint.com Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 42

  43. Next Lecture XML and Related Technologies 2 December 2005