Ruby 3の新機能としての静的型検査の開発

PPL 2021 https://jssst-ppl.org/workshop/2021/

Transcript

1. 3VCZͷ৽ػೳͱͯ͠ͷ
   

   ੩తܕݕࠪͷ։ൃ
   দຊफଠ࿠
   

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2. দຊफଠ࿠
   w !TPVUBSP
   w 3VCZίϛολ ʙ
   
   

   3VCZͷܕͷ࢓ࣄ
   w 4RVBSFגࣜձࣾ ʙ
   
   

   ࣾ಺ͷ3VCZϓϩάϥϜʹܕΛ෇͚Δ࢓ࣄ
   w ത࢜ʢ޻ֶʣ೥ஜ೾େֶ
   

   3VCZϓϩάϥϜͷܕΛਪ࿦
   

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3. ֓ཁ
   w 3VCZͷܕղੳػೳ
   w 3VCZͱܕͷྺ࢙
   w ܕݕࠪπʔϧͷ։ൃͷ༷ʑͳଆ໘
   

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4. 3VCZͷܕղੳػೳ
   w ܕΛॻͨ͘Ίͷݴޠ3#4Λఆٛ
   w ܕఆٛΛॲཧ͢ΔͨΊͷϥΠϒϥϦͱඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦͷܕఆٛΛಉࠝ
   w ίϛϡχςΟͰϥΠϒϥϦͷܕఆٛΛهड़ͯ͠഑෇͢Δํ๏Λఏڙ
   w 3#4ؔ࿈ͷπʔϧ͸5ZQF1SPGΛಉࠝ
   w ܕݕࠪث͸ಉࠝͳ͠
   

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5. # The conference object represents a conference.
   
   
   #
   
   
   # conf = Conference.new("RubyConf 2020")
   
   
   # conf.talks << talk1
   
   
   # conf.talks << talk2
   
   
   #
   
   
   class Conference
   
   
   # The name of the conference.
   
   
   attr_reader name: String
   
   
   # Talks of the conference.
   
   
   attr_reader talks: Array[Talk]
   
   
   def initialize: (String name) -> void
   
   
   # Yields all speakers of the conference.
   
   
   # Deduped, and no order guaranteed.
   
   
   def each_speaker: { (Speaker) -> void } -> void
   
   
   | () -> Enumerator[Speaker, void]
   
   
   end
   

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6. Union types
   Generics
   untyped type
   String | Symbol
   
   
   Integer? #== Integer | nil
   Hash[String, Array[Integer]]
   
   
   Array[String | Integer]
   def eval: (String) -> untyped
   Tuple & record
   [Integer, String] # ݻఆ௕ͷ഑ྻ
   
   
   { id: Integer, name: String } # Ωʔݻఆͷϋογϡ
   Class/module types
   Object, Kernel
   
   
   singleton(String), singleton(Array)
   

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7. 3#4
   w 3VCZίʔυͱ͸ผͷϑΝΠϧʹهड़
   w 3VCZͱͷ׬ᘳͳޓ׵ੑ
   w 3VCZίʔυʹܕ஫ऍΛೖΕͳ͍ͱ͍͏ͩ͜ΘΓ
   w ͲΜͳ3VCZϓϩάϥϜͰ΋ɺ3#4͕ॻ͚Ε͹ܕ͕ॻ͚Δ
   

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8. class Server < ApplicationRecord
   
   
   validates :name, :length => { :in => 3..30 }
   
   
   validates :uri, :length => { :in => 20..200 }
   
   
   validates :ordinal, :numericality => true, :uniqueness => true
   
   
   end
   class Server < ApplicationRecord
   
   
   attr_accessor name (): String
   
   
   attr_accessor uri (): String
   
   
   def name_changed: () -> bool
   
   
   def name_change: () -> [String?, String?]
   
   
   def name_will_change: () -> void
   
   
   def name_was: () -> String?
   
   
   def name_previously_changed?: () -> bool
   
   
   def name_previously_was: () -> String?
   
   
   def name_before_last_save: () -> String?
   
   
   def uri_changed: () -> bool
   
   
   def uri_change: () -> [String?, String?]
   
   
   
   
   

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9. 5ZQF1SPG
   w ૉͷ3VCZϓϩάϥϜΛೖྗͱͯ͠3#4Λੜ੒
   w ந৅ղऍʹجͮ͘ΞϧΰϦζϜ
   w 11-Ͱ঺հ
   $ typeprof exe/entrypoint
   

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10. HFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPO
    w ίϛϡχςΟͰϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛॻ͍ͯ഑෇ͯ͠΋Β͏৔ॴ
    w 5ZQF4DSJQUͷ%F
    fi
    OJUFMZ5ZQFEɺ1ZUIPOͷ5ZQF4IFE
    w ແݶʹ͋Δ3VCZϥΠϒϥϦͷܕ৘ใΛॻ͍ͯ΋ΒΘͳ͍ͱ͍͚ͳ͍
    IUUQTHJUIVCDPNSVCZHFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPO
    

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11. 3VCZͷܕαϙʔτ
    w 3#4ͰϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛॻ͚Δ
    w HFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPOͰϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛ഑෇͢Δ
    w 5ZQF1SPGͰ3#4Λੜ੒͢Δ
    w ͳʹ͔ͷπʔϧͰ3VCZϓϩάϥϜͷܕݕࠪΛ͢Δ
    

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12. 3VCZͷܕαϙʔτ
    w 3#4ͰϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛॻ͚Δ
    w HFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPOͰϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛ഑෇͢Δ
    w 5ZQF1SPGͰ3#4Λੜ੒͢Δ
    w ͳʹ͔ͷπʔϧͰ3VCZϓϩάϥϜͷܕݕࠪΛ͢Δ
    ˡ3VCZ
    

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13. 4UFFQ
    w 3#4ͱ3VCZϓϩάϥϜͱͷ੔߹ੑΛݕࠪ
    w 3VCZϓϩάϥϜ಺ʹܕ஫ऍΛهࡌ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ
    w 3#4ͰܕΛॻ͘ඞཁ͕͋Δ
    w 11-Ͱ঺հ
    

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14. ࠓ೔ͷ࿩୊
    w 3#4
    w HFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPO
    w 4UFFQʢ3VCZͰ͸ͳ͍͕ɺ࿩͕ਐ·ͳ͍ͷͰʣ
    

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15. ֓ཁ
    w 3VCZͷܕղੳػೳ
    w 3VCZͱܕͷྺ࢙
    w ܕݕࠪπʔϧͷ։ൃͷ༷ʑͳଆ໘
    

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16. ྺ࢙
    w શ෦ܕΛਪ࿦͠Α͏ͱ͢Δάϧʔϓ
    w ར༻ऀ͕ॻ͍ͨϓϩάϥϜʹܕ஫ऍ͕͋Δ͜ͱΛԾఆ͢Δάϧʔϓ
    
    .-ͷܕਪ࿦ʹجͮ͘΋ͷʢদຊ ೆग़ʣ
    ϑϩʔղੳʹجͮ͘΋ͷʢদຊ ೆग़ʣ
    %JBNPOECBDL3VCZʢ'VSS 'PTUFSʣ
    4UFFQʢদຊʣ
    4PSCFU 4USJQF
    
    5ZQF1SPGʢԕ౻ʣ
    NNDʢࡾӜʣ
    +VTUJO5JNF4UBUJD5ZQF$IFDLJOHGPS
    

    %ZOBNJD-BOHVBHFTʢ3FO 'PTUFSʣ
    

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17. 3VCZʹ޲͚ͯ
    
    4UFFQʢদຊʣ
    4PSCFU 4USJQF
    
    5ZQF1SPGʢԕ౻ʣ
    NNDʢࡾӜʣ
    3VCZʹܕΛೖΕΔ͜ͱΛએݴ .BU[
    
    
    3VCZʹܕݕࠪثΛೖΕͳ͍͜ͱΛܾఆ .BU[
    
    3#4ͷಋೖΛܾఆ .BU[
    
    5ZQF1SPGͷಋೖΛܾఆ .BU[
    
    ౦๺େֶిؾ௨৴ݚڀॴڞಉϓϩδΣΫτ
    SVCZUZQFTNFFUJOH
    

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18. 4PSCFU
    w IUUQTTPSCFUPSH
    w 3VCZ%4-ͰܕΛॻ͘
    class Conference
    
    
    extend T::Sig
    
    
    sig do
    
    
    params(name: String).void
    
    
    end
    
    
    def initialize(name:)
    
    
    @name = name
    
    
    @speakers = T.let([], T::Array[Speaker])
    
    
    end
    
    
    end
    

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19. 4UFFQ
    w ϓϩάϥϜͷܕ͸ผͷఆٛϑΝΠϧʹॻ͘
    w ίϝϯτͰΠϯϥΠϯܕ஫ऍ
    w ࣮ߦ࣌ͷґଘϥΠϒϥϦͳ͠
    class Conference
    
    
    def each_speaker(&block)
    
    
    # @type var speakers: Array[Speak
    
    
    speakers = []
    
    
    talks.each do |talk|
    
    
    speakers << talk.speaker
    
    
    end
    
    
    speakers.each(&block)
    
    
    end
    
    
    end
    class Conference
    
    
    def each_speaker: { (Speaker) -> void } -> void
    
    
    end
    

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20. ֓ཁ
    w 3VCZͷܕղੳػೳ
    w 3VCZͱܕͷྺ࢙
    w ܕݕࠪπʔϧͷ։ൃͷ༷ʑͳଆ໘
    

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21. ͍Ζ͍Ζͳཁૉ
    w ܕγεςϜͷઃܭ
    w αϒλΠϐϯά
    w ༷ʑͳࠔ೉
    w ܕఆٛͷςετ
    w *%&࿈ܞͷ։ൃ
    

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22. αϒλΠϐϯά
    w %VDLUZQJOHͱ͍͏֓೦
    w ΦϒδΣΫτ͕ಛఆͷΫϥεͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛԾఆ͠ͳ͍
    w ϝιου͕͋Ε͹ྑ͍
    w ߏ଄త෦෼ܕͷ֓೦ͱ͍ۙ
    

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23. ͥΜͿߏ଄త෦෼ܕͰߦͧ͘💪
    w 4USJOHͷdϝιουΛશ෦࠶࣮૷ͨ͠ΫϥεΛ࡞Δ͜ͱ͸ඇݱ࣮త
    w 3VCZͷ࣮ߦ࣌ͷҙຯͱҰக͠ͳ͍
    object.is_a?(String)
    case json
    
    
    when String
    
    
    ...
    
    
    when Numeric
    
    
    ...
    
    
    when Array
    
    
    ...
    
    
    end
    

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24. ΍Ίͨ
    w ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΈߏ଄తʹ෦෼ܕΛ൑ఆ
    w ଞ͸Ϋϥεͷܧঝؔ܎ʹΑͬͯ൑ఆ
    interface _Appendable
    
    
    def <<: (String) -> void
    
    
    end
    class String
    
    
    def <<: (String) -> String
    
    
    end
    class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def <<: (Elem) -> Array[Elem]
    
    
    end
    class Integer
    
    
    def <<: (Integer) -> Integer
    
    
    end
    String <: _Appendable # => ✅
    
    
    Array[String] <: _Appendable # => ✅
    
    
    Integer <: _Appendable # => 💣
    

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25. ༷ʑͳࠔ೉
    w ੍໿ɿطଘͷ3VCZίʔυ͕Ͱ͖Δ͚ͩܕݕࠪͰ͖ͯཉ͍͠
    w 3VCZʹܕ஫ऍΛೖΕΔ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ʢ.BU[ܾఆʣ
    w ͍Ζ͍ΖͱఘΊΔ͔͠ͳ͔ͬͨ
    ࣗ༝ͳΦʔόʔϥΠυ
    $PWBSJBOUͳίϨΫγϣϯ
    'MPXTFOTJUJWFͳղੳ
    ഑ྻͷΞΫηε
    ϝλϓϩάϥϛϯάʹΑΔఆٛ
    

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26. ࣗ༝ͳΦʔόʔϥΠυ
    w αϒΫϥε͕উखʹ޷͖ͳҙຯɾܕͰಉ໊ͷϝιουΛఆ͍ٛͯ͠Δ
    w 0CKFDUTFMFDUͱ"SSBZTFMFDU
    w 0CKFDUNFUIPEͱ)5513FRVFTUNFUIPE
    w .PEVMFDMBTT
    def select: (Array[IO], Array[IO], Array[IO]) -> Array[Array[IO]]
    def select: () { (Elem) -> top } -> Array[Elem]
    
    
    | () -> Enumerator[Elem, Array[Elem]]
    0CKFDUTFMFDU
    "SSBZTFMFDU
    

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27. ఘΊͨ
    w ΦʔόʔϥΠυͰϝιουͷܕ͕มΘΔ΋ͷ͸ɺϓϩάϥϚͷ੹೚
    w ϝιουͷܕʹΞϊςʔγϣϯΛ෇͚Δ㱺਺͕ଟ͗͢Δ
    w ࣮ࡍʹ͸໰୊ʹͳΒͳͦ͞͏ʢͲ͏ͤ3VCZͰ࣮ߦͰ͖ͳ͍͔Βʣ
    def get_method(object)
    
    
    # Object#methodͩͱࢥͬͯݺͼग़͢
    
    
    object.method(:to_s)
    
    
    end
    
    
    get_method("string")
    
    
    get_method(request)
    def get_method: (Object) -> void
    

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28. $PWBSJBOUͳίϨΫγϣϯ
    w "SSBZ<4USJOH>ͱ"SSBZ<0CKFDU>ͷؔ܎
    # @type var strings: Array[String]
    
    
    strings = ["foo", "bar"]
    
    
    # @type var objects: Array[Object]
    
    
    objects = strings # ͜ͷ୅ೖΛڐ͔͢ʁ
    
    
    objects.push(3)
    
    
    strings[2] # StringʁIntegerʁ
    

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29. ྑ͍ํ๏͸ͳ͍͔ʁ
    w +BWBͷΑ͏ʹ΍Δͷ͸Ͳ͏͔ʁ
    w ಛผͳ(FOFSJDTͷߏจͰɺҾ਺ʹܕม਺͕ग़ͯ͘ΔϝιουΛফ͢
    def read_array: (Array[? extends Object]) -> void
    class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def []: (Integer) -> Elem # ࢒͢
    
    
    def <<: (Elem) -> Array[Elem] # ফ͢
    
    
    end
    

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30. class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def find: (Elem) -> Elem?
    
    
    end
    

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31. class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def find: (Elem) -> Elem?
    
    
    end
    class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def find: (top) -> Elem?
    
    
    end
    

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32. class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def find: (Elem) -> Elem?
    
    
    end
    class Array[Elem]
    
    
    def find: (top) -> Elem?
    
    
    end
    # ൺֱؔ਺Λ֎͔Β౉͢ίϨΫγϣϯͩͱμϝͳͷͰ͋Μ·Γ࢖͍ಓ͕ͳͦ͞͏
    
    
    class Set[Elem]
    
    
    def initialize: { (Elem, Elem) -> Integer } -> void
    
    
    def find: (Elem) -> Elem?
    
    
    end
    

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33. ఘΊͨ
    w ഑ྻͷཁૉ͸$PWBSJBOUͩͱܾΊͨ
    w ੈͷதͦ͏͍͏͜ͱʹͳ͍ͬͯΔʢ+BWB΋5ZQF4DSJQU΋ͦ͏ʣ
    class Array[unchecked out Elem]
    
    
    def <<: (Elem) -> Array[Elem]
    
    
    def pop: () -> Elem? # ͦ΋ͦ΋pop͕μϝ
    
    
    end
    

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34. ܕఆٛͷςετ
    w ϥΠϒϥϦͷܕΛॻ͍ͯཉ͍͠
    w ܕݕࠪثͳ͠ͰܕΛॻ͘ͷ͸ແཧ
    w 4UFFQΛ࢖͏ͷ͸ͦΕͳΓʹେม
    w ૊ΈࠐΈϥΠϒϥϦͷιʔείʔυ͸$
    w ॻ͍ͨܕͷਖ਼͠͞ΛͳΜͱͳ֬͘ೝ͢Δํ๏͕ඞཁ
    

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35. ܕఆٛͷςετ
    w ࣮ߦ࣌ݕࠪͱ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔํ๏ʢ૊ΈࠐΈϥΠϒϥϦͰ࢖༻ʣ
    w 4UFFQΛ࢖͏ํ๏ʢHFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPOͰ࢖༻ʣ
    w ґଘ͕͋ΔͷͰɺςετ࣮ߦ͕ࠔ೉
    w ظ଴͞ΕΔܕΤϥʔΛอଘ͓͍ͯͯ͠ൺֱ
    # io.read(0)
    
    
    assert_send_type "(Integer) -> String", io, :read, 0
    $ steep check --with-expectations=test.yml
    

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36. *%&࿈ܞͷ։ൃ
    w 4UFFQͷ*%&࿈ܞػೳ
    w -BOHVBHF4FSWFS1SPUPDPMΛར༻
    w Τϥʔใࠂɺิ׬ɺυΩϡϝϯτද
    ࣔɺఆٛʹδϟϯϓ
    w ࣮૷ɾௐ੔ʹແݶʹ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔ
    

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37. ิ׬ͷ࣮૷
    w 4UFFQͰ͸3VCZίʔυதͷϝιουݺͼग़͠ɺม਺໊ͳͲͷҰ෦ͷཁૉ
    ʹ͍ͭͯิ׬Λఏڙ
    

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38. ิ׬ީิͷੜ੒
    foo.ba← ͜͜ʂ foo.← ͜͜ʂ
    w ͜Ε͸ਖ਼͍͠3VCZίʔυ
    w ܕݕࠪͯ͠ɺΧʔιϧҐஔͷࣜͷܕ
    ͔Βิ׬ީิΛੜ੒
    w ͜Ε͸ߏจΤϥʔ
    w Χʔιϧͷલ͕ͩͬͨΒɺҰจࣈ
    ফͯ͠Έͯɺߏจղੳ
    w ղੳͰ͖ͨΒͦͷܕ৘ใ͔Βิ׬
    w ҙ֎ͱྑ͍ײ͡Ͱಈ͘
    

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39. ީิੜ੒଎౓ͷ޲্
    w ίʔυ͕௕͍ʢߦͱ͔ʣͱܕݕ͕ࠪ஗͍ʢ໨ඪ͸ඵʣ
    

    㱺ؔ܎ͳ͍෦෼Λফ͔ͯ͠Βܕݕࠪ͢Δ
    class Foo
    
    
    include Bar
    
    
    def foo
    
    
    f # ͜͜Ͱิ׬
    
    
    end
    
    
    def bar
    
    
    ...
    
    
    end
    
    
    w 4UFFQͷܕݕࠪʹ͸࠷΋಺ଆͷEFG
    Ҏ֎͸ؔ܎ͳ͍
    w ϝιουͷܕ͸3#4͔ΒಡΉ
    w Ωϟογϡͷঢ়گʹ΋ΑΔ͕ɺ࠷
    ѱͰඵ͘Β͍
    

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40. ·ͱΊ
    w 3VCZͷܕղੳػೳͷ঺հ
    w 3VCZ޲͚ͷܕݕࠪπʔϧ͸࣮༻తͳ΋ͷ͕ग़͖͍ͯͯΔ
    w ༷ʑͳϓϩάϥϛϯάݴޠͰͷ੍ݶɾଥڠΛͦͷ··Ҿ͖ܧ͍Ͱ͍Δ
    w ϓϩάϥϚͷೲಘײ͕ࢦ਑
    w ܕݕࠪثͷ࣮૷Ҏ֎ʹ΍Δ͜ͱ͕๲େʹ͋Δ
    

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41. w ଟ૬Ϩίʔυܕʹجͮ͘3VCZϓϩάϥϜͷܕਪ࿦ দຊೆग़
    w 3VCZϓϩάϥϜͷ੍ޚϑϩʔղੳͱͦͷ݈શੑͷূ໌ দຊೆग़
    w 4UBUJD5ZQF*OGFSFODFGPS3VCZ 'VSS"O'PTUFS)JDLT
    w +VTUJO5JNF4UBUJD5ZQF$IFDLJOHGPS%ZOBNJD-BOHVBHFT 3FO'PTUFS
    w 1SPHSFTTSFQPSU3VCZʹ͓͚Δ੩తܕղੳͷ࣮ݱʹ޲͚ͯ ԕ౻দຊ্໺ॅҪদຊ
    w 4PSCFUIUUQTTPSCFUPSH
    w 4UFFQIUUQTHJUIVCDPNTPVUBSPTUFFQ
    w 3#4IUUQTHJUIVCDPNSVCZSCT
    w 5ZQF1SPGIUUQTHJUIVCDPNNBNFUZQFQSPG
    w HFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPOIUUQTHJUIVCDPNSVCZHFN@SCT@DPMMFDUJPO
    

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