Green phytoplankton - University Technological of Sydney - March 2019

Transcript

1. Green phytoplanton
   Daniel Vaulot
   Sydney - 2019-03-20
   

   View Slide

2. Outline
   Roscoff team
   Eukaryotic picoplankton
   Green picoplankton
   Prasinophytes clade VII
   Mamiellophyceae
   What's next ?
   2 / 46
   

   View Slide

3. Rosco
   3 / 46
   

   View Slide

4. La Station Biologique de Rosco
   4 / 46
   

   View Slide

5. 1872 - Antoine Lacaze-Duthiers
   CNRS and Sorbonne Université
   Staff: 350
   Students : 1,000-2,000 per year
   La Station Biologique de Rosco
   4 / 46
   

   View Slide

6. Scientists: 10
   Staff: ~ 40
   Research themes:
   Viruses
   Bacteria
   Cyanobacteria
   Symbioses
   Parasitism
   Ecologie of Marine Plankton team (ECOMAP)
   http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/en/team-diversity-and-interactions-oceanic-plankton 5 / 46
   

   View Slide

7. Eukaryotic picoplankton
   6 / 46
   

   View Slide

8. Diatoms and dino agellates: 20-200 µm
   7 / 46
   

   View Slide

9. Oceanic deserts
   8 / 46
   

   View Slide

10. Bathycoccus
    Described 10 years later by W. Eikrem
    1982 - Tiny eukaryotes
    John Sieburth - Electron microscopy
    Electron microscopy
    Johnson, P.W. & Sieburth, J.M. 1982. J. Phycol. 18:318–27. 9 / 46
    

    View Slide

11. Pico-eukaryote diversity
    Many new species/classes discovered in 3 last decades
    Not, F., Siano, R., Kooistra, W.H.C.F., Simon, N., Vaulot, D. & Probert, I. 2012. In Piganeau, G. [Ed.] Genomic Insights Gained into the Diversity, Biology and
    Evolution of Microbial Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. Elsevier. 10 / 46
    

    View Slide

12. 1995 - Ostreococcus
    The smallest photosynthetic eukaryote (0.8 µm)
    Genome deciphered in 2006
    Now a biological model
    Chrétiennot-Dinet, M.-J., Courties, C., Vaquer, A., Neveux, J., Claustre, H., Lautier, J. & Machado, M.C. 1995. Phycologia. 34:285–92. 11 / 46
    

    View Slide

13. 1999 - Bolidomonas
    1.5 µm
    Close to diatoms phylogenetically
    12 / 46
    

    View Slide

14. 1999 - Bolidomonas
    1.5 µm
    Close to diatoms phylogenetically
    2011 - Triparma
    Group known since 1980
    First isolate in 2008
    Covered with silica as diatoms
    Confirm filiation of Bolidomonas
    Guillou, L., Chrétiennot-Dinet, M.-J., Medlin, L.K., Claustre, H., Loiseaux-de Goër, S. & Vaulot, D. 1999. J. Phycol. 35:368–81.
    Ichinomiya, M., Yoshikawa, S., Kamiya, M., Ohki, K., Takaichi, S. & Kuwata, A. 2011. J. Phycol. 47:144–51.
    12 / 46
    

    View Slide

15. Green picoplankton
    13 / 46
    

    View Slide

16. Green vs. Red lineages
    Falkowski, P.G., Katz, M.E., Knoll, A.H., Quigg, A., Raven, J.A., Schofield, O. & Taylor, F.J. 2004. Science. 305:354–60. 14 / 46
    

    View Slide

17. What is the color of the ocean ?
    1. Why did the green lineage rapidly decline in ecological importance during the early Mesozoic?
    2. Why have terrestrial photoautotrophs not followed similar trajectories following the end-Permian
    extinction?
    15 / 46
    

    View Slide

18. What is the color of the ocean ?
    1. Why did the green lineage rapidly decline in ecological importance during the early Mesozoic?
    2. Why have terrestrial photoautotrophs not followed similar trajectories following the end-Permian
    extinction?
    But maybe the question should be: Is the ocean really red ?
    Falkowski, P.G., Schofield, O., Katz, M.E., van de Schootbrugge, B. & Knoll, A. 2004. In Thierstein, H. & Young, J. Eds. Coccolithophorids. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp.
    429–53. 15 / 46
    

    View Slide

19. The green lineage
    Leliaert, F., Verbruggen, H. & Zechman, F.W. 2011. Bioessays. 33:683–92. 16 / 46
    

    View Slide

20. Metabarcoding
    Universal gene : 18S ribosomal RNA
    17 / 46
    

    View Slide

21. 40 stations
    Depths: 2
    Fractions: 4
    sequences
    Tara Oceans
    de Vargas, C., Audic, S., Henry, N., Decelle, J., Mahe, F., Logares, R., Lara, E. et al. 2015. Science. 348:1261605.
    >
    > 5.10
    6
    18 / 46
    

    View Slide

22. Ocean sampling day (OSD)
    150 stations
    1 million sequences
    >
    >
    19 / 46
    

    View Slide

23. Build a reference database
    18S rRNA GenBank sequences
    Tragin, M., Lopes dos Santos, A., Christen, R. & Vaulot, D. 2016. Perspect. Phycol. 3:141–54. 20 / 46
    

    View Slide

24. Data from OSD
    The green lineage represents 25% of marine phytoplankton
    21 / 46
    

    View Slide

25. Data from OSD
    Up to 94% ...
    The green lineage represents 25% of marine phytoplankton
    21 / 46
    

    View Slide

26. Data from OSD
    Up to 94% ...
    The green lineage represents 25% of marine phytoplankton
    Next question: What are the shade of green ?
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2018. Sci. Rep. 8:14020. 21 / 46
    

    View Slide

27. Green algae: Oceanic vs. Coastal
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Gourvil, P., Tragin, M., Noël, M.-H., Decelle, J., Romac, S. & Vaulot, D. 2017. ISME J. 11:512–28. 22 / 46
    

    View Slide

28. Prasinophytes clade VII
    23 / 46
    

    View Slide

29. Potter et al. 1997 - Little green balls
    Prasinophytes clade VII
    24 / 46
    

    View Slide

30. Potter et al. 1997 - Little green balls
    Moon et al. 2001 - Equatorial Pacific
    Prasinophytes clade VII
    Potter, D., Lajeunesse, T.C., Saunders, G.W. & Andersen, R.A. 1997. Biodivers. Conserv. 6:99–107.
    Moon-van der Staay, S.Y., De Wachter, R. & Vaulot, D. 2001. Nature. 409:607–10.
    24 / 46
    

    View Slide

31. Prasinophytes clade VII dominates in oceanic waters
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Gourvil, P., Tragin, M., Noël, M.-H., Decelle, J., Romac, S. & Vaulot, D. 2017. ISME J. 11:512–28. 25 / 46
    

    View Slide

32. Prasinophytes clade VII - Diversity
    Two major clades A, B
    10 sub-clades: A1-A7, B1-B3
    Clade C : Picocystis
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Gourvil, P., Tragin, M., Noël, M.-H., Decelle, J., Romac, S. & Vaulot, D. 2017. ISME J. 11:512–28. 26 / 46
    

    View Slide

33. clade B1 dominates in the Pacific.
    clade A6 dominates in the Mediterranean Sea
    Prasinophytes clade VII - Niches
    27 / 46
    

    View Slide

34. clade B1 dominates in the Pacific.
    clade A6 dominates in the Mediterranean Sea
    Prasinophytes clade VII - Niches
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Gourvil, P., Tragin, M., Noël, M.-H., Decelle, J., Romac, S. & Vaulot, D. 2017. ISME J. 11:512–28. 27 / 46
    

    View Slide

35. Cultured strains
    RCC287 - Clade A3
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Pollina, T., Gourvil, P., Corre, E., Marie, D., Garrido, J.L., Rodríguez, F. et al. 2017. Sci. Rep. 7:14019. 28 / 46
    

    View Slide

36. ITS (Internally Transcribed Spacer)
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Pollina, T., Gourvil, P., Corre, E., Marie, D., Garrido, J.L., Rodríguez, F. et al. 2017. Sci. Rep. 7:14019. 29 / 46
    

    View Slide

37. Chloropicophyceae
    Picocystophyceae
    Chloropicon: 6 species
    Chloroparvula: 2 species
    New classes, new species
    Lopes dos Santos, A., Pollina, T., Gourvil, P., Corre, E., Marie, D., Garrido, J.L., Rodríguez, F. et al. 2017. Sci. Rep. 7:14019. 30 / 46
    

    View Slide

38. First genome
    Lemieux, C., Turmel, M. & Otis, C. 2018. Nat. Commun. Submitted. 31 / 46
    

    View Slide

39. Mamiellophyceae
    32 / 46
    

    View Slide

40. Mamiellophyceae
    Present everywhere in coastal waters, no obvious patterns.
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2018. Sci. Rep. 8:14020. 33 / 46
    

    View Slide

41. Four major genera
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2019. Sci. Rep. in press. 34 / 46
    

    View Slide

42. Five clades:
    O. tauri
    O. mediterraneus
    O. "lucimarinus"
    clade B
    clade E
    Ostreococcus
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2019. Sci. Rep. in press. 35 / 46
    

    View Slide

43. Ostreococcus
    Clade E has no representative in culture.
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2019. Sci. Rep. in press. 36 / 46
    

    View Slide

44. Species:
    Four described
    M. pusilla
    M. commoda
    M. bravo
    M. polaris
    Two "candidate"
    sp. 1
    sp. 2
    Micromonas
    Simon, N., Foulon, E., Grulois, D., Six, C., Desdevises, Y., Latimier, M., Le Gall, F. et al. 2017. Protist. 168:612–35. 37 / 46
    

    View Slide

45. Metabarcodes:
    Nine clades/species
    M. pusilla
    M. commoda
    A1-A2
    M. bravo
    B1-B2
    M. polaris
    clades B3_B5
    Micromonas
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2019. Sci. Rep. in press. 38 / 46
    

    View Slide

46. M. polaris only found in polar waters
    Micromonas
    39 / 46
    

    View Slide

47. M. polaris only found in polar waters B5 only found in tropical waters
    Micromonas
    Tragin, M. & Vaulot, D. 2019. Sci. Rep. in press 39 / 46
    

    View Slide

48. What is next ?
    40 / 46
    

    View Slide

49. Genomic adaptation to the environment
    Bathycoccus
    Bathycoccus
    Moreau, H., Verhelst, B., Couloux, A., Derelle, E., Rombauts, S., Grimsley, N., Van Bel, M. et al. 2012. Genome Biol. 13:R74. 41 / 46
    

    View Slide

50. Two different genomes
    Genomic adaptation to the environment
    Bathycoccus
    Bathycoccus
    42 / 46
    

    View Slide

51. Two different genomes
    Dispensable genes ?
    Genomic adaptation to the environment
    Bathycoccus
    Bathycoccus
    Vannier, T., ..., Vaulot, D. et al. 2016. Sci. Rep. 6:37900. 42 / 46
    

    View Slide

52. Interactions
    Worden, A.Z., Follows, M.J., Giovannoni, S.J., Wilken, S., Zimmerman, A.E. & Keeling, P.J. 2015. Science. 347:1257594. 43 / 46
    

    View Slide

53. Interactions
    Gérikas Ribeiro, C., Lopes dos Santos, A., Marie, D., Pereira Brandini, F. & Vaulot, D. 2018. ISME J. 12:1360–74. 44 / 46
    

    View Slide

54. Take home messages
    Green algae 25% of phytoplankton
    Mamiellophyceae vs. Chloropicophyceae
    Patterns emerge at species/clade level
    What's next ?
    Link genomes and environmental adaptation
    Study interactions
    45 / 46
    

    View Slide

55. Take home messages
    Green algae 25% of phytoplankton
    Mamiellophyceae vs. Chloropicophyceae
    Patterns emerge at species/clade level
    What's next ?
    Link genomes and environmental adaptation
    Study interactions
    Key resources
    Culture Collections
    Reference Gene Databases
    Genomes
    45 / 46
    

    View Slide

56. Acknowledgments
    EU projects
    PICODIV
    MicroB3
    MACUMBA
    ANR projects
    MALINA
    Green Edge
    Phytopol
    CNRS
    Sorbonne Université
    Nanyang Technological University
    46 / 46
    

    View Slide