Jetpack Media3로 좋은 콘텐츠 소비 경험 구현하기

이 발표는 안드로이드 미디어 경험 구현을 위한 새로운 라이브러리 컬렉션인 Media3를 다룹니다. ExoPlayer와 같은 Android 지원 라이브러리가 Media3로 이관되었는데 Media3는 어떤 의도를 가지고 개발되었는지, 어떻게 개발자의 어려움을 해결하며 어플리케이션에서 활용될 수 있는지 살펴봅니다.

* 발표에서 생략했던 '스트리밍 개요' 섹션이 포함되어있습니다.
* 맨 뒤 참고자료 링크는 다운로드 후 pdf에서 하이퍼링크를 누르시면 동작합니다.

1. Jetpack Media3۽ જ਷ ௑బஎ ࣗ࠺ ҃೷ ҳഅೞӝ ܨӝ޹ (workspace)
2. ઱ઁܳ ࢶ੿ೠ ੉ਬ
3. য়ט ೣԋ ঌইࠅ Ѫ਷? ❏ झ౟ܻ߁ ѐۿ ❏ ExoPlayer (feat. v1ࠗఠ ॵ ࢎۈ੄ ҃೷) ❏ Media3 🎉
5. झ౟ܻ߁ ѐۿ
6. ই઱ ݢ ঢ়զ… ❏ ஹೊఠ۽ ৔࢚ ࠁӝ द੘ೠ ୐ ӝর ਷ 2000֙ ઺റ߈ࠗఠ ❏ Ӓ۞ա ೦࢚ ޙઁܳ ѻѱ غחؘ…
7. ׼द੄ झ౟ܻ߁ ❏ ૑Әࠁ׮ ࢚؀੸ਵ۽ ࠗ઒ೠ ੋ೐ۄ ❏ झ౟ܻ߁ਊ ೐۽ష௒x, ౵ੌਸ ా૩۽ ׮਍۽٘ ߉ ই ੤ࢤ. ❏ (ૐѢ) ਋௿ܼ റ ׮਍۽٘ ؽ or 1%ۄب উ߉ই ૑ݶ ੤ࢤ উغѢա ӵ૗ ❏ ӒѪਸ nݺ੉…
8. ݽ߄ੌ द੢җ ೣԋ झ౟ܻ߁ ࣻਃ 📈
9. 2012-2014 োр ݽ߄ੌ ӝӝ / ࢎਊ੗ ࣻ 0 0.45 0.9 1.35 1.8 2012 2013 2014 క࠶݁ ୹ೞ۝ झ݃౟ಪ ୹ೞ۝ झ݃౟ಪ ࢎਊ੗ ࣻ ୹୊: Gartner (Mar 2014), IDC (Jan 2014), eMarketer (Dec 2013)
10. 2012-2014 োр ݽ߄ੌ ӝӝ / ࢎਊ੗ ࣻ 0 0.45 0.9 1.35 1.8 2012 2013 2014 క࠶݁ ୹ೞ۝ झ݃౟ಪ ୹ೞ۝ झ݃౟ಪ ࢎਊ੗ ࣻ ୹୊: Gartner (Mar 2014), IDC (Jan 2014), eMarketer (Dec 2013) झ౟ܻ߁ਸ ਤೠ Ҵઁ ಴ળ ӝࣿ੄ ١੢
11. DASH ❏ Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP ❏ ׮নೠ ೧࢚ب৬ ࠺౟ۨ੉౟۽ video streamਸ ੋ௏٬ ❏ ૑োਸ ୭ࣗചೞҊ, উ੿੸ੋ Ҋಿ૕ द୒ ജ҃ਸ ઁҕ ❏ ޷٣যী ؀ೠ ݺࣁ - Dash Manifest(mpd) ❏ ఋ ೐۽ష௒ : HLS(Apple), Smooth Streaming(Microsoft)
12. DASH - ૑ো হח द੘ 1080p 360p 720p 144p audio 👍
13. DASH - উ੿੸ੋ झ౟ܻ߁ 1080p 360p 720p 144p audio 🚇
14. DASH - ؊ࡂ਷ যڌѱ ઁҕؼө? 1080p 360p 720p 144p audio🇰🇷 audio🇺🇸
15. DASH - XXX Music਷ যڌѱ? 1080p 360p 720p 144p audio
16. ExoPlayer੄ ١੢
17. ExoPlayer ❏ উ٘۽੉٘ܳ ਤೠ ޷٣য ੤ࢤ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻ ❏ 2014 Google I/Oীࢲ ١੢ ❏ DASH, Smooth Streaming١ ࢜۽਍ ಴ળ ૑ਗ ❏ frameworkױ੄ ۽૒ਸ applicationױীࢲ ࣻ ੿ೡ ࣻ ੓ب۾ ೞৈ ਬোೞѱ ഛ੢ 🔗 https://youtu.be/92fgcUNCHic?t=1108
18. ExoPlayerо ઁҕೞח Ѫ Extension cast, media session, media2 (androidx) cronet, okhttp, rtmp (data source) AV1, VP9, FLAC, Opus (decoder) FFMpeg (renderer) Library core dash, hls, smoothstreaming ui
20. աীѱ ExoPlayerۆ? ❏ ੉गо ցޖ ݆ও਺😇 ❏ ୊਺ਵ۽ ֤੄ী ଵৈ೧ࠄ য়೑ࣗझ ❏ ׮਍۽٘ ࣘب ೱ࢚, DRM ੤ࢤ ߡߢ ੐, ߓࣘ ١ ޙઁ ೧Ѿী р੽ ӝৈ ❏ ࣘبח וܻ૑݅ Բળ൤ ޙઁ ೧Ѿ👍
21. Media3, why?
22. рױೠ ೒ۨ੉য ҳഅ Player UI commands state
23. рױೠ ೒ۨ੉য ҳഅ Player UI commands state
25. Media Session ҳഅਵ۽ ঳য૑ח Ѫٜ Player UI Media Session
26. যڃ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻܳ ࢎਊ೧ঠ ೞחо? Player UI Media Session ❏ Jetpack Media(MediaCompat), ❏ Media2 ❏ ExoPlayer п੗ ݾ੸੉ ੓Ҋ, Ҁ஖ח ҳഅب ࢚׼ೠ ׮নೠ Media apiо ઓ੤.
27. যڃ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻܳ ࢎਊ೧ঠ ೞחо? UI Player Media Session ❏ Jetpack Media(MediaCompat), ❏ Media2 ❏ ExoPlayer
28. যڃ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻܳ ࢎਊ೧ঠ ೞחо? Player UI Media Session ❏ Jetpack Media(MediaCompat), ❏ Media2 ❏ ExoPlayer
29. যڃ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻܳ ࢎਊ೧ঠ ೞחо? Player UI Media Session ❏ Jetpack Media(MediaCompat), ❏ Media2 ❏ ExoPlayer Ӓ ߆ীب ৈ۞о૑ য۰਑੉…
30. যڃ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻܳ ࢎਊ೧ঠ ೞחо? Player UI Media Session ❏ Jetpack Media(MediaCompat), ❏ Media2 ❏ ExoPlayer Media3 👍
31. Foreground Playback Activity Player UI Media Session
32. Foreground Playback (previous api) Activity Player UI Media Session androidx.media ExoPlayer ExoPlayer
33. Foreground Playback (previous api) Activity Player UI Media Session androidx.media ExoPlayer ExoPlayer Connector
34. https://github.com/google/ExoPlayer/blob/release-v2/extensions/mediasession/src/main/java/com/ google/android/exoplayer2/ext/mediasession/MediaSessionConnector.java package com.google.android.exoplayer2.ext.mediasession; public final class MediaSessionConnector { // media session command -> player @Override public void onPlay(…) { // … player.play(); } // player callback -> media session @Override public void onPlaybackStateChanged(…) { // … mediaSession.setState(newState); } }
35. https://github.com/google/ExoPlayer/blob/release-v2/extensions/mediasession/src/main/java/com/ google/android/exoplayer2/ext/mediasession/MediaSessionConnector.java package com.google.android.exoplayer2.ext.mediasession; public final class MediaSessionConnector { // media session command -> player @Override public void onPlay(…) { // … player.play(); } // player callback -> media session @Override public void onPlaybackStateChanged(…) { // … mediaSession.setState(newState); } }
36. https://github.com/google/ExoPlayer/blob/release-v2/extensions/mediasession/src/main/java/com/ google/android/exoplayer2/ext/mediasession/MediaSessionConnector.java package com.google.android.exoplayer2.ext.mediasession; public final class MediaSessionConnector { // media session command -> player @Override public void onPlay(…) { // … player.play(); } // player callback -> media session @Override public void onPlaybackStateChanged(…) { // … mediaSession.setState(newState); } }
37. Foreground Playback (media3) Activity Player UI Media Session
38. Foreground Playback (media3) Activity Player UI Media Session // androidx.media3.common interface Player { … }
39. Foreground Playback (media3) Activity ExoPlayer UI Media Session // androidx.media3.common interface Player { … } Implements Player Takes Player Takes Player Connector ೙ਃ হ਺!
40. // Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build()
41. // Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build() // Takes the Player instance to initialize MediaSession val mediaSession = MediaSession.Builder(context, player).build()
42. // Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build() // Takes the Player instance to initialize MediaSession val mediaSession = MediaSession.Builder(context, player).build() // Takes the Player instance to configure UI playerView.player = player
43. Background Playback Service Player Activity UI
44. Background Playback (previous api) Service Media Session Player Activity UI Media Controller
45. Background Playback (previous api) Service Media Session Player Activity UI Media Controller androidx.media ExoPlayer ExoPlayer androidx.media
46. Background Playback (previous api) Service Media Session Player Activity UI Media Controller androidx.media ExoPlayer ExoPlayer androidx.media Connector Connector
47. Background Playback (media3) Service Media Session Player Activity UI Media Controller
48. Background Playback (media3) Service Media Session ExoPlayer Activity UI Media Controller Implements Player Takes Player Takes Player Implements Player
49. // PlayerService // 1. Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of the Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build()
50. // PlayerService // 1. Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of the Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build() // 2. Takes the Player instance to initialize the MediaSession val mediaSession = MediaSession.Builder(context, player).build()
51. // PlayerService // 1. Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of the Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build() // 2. Takes the Player instance to initialize the MediaSession val mediaSession = MediaSession.Builder(context, player).build() // PlayerActivity // 1. Create a session token to identify session. val sessionToken = SessionToken(context, ComponentName(context, PlayerService::class.java))
52. // PlayerService // 1. Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of the Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build() // 2. Takes the Player instance to initialize the MediaSession val mediaSession = MediaSession.Builder(context, player).build() // PlayerActivity // 1. Create a session token to identify session. val sessionToken = SessionToken(context, ComponentName(context, PlayerService::class.java)) // 2. Build mediaController which connects to the session asynchronously. val mediaControllerFuture = MediaController .Builder(context, sessionToken) .buildAsync()
53. // PlayerService // 1. Initialize ExoPlayer as an implementation of the Player interface val player = ExoPlayer.Builder(context).build() // 2. Takes the Player instance to initialize the MediaSession val mediaSession = MediaSession.Builder(context, player).build() // PlayerActivity // 1. Create a session token to identify session. val sessionToken = SessionToken(context, ComponentName(context, PlayerService::class.java)) // 2. Build mediaController which connects to the session asynchronously. val mediaControllerFuture = MediaController .Builder(context, sessionToken) .buildAsync() // 3. Takes the Player instance to configure UI mediaControllerFuture.addListener( { playerView.setPlayer(player = mediaControllerFuture.get())}, MoreExecutors.directExecutor() )
54. Working with other apps MediaBrowserService ❏ Exposing media session ❏ Exposing content library
55. Working with other apps MediaBrowserService ❏ Exposing media session ❏ Exposing content library MediaSessionService ❏ Exposing media session
56. Working with other apps MediaBrowserService ❏ Exposing media session ❏ Exposing content library MediaSessionService MediaLibraryService ❏ Exposing media session ❏ Exposing content library
57. Exposing media session
58. Exposing content library
59. ٘۽੉٘ա੉எ জ + media3
61. TODO ❏ Video ҙ۲ model ࣻ੿ ❏ SessionDetailScreenী video ਬޖী ٮܲ ೒ۨ੉য ૓ੑ੼ ઁҕ ❏ ޷٣য ੤ࢤ ҳഅ (PlayerScreen, PlaybackService)
62. core:playback ❏ PlaybackState ❏ PlaybackStateManager ❏ PlaybackStateListener ❏ PlaybackService ❏ PlayerController
63. data class PlaybackState( val isPlaying: Boolean = false, val hasPrevious: Boolean = false, val hasNext: Boolean = false, val position: Long = C.TIME_UNSET, val duration: Long = C.TIME_UNSET, val speed: Float = 1F, val aspectRatio: Float = 16F / 9F, val title: String? = null, val artist: String? = null, val artworkUri: Uri? = null, )
64. @Singleton class PlaybackStateManager @Inject constructor() { private val _playbackState = MutableStateFlow(PlaybackState()) val flow: StateFlow<PlaybackState> get() = _playbackState var playbackState: PlaybackState set(value) { _playbackState.value = value } get() = _playbackState.value }
65. internal class PlaybackStateListener @Inject constructor(…) : Player.Listener { private lateinit var player: Player override fun onPlaybackStateChanged(…) { updatePlayState() } override fun onPlayWhenReadyChanged(…) { … } override fun onPositionDiscontinuity(…) { … } override fun onIsPlayingChanged(…) { … } override fun onPlaybackParametersChanged(…) { … } override fun onVideoSizeChanged(…) { … } }
66. internal class PlaybackStateListener @Inject constructor(…) : Player.Listener { // … private fun updatePlayState() { val playbackState = player.playbackState playbackStateManager.playbackState = PlaybackState( isPlaying = when { playbackState == Player.STATE_ENDED || playbackState == Player.STATE_IDLE -> false player.playWhenReady -> true else -> false }, hasPrevious = player.hasPreviousMediaItem(), hasNext = player.hasNextMediaItem(), position = player.contentPosition, duration = player.duration, speed = player.playbackParameters.speed, aspectRatio = …, title = …, artist = …, artworkUri = … ) } }
67. internal class PlaybackStateListener @Inject constructor(…) : Player.Listener { private lateinit var player: Player fun attachTo(player: Player) { this.player = player player.addListener(this) scope.launch { playbackStateManager.flow .map { it.isPlaying } .collectLatest { isPlaying -> if (isPlaying) { while (true) { updatePlayState() delay(400.milliseconds) } } } } } }
68. @AndroidEntryPoint class PlaybackService : MediaLibraryService() { @Inject lateinit var session: MediaLibrarySession …… override fun onGetSession( controllerInfo: MediaSession.ControllerInfo ): MediaLibrarySession? { … } }
69. class PlayerController @Inject constructor(…) { … fun play() = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> controller.play() } fun playPause() = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> if (controller.isPlaying) { controller.pause() } else { controller.play() } } fun setPosition(positionMs: Long) = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> controller.seekTo(positionMs) } fun fastForward() = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> controller.seekForward() } fun rewind() = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> controller.seekBack() } fun previous() = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> controller.seekToPrevious() } fun next() = executeAfterPrepare { controller -> controller.seekToNext() } … }
70. feature:player ❏ PlayerView ❏ PlayerScreen ❏ PlayerViewModel
71. @Composable fun PlayerView( modifier: Modifier = Modifier ) { var player: Player? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } var surfaceView: SurfaceView? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } }
72. @Composable fun PlayerView( modifier: Modifier = Modifier ) { var player: Player? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } var surfaceView: SurfaceView? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } AndroidView( factory = { SurfaceView(it).apply { surfaceView = this } }, modifier = modifier ) }
73. @Composable fun PlayerView( modifier: Modifier = Modifier ) { val context = LocalContext.current var player: Player? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } var surfaceView: SurfaceView? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } LaunchedEffect(Unit) { player = MediaController .Builder( context, SessionToken(context, ComponentName(context, PlaybackService::class.java)) ) .buildAsync() .await() } AndroidView( factory = { SurfaceView(it).apply { surfaceView = this } }, modifier = modifier ) }
74. @Composable fun PlayerView( modifier: Modifier = Modifier ) { val context = LocalContext.current var player: Player? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } var surfaceView: SurfaceView? by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } LaunchedEffect(Unit) { player = MediaController .Builder( context, SessionToken(context, ComponentName(context, PlaybackService::class.java)) ) .buildAsync() .await() } DisposableEffect(player, surfaceView) { if (player?.isCommandAvailable(Player.COMMAND_SET_VIDEO_SURFACE) == true) { player?.setVideoSurfaceView(surfaceView) } onDispose { if (player?.isCommandAvailable(Player.COMMAND_SET_VIDEO_SURFACE) == true) { player?.clearVideoSurfaceView(surfaceView) } } } AndroidView( factory = { SurfaceView(it).apply { surfaceView = this } }, modifier = modifier ) }
75. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState }
76. @HiltViewModel class PlayerViewModel @Inject constructor( … private val playbackStateManager: PlaybackStateManager, … ) : ViewModel() { private val _playerUiState = MutableStateFlow<PlayerUiState>(PlayerUiState.Loading) val playerUiState: StateFlow<PlayerUiState> = _playerUiState init { … viewModelScope.launch { playbackStateManager.flow.collect { _playerUiState.value = PlayerUiState.Success( it.isPlaying, it.hasPrevious, it.hasNext, it.position, it.duration, it.speed, it.aspectRatio ) } } } }
77. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState }
78. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState }
79. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState }
80. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState }
81. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState }
82. sealed interface PlayerUiState { object Loading : PlayerUiState data class Success( val isPlaying: Boolean, val hasPrevious: Boolean, val hasNext: Boolean, val position: Long, val duration: Long, val speed: Float, val aspectRatio: Float ) : PlayerUiState } PlayerView
83. @HiltViewModel class PlayerViewModel @Inject constructor( … private val playerController: PlayerController, ) : ViewModel() { … fun playPause() { playerController.playPause() } fun prev() { playerController.previous() } fun next() { playerController.next() } fun setPosition(position: Long) { playerController.setPosition(position) } }
84. @HiltViewModel class PlayerViewModel @Inject constructor( … private val playerController: PlayerController, ) : ViewModel() { … fun playPause() { playerController.playPause() } fun prev() { playerController.previous() } fun next() { playerController.next() } fun setPosition(position: Long) { playerController.setPosition(position) } }
85. @HiltViewModel class PlayerViewModel @Inject constructor( … private val playerController: PlayerController, ) : ViewModel() { … fun playPause() { playerController.playPause() } fun prev() { playerController.previous() } fun next() { playerController.next() } fun setPosition(position: Long) { playerController.setPosition(position) } }
86. @HiltViewModel class PlayerViewModel @Inject constructor( … private val playerController: PlayerController, ) : ViewModel() { … fun playPause() { playerController.playPause() } fun prev() { playerController.previous() } fun next() { playerController.next() } fun setPosition(position: Long) { playerController.setPosition(position) } }
88. ӝࠄ ೒ۨ੉য ঌܿ ઁҕ
89. Media Key event ୊ܻ
90. োѾػ ٣߄੉झীࢲ ޷٣য ஶ౟܀۞ ઁҕ
91. MediaLibraryService - Android Auto ૑ਗ (1) <service android:name=".session.PlaybackService" android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback" android:exported="true" tools:ignore="ExportedService"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="androidx.media3.session.MediaLibraryService"/> <action android:name="android.media.browse.MediaBrowserService" /> </intent-filter> </service>
92. MediaLibraryService - Android Auto ૑ਗ (2) Root Keynote Keynote Dev Environment Architecture Session Session Session Session Track 01 Session Session
93. MediaLibraryService - Android Auto ૑ਗ (3)
94. core:playback module੄ ੤ഝਊ ❏ Wear OS জ ❏ TV জ ❏ Automotive জ ਤ 3о૑ জ… ߈ա੺݅ী ׮ ٜ݅ ࣻ ੓঻਺😎
95. DroidKnights 2023 app for wear os feature:wear-session feature:wear-player
96. DroidKnights 2023 app for tv feature:tv-session
97. DroidKnights 2023 app for tv feature:playerח ੤ഝਊ😁
98. DroidKnights 2023 app for tv : Now Playing
99. DroidKnights 2023 app for automotive ❏ Launcher Activity হ੉ MediaBrowerService݅ ઁҕ೧ب ؽ
100. DroidKnights 2023 app for automotive
101. DroidKnights 2023 app for automotive
102. ਃড
103. ਃড ❏ Media3 ۄ੉࠳۞ܻח ӝઓ ۄ੉࠳۞ܻܳ ݽف ా೤! ❏ ࢎਊ੗ ҃೷ਸ ਤ೧ MediaSession੉ ઺ਃ ❏ Media*Service ҳഅਸ ా೧ ߔӒۄ਍٘ ੤ࢤ, ӝࠄ ঌܿ ઁҕ, ޷٣য ۄ੉࠳ ۞ܻ ઁҕਸ औѱ ೡ ࣻ ੓਺. ❏ ੤ࢤ ҳഅ ݽٕਸ ੤ഝਊೞৈ wear os, tv, auto ޷٣য জਸ औѱ ѐߊ
104. ݃૑݄ਵ۽ ઱੄੼ (1) ❏ ޙࢲ/೐۽ં౟ మ೒݁਷ ই૒ ߈৔ উؽ… ex) media3۽ Android Autoܳ ૑ਗೞ۰ݶ? old ޙࢲ / template Android Autoܳ ૑ਗೞ۰ݶ MediaBrowserServiceCompatਸ ҳഅ೧ঠೠ׮. new ޙࢲ media3 MediaLibraryServiceח legacy media API৬ ഐജػ׮.
105. Resource Google I/O 2014 - Building great multi-media experiences on Android (18:29 ~) Introducing Jetpack Media3 Media3 is ready to play! Introduction to Jetpack Media3 Media3 Github Android Dev Summit 2021 - What’s next for AndroidX Media and ExoPlayer DroidKnight2023 App Github (reference-media3 branch) Using Jetpack Compose on Wear OS Use Jetpack Compose on Android TV Build media apps for cars ⌚ 📺 🚗
106. хࢎ೤פ׮.