Entrepreneurship," THE TASKS OF ECONOMIC HISTORY (Supplemental Issue of THE JOURNAL OF ECONoMIc HISTORY), VI (1946), 1-15 Oscar Lange, "A Note on Innovations," Review of Economic Statistics, XXV (1943), 19-25 F. W. Taussig, Inventors and Money-Makers (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915). Fritz Redlich, The Molding of American Banking—Men and Ideas (New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1947). Robert A. Gordon, Business Leadership in the Large Corporation (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1945). F. J. Marquis and S. J. Chapman on the managerial stratum ,of the Lancashire cotton industry in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, LXXV, Pt. III (1912). 293-306. 前方引用 後方引用 ・後方引用からわかること -- どのような先行研究が活用されたのか -- いつ公開された先行研究を活用したのか -- 論文を執筆するにあたり、「科学的源泉」 はいったいなんだったのか ・後方引用からわからないこと -- 引用されていないけど、重要だった「科学 的源泉」 -- 引用されていないけど、参照された先行研 究 (in context.) ・前方引用からわかること -- 論文自体の重要性 -- 「巨人の肩の上に立つ (Standing on the shoulders of the giants) 」 -- 知識の伝播過程 -- 論文自体が「古くなっていない」か ・前方引用からわからないこと -- ほんとうにその論文は重要な論文なのか (引用されること自体が, 論文の重要性を示し ているのか) -- 後発の論文にとって重要な科学的源泉が, 直接的には引用されていない場合も 2019/6/23 17
of Actemra Actemra Humanize d Monoclonal Antibodies MRC TOSO H Year Main TOPIC 1984 Chugai started to find B-Cell inhibitor agent drug 1986 Collaboration with Osaka University initiated 1987 TOSOH joined the collaboration 1990 Collaborate with MRC (Medical Research Council, UK), establishing humanized monoclonal antibody 1993 Miss-allocation for genome sequence in Master Cell Bank (for further production and clinical study) 1994 Re-establishing MCB (end: 1996) 1996 Decision has been made that developing as therapeutic drug for Rheumatoid arthritis 1997 Phase I Clinical Study 2001 Phase II Clinical Study 2003 Phase III Clinical Study 2008 Approved in JP 25 1984- collaborative research agreement 1986-
h Year Collaborator with Dr. Ohsugi Details Method of Collaborative Research Basic Researc h 1978-1980 Dr. Gershwin (University of California, Davis) B cell identification Foreign Study via Dr. Ohsugi to analyze B cell structure 1984-1985 Tokyo University l-BCDF Supplying Research facilities by Chugai (informal collaboration) Applied Researc h 1986- Dr. Kishimoto (Osaka University), Tosoh Corp. Discovery of IL-6 inhibitory agent Detachment of researcher from Chugai and Tosoh. (formal collaboration) 1990 MRC Generalization of humanized monoclonal antibody. Detachment of researcher from Chugai 26 2019/6/23 Collaboration process of Dr. Ohsugi Yoshiyuki, key corporate scientist of Actemra
of Dr. Ohsugi from 1975-1980 Circulated Data Source: Web of Science Virtualization: Vantage Point Ohsugi only interacted with the scientist of Juntendo University and it is not related to the discovery process of Ro-Actemra Co-author graph of Dr. Ohsugi from 1981-1985. Source: Web of Science, Virtualization: Vantage Point In 1978, Ohsugi starts his foreign study in University of California Davis and yields three papers with Dr. Gershwin for B-Cell hypothesis. Figure reflects his output of foreign study. And, in 1985, the 2nd year of development process of Ro- Actemra, Ohsugi’s R&D team and Dr. Katagiri, research associate of Tokyo University started informal collaborative research and yields one paper 27 2019/6/23
Tadamitsu Kishimoto, main key researcher of IL-6 in Osaka University, has 6 patents with Chugai. Co-authorship analysis with key scientist of Actemra (2) Figure shows initial point of collaborative research between Chugai and Osaka University started from 1986, and it emphasizes the efforts of Osaka University and his scientists whom identify IL-6 (interleukin-6) in 1980s which is essential to induce humanized antibody of (Ro) Actemra. In addition, the graph indicates another company, Tosoh Corp., had been involved the collaboration and yields 1 paper with Chugai and 1 paper with Chugai and Osaka University. 28 Co-author graph of Dr. Ohsugi from 1986-1990. Source: Web of Science, Virtualization: Vantage Point Co-author graph of Dr. Kishimoto. Source: Thomson Innovation, Virtualization: Vantage Point 2019/6/23
Receptor Monoclonal Antibody with the collaboration of MRC (Medical Research Council) in United Kingdom. And the contribution of MRC could be traced by bibliographic co- author data. Total number of issued paper has been increased rapidly in this window as pre- clinical study of Ro-Actemra has been started. Co-authorship with several university and hospitals could be observed in the graph. And, there are 2 papers which MRC and Osaka University has been involved. Co-authorship analysis with key scientist of Actemra (3) 29 Co-author graph of Dr. Ohsugi from 1991-1995. Source: Web of Science, Virtualization: Vantage Point 2019/6/23
1990s as Ro-Actemra in pre-Clinical state, Tosoh has terminated collaborative contract with Chugai and Osaka University mainly due to enormous clinical cost of Ro- Actemra, and Figure confirms the fact. There is no indication name for Tosoh Corp. And as the role of Dr. Ohsugi has been decreased as clinical study of Ro-Actemra has started in 1996, total number of paper has been lowered than previous window. 30 Co-author graph of Dr. Ohsugi from 1996-2000. Source: Web of Science, Virtualization: Vantage Point 2019/6/23
Shams and Busse 2009) • Google Scholar, Web of Science と Scopus の Citation 推移を比較 • “Cohort study of 328 articles published in JAMA, Lancet, or the New England Journal of Medicine between October 1, 1999, and March 31, 2000. Total citation counts for each article up to June 2008 were retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar.” • Findings • “Compared with Web of Science, Scopus retrieved more citations from non–English- language sources (median, 10.2% vs 4.1%) and reviews (30.8% vs 18.2%), and fewer citations from articles (57.2% vs 70.5%), editorials (2.1% vs 5.9%), and letters (0.8% vs 2.6%) (allP < .001).” 2019/6/23 71 JAMA. 2009;302(10):1092-1096. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1307