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測定に起因するバイアスについて
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Yurika Kawazoe
December 14, 2021
Research
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測定に起因するバイアスについて
Yurika Kawazoe
December 14, 2021
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Transcript
ଌఆʹىҼ͢Δ όΠΞεʹ͍ͭͯ ࡚େֶපӃ ྟচݚڀηϯλʔ ఴඦ߹߳ LBXB[PFZ!OBHBTBLJVBDKQ
ຊͷ༰ n όΠΞεͱʁ n ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ n ۩ମྫͱ༧๏ n ใόΠΞεͷӨڹ
̍ ̎ ̏ ̐
ຊͷ༰ n όΠΞεͱʁ n ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ n ۩ମྫͱ༧๏ n ใόΠΞεͷӨڹ
̍ ̎ ̏ ̐
όΠΞεͱʁʛݚڀΛߦ͏ཧ༝ Պֶతͳڵຯ ױऀ͞ΜʹΑΓྑ͍ҩྍΛಧ͚ΔͨΊ ֶҐऔಘʹඞཁ ্࢘ʹΔΑ͏ʹݴΘΕͨ ݚڀΛߦ͏ཧ༝ͳΜͰ͔͢ʁ ױऀ͞Μͷ໋Λٹ͏ɾ20-ΛߴΊΔ
όΠΞεͱʁʛΤϏσϯεʹج͍ͮͨҩྍͷఏڙ ױऀ͞ΜʹΑΓྑ͍ҩྍΛಧ͚ΔͨΊʹ ΤϏσϯεʢՊֶతࠜڌʣʹج͍ͮͨҩྍͷఏڙ͕ඞཁ ࣭ͷߴ͍ʢଥੑͷ͋Δʣݚڀͷ࣮ࢪ͕ඞཁ ˠ ͜Ε·Ͱʹ࣮ࢪ͞Εͨଟ͘ͷݚڀͷ݁Ռ͕ੵ͞Εɺߏங͞ΕΔ
όΠΞεͱʁʛଥੑͷ͋Δݚڀͬͯʁ όΠΞεͷͳ͍ݚڀ ͭ·Γʜ ݚڀσβΠϯɺํ๏ɺ࣮ࢪܦա͕దͰɺ ʢฏۉͱͯ͠ʣਅͷ݁Ռʹ͍ۙݚڀ݁ՌΛಘΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δݚڀͷ͜ͱ ଥੑͷ͋Δݚڀͬͯʁ όΠΞεΛݮΒ͢ྗ͕ඞཁ ݚڀΛ࣮ࢪ͢Δࡍʹ ݪਖ਼തݪխࢠʢ༁ʣʢʣΞυόϯετੳӸֶQࢀߟ
όΠΞεͱʜޡࠩͷҰ෦ όΠΞεͱʁʛۮવʢϥϯμϜʣޡࠩͱܥ౷ޡࠩ ଌఆ͞Εͨͱਅͷͱͷࠩ ᶃ ۮવޡࠩʢ3BOEPNFSSPSʣ ʹ ਫ਼ີʢ1SFDJTJPOʣ ᶄ ܥ౷ޡࠩʢ4ZTUFNBUJDFSSPSʣ
ʹ ଥੑʢ7BMJEJUZʣ όΠΞε
ۮવʢϥϯμϜʣޡࠩ όΠΞεͱʁʛۮવʢϥϯμϜʣޡࠩͱܥ౷ޡࠩ ܥ౷ޡࠩ ཧతͳঢ়گʹؔΘΒͣۮવ͓͜Δޡࠩ ଌఆثɺଌఆऀɺଌఆڥͳͲʹ͕ͳ͍ σʔλͷऩूํ๏ʹ͕͋ΔͨΊɺ ܥ౷తʹ͓͜Δޡࠩ ଌఆثͷނোɺଌఆऀͷओ؍ɺഎܠใͷภΓ ਅ
ਅ
όΠΞεͱʁʛۮવʢϥϯμϜʣޡࠩͱܥ౷ޡࠩ ଥੑ ਫ਼ີ ܥ౷ޡࠩʹόΠΞε ۮવʢϥϯμϜʣޡࠩ େ େ খ
όΠΞεͱʁʛݚڀͷϑϩʔͱରԠ͢ΔόΠΞε ԾઆόΠΞε ަབྷ બόΠΞε ใόΠΞε ੳόΠΞε ग़൛όΠΞε ղऍόΠΞε ⽊原正博/⽊原雅⼦(訳)(2020).
アドバンスト分析疫学. p124参考 දతͳͷͭ Ծઆ ରूஂ ݚڀࢀՃऀ σʔλऩू ౷ܭղੳ จ ղऍ
όΠΞεͱʁʛදతͳͭͷόΠΞεʢલճͷ͓͞Β͍ʣ ަབྷ બόΠΞεʢ߹ྲྀόΠΞεʣ ҨཁҼ ٤Ԏ ڞ௨ޮՌ ৺ଁප ࢮ ৺Ҡ২
࣬පͷॏ ڞ௨ݪҼ ௐ͠ͳ͍ͱόΠΞε͕ى͜Δ ௐ͢ΔͱόΠΞε͕ى͜Δ ҼՌάϥϑʢ%"(ɿ%JSFDU"DZDMJD(SBQIʣ ʢݪҼʣ ʢ݁Ռʣ ʢݪҼʣ ʢ݁Ռʣ ຊؔ࿈͕ͳ͍ͷʹؔ࿈ͯ͠͠·͏
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛใόΠΞεͱʁ l ࣬පൃੜͷ༗ແ l എܠใ l മ࿐ l ΞτΧϜ l
ަབྷҼࢠ ଌఆޡࠩʹىҼ͢Δɺݚڀతʢղੳ݁Ռʣʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ ใόΠΞεʢ*OGPSNBUJPO#JBTʣ ݚڀͰ࣮ࢪ͞ΕΔଌఆ શͯʹ͓͍ͯଌఆޡ͕ࠩ ൃੜ͢ΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ
ຊͷ༰ n όΠΞεͱʁ n ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ n ۩ମྫͱ༧๏ n ใόΠΞεͷӨڹ
̍ ̎ ̏ ̐
ଌఆޡࠩʹىҼ͢Δɺݚڀతʢղੳ݁Ռʣʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡࠩͱʁ ใόΠΞε ଌఆޡࠩ .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPS ଌఆ͍ͨ͠ͷͷਅͱଌఆͷͣΕʢܥ౷ޡࠩʣ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢ̍ʣߏ֓೦ͷଥੑ ݄ Ր ਫ ۚ ݄
Ր ਫ ۚ "͞Μ #͞Μ ݄ Ր ਫ ۚ $͞Μ ഋ ഋ ഋ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢ̍ʣߏ֓೦ͷଥੑ ʮ̍िؒͷ͏ͪ̍ʹഋҎ্ͷΞϧίʔϧΛҿΜͩʯ Ξϧίʔϧઁऔྔ ؊ߗมൃੜͷ༗ແ മ࿐ ΞτΧϜ മ࿐ͷఆ͕ٛݚڀతʹෆҰக ʮ̍िؒͷ͏ͪʹҿΜͩΞϧίʔϧͷྔʯ ͞Βʹ໌֬ʹ͢ΔͨΊʹΞϧίʔϧʜ
ྫʣΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔͱ؊ߗมൃੜͱͷؔ࿈ΛධՁ͍ͨ͠
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢ̍ʣߏ֓೦ͷଥੑ ߏ֓೦ͷଥੑ ଌఆ͍ͨ͠ͷͱଌఆ͞Εͨͷͷ֓೦͕ͲΕ͘Β͍ରԠ͍ͯ͠Δ͔ ݚڀܭըஈ֊Ͱݚڀͷతʹ߹ͬͨമ࿐ͷఆٛΛेʹݕ౼͢Δ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू ̎σʔλͷऩू هԱهɺใࠂͷޡΓ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू σʔλͷऩूํ๏ n ௐࠪථʢ༣ศɺిɺ8&#ɺ໘ʣ n هʢҩྍهௐࠪɺ৬ۀهௐࠪʣ n ొʢߦ͕ཧ͢Δ݈߁هɺਓޱಈଶɺ͕Μొʣ Ͳͷ߹Ͱଌఆޡࠩى͜Δ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू ௐࠪථʢ༣ศɺిɺ8&#ɺ໘ʣ ݄ Ր ਫ ۚ
ݚڀରऀͷهԱʹཔΔௐࠪථͷճ هԱ͕͔֬Ͱͳ͍߹ޡͬͨճ 2 ̍िؒͷ͏ͪʹҿΜͩΞϧίʔϧͷྔʁ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू هʢҩྍهௐࠪɺ৬ۀهௐࠪʣ ిࢠΧϧςʹೖྗͷޡΓ͕͋Δ ه͕͔֬Ͱͳ͍߹ޡͬͨσʔλ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू ొʢߦ͕ཧ͢Δ݈߁هɺਓޱಈଶɺ͕Μొʣ ఏڙ͞Εͨσʔλͷ࣭͕ѱ͍ ొ͞Εͨσʔλͷ࣭ѱ͍ ఏڙ ɾॲํ༰ͷొ͕ શͰͳ͍ ɾసؼͷະొ FUD
ొ நग़
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू ̎σʔλͷऩू هԱهɺใࠂͷޡΓ σʔλͷޡΓආ͚ΒΕͳ͍ σʔλʹޡΓ͕͋ΔՄೳੑΛҙ͓ࣝͯ͘͜͠ͱ͕େࣄ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷཧͱऔΓѻ͍ σʔλͷཧͱऔΓѻ͍ σʔλͷҠɺม࣌ͷૢ࡞ϛε
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू σʔλͷҠ .*44 .*44 ݪࢿྉʢ࣭ථධՁγʔτʣ͔Βͷೖྗϛε ݪࢿྉ ղੳ༻σʔληοτ ೖྗ μϒϧΤϯτϦʔϞχλϦϯάͰճආՄೳ
.*44
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू σʔλͷม ྸΛऩू͍ͨ͠ ੜ݄Λऩू͠ྸΛखܭࢉ ܭࢉϛε
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡ͕ࠩى͜ΔݪҼʢʣσʔλͷऩू σʔλͷม ࠷جૅͱͳΔσʔλΛऩू͠ɺίϯϐϡʔλΛͬͯม͢Δ ੜ݄Λऩू͠ɺ ίϯϐϡʔλͰඞཁͳ࣌ͷྸΛࢉग़͢Δํ͕ਖ਼֬
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ ࿈ଓม ʢɺମॏɺݕࠪʣ ଌఆޡࠩ .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPS ࢄม ʢੑผɺ٤Ԏͷ༗ແʣ ޡྨʢྨޡࠩʣ .JTDMBTTJGJDBUJPO
ଌఆޡࠩ .FBTVSFNFOUFSSPS ଌఆ͢ΔมͷܕʹΑͬͯݺͼํ͕ҟͳΔ ؆୯ͷͨΊࢄมͰ͓͠͠·͢
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛޡྨ̐छྨ • ಠཱඇࠩҟʢ*OEFQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ • ಠཱࠩҟʢ*OEFQFOEFODFEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ • ैଐඇࠩҟʢ%FQFOEFODFOPOEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ • ैଐࠩҟʢ%FQFOEFODFEJGGFSFOUJBMʣ
ಠཱੑͱࠩҟੑͷΈ߹ΘͤʹΑΓ ࣍ͷͭͷλΠϓʹྨͰ͖Δ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛ%"(Λͬͨޡྨͷઆ໌ ҼՌάϥϑʢ%"(ɿ%JSFDU"DZDMJD(SBQIʣ " ελνϯͷ༻ : ΞτΧϜ ˞؆୯ͷͨΊަབྷબόΠΞεͳ͍ઃఆ " :
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛ %"(Λͬͨޡྨͷઆ໌ ҼՌάϥϑʢ%"(ɿ%JSFDU"DZDMJD(SBQIʣ " ελνϯͷ༻ : ΞτΧϜ " :
ਅͷ ˞؆୯ͷͨΊަབྷબόΠΞεͳ͍ઃఆ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛҼՌάϥϑɿଌఆ͞Εͨ "ˎͱ:ˎ " ελνϯͷ༻ : ΞτΧϜ " Χϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ελνϯͷ༻ :
ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ΞτΧϜ ଌఆ͞Εͨ "ˎͱ:ˎ :ˎ " "ˎ :
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛҼՌάϥϑɿଌఆޡࠩ 6" ͱ6: ଌఆޡࠩ 6" ͱ6: :ˎ 6" "
"ˎ : 6: " ελνϯͷ༻ : ΞτΧϜ " Χϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ελνϯͷ༻ : ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ΞτΧϜ 6" " ͷΛܾఆ͢Δ"Ҏ֎ͷͯ͢ͷཁҼ 6: ɿ: ͷΛܾఆ͢Δ:Ҏ֎ͷͯ͢ͷཁҼ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛҼՌάϥϑɿղੳʹ༻͍Δͷ "ˎͱ:ˎ ղੳʹ͏σʔλɺਅͷॲஔ "Ͱͳ͘ଌఆ͞Εͨॲஔ " ਅͷΞτΧϜ :Ͱͳ͘ଌఆ͞ΕͨΞτΧϜ :
:ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: " ελνϯͷ༻ : ΞτΧϜ " Χϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ελνϯͷ༻ : ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ΞτΧϜ 6" " ͷΛܾఆ͢Δ"Ҏ֎ͷͯ͢ͷཁҼ 6: ɿ: ͷΛܾఆ͢Δ:Ҏ֎ͷͯ͢ͷཁҼ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛޡྨ̐छྨɿಠཱੑ "ɿༀͷ༻ :ɿ؊ಟੑ " ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ༀͷ༻ : ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠؊ಟੑ 6" ɾ6:
ɿΧϧςͷೖྗϛε :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: ྫʣ"ͱ :ͲͪΒΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠߹ ಠཱޡྨ ʹ 6" ͱ 6: ͕ಠཱ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛޡྨ̐छྨɿಠཱੑ ैଐʢґଘʣޡྨ ʹ 6" ͱ 6: ͕ґଘ "ɿༀͷ༻ :ɿ؊ಟੑ
" ɿΠϯλϏϡʔͰऩूͨ͠ༀͷ༻ : ɿΠϯλϏϡʔͰऩूͨ͠؊ಟੑ 6" ɾ6: ɿױऀ͞ΜͷهԱ 6":ɿ ױऀ͞Μͷࢥ͍ग़͢ೳྗ ྫʣ"ͱ :ͷͲͪΒױऀ͞ΜͷిΠϯλϏϡʔͰऩूͨ͠߹ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: 6":
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛޡྨ̐छྨɿࠩҟੑ ࠩҟޡྨ ʹ "͕ :ͷଌఆʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δʢٯಉ͡ʣ "ɿༀͷ༻ :ɿ؊ಟੑ " ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ༀͷ༻
: ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠؊ಟੑ 6" ɾ6: ɿΧϧςͷೖྗϛε :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: ྫʣ"ͷༀΛ͏ͱ؊ಟੑΛى͜͢ͱٙ͏ҩࢣ͕ "ͷༀΛ༩͞Εͨױऀ͞ΜΛଞͷױऀ͞ΜΑΓҙਂ͘؍͢Δ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛޡྨ̐छྨɿࠩҟੑ ඇࠩҟޡྨ "͕ :ʹӨڹΛ༩͑ͳ͍ʢٯಉ͡ʣ "ɿༀͷ༻ :ɿ؊ಟੑ " ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠ༀͷ༻ :
ɿΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠؊ಟੑ 6" ɾ6: ɿΧϧςͷೖྗϛε :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: ྫʣ"ͱ :ͲͪΒΧϧς͔Βऩूͨ͠߹ʢಠཱޡࠩͱಉ͡ʣ
ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨʛޡྨ̐छྨ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: :ˎ 6"
" "ˎ : 6: :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: 6": :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: 6": :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: 6": ಠཱඇࠩҟ ैଐඇࠩҟ ಠཱࠩҟ ैଐࠩҟ
ຊͷ༰ n όΠΞεͱʁ n ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ n ۩ମྫͱ༧๏ n ใόΠΞεͷӨڹ
̍ ̎ ̏ ̐
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ മ࿐ͷଌఆʹؔ͢ΔόΠΞε l ىόΠΞεʢϦίʔϧόΠΞεʣ l ໘ऀόΠΞε ΞτΧϜͷଌఆʹؔ͢ΔόΠΞε l ؍ऀόΠΞε l
ԠόΠΞε
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛىόΠΞεʢϦίʔϧόΠΞεʣ ىόΠΞεʢϦίʔϧόΠΞεʣ മ࿐ͷଌఆΛݚڀରऀͷهԱʹཔΔ߹ʹى͜Γ͍͢ έʔείϯτϩʔϧݚڀͰى͜Γ͍͢
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛىόΠΞεʢϦίʔϧόΠΞεʣ ྫʣༀͷ༻͕ೝͷൃʹؔ࿈͢Δ͔ΛධՁ͍ͨ͠ ೝͷױऀ͞Μʹༀͷ༻ʹ͍ͭͯௐࠪ͢Δ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6:
ೝɺༀͷ༻Λࢥ͍ग़͢͜ͱʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δ ΞτΧϜʹΑͬͯമ࿐ʹର͢ΔهԱͷΓํ͕ҧͬͯ͠·͏ ಠཱࠩҟ "ɿༀͷ༻ "ˎɿฉ͖औΓʹΑΔༀͷ༻ 6" ɿױऀ͞ΜͷهԱ :ɿೝ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛىόΠΞεʢϦίʔϧόΠΞεʣ ྫʣ৷தͷΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔ͕ࣇͷઌఱੑܽଛͷൃʹؔ࿈͢Δ͔ධՁ ग़࢈ޙʹ৷தͷΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔΛ֬ೝͨ͠߹ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6:
ग़࢈ͨ͠ࢠͲ͕ઌఱੑܽଛͰ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔͕ɺΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔͷىʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δ ΞτΧϜʹΑ࣮ͬͯࡍʹͳ͔ͬͨമ࿐Λ͋Δͱࢥ͍ࠐΜͰ͠·͏ "ɿ৷தͷΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔ "ˎɿฉ͖औΓʹΑΔΞϧίʔϧઁऔྔ 6" ɿͷهԱ :ɿࣇͷઌఱੑܽଛͷ༗ແ ಠཱࠩҟ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛىόΠΞεʢϦίʔϧόΠΞεʣͷ༧ํ๏ ىόΠΞεͷ༧ํ๏ • ผͷํ๏ʹΑΓରऀͷճͷ֬ূΛಘΔ ྫ̍ʣͷ߹ༀͷ༻ΛΧϧςॲํᝦΑΓ֬ೝ͢Δ • മ࿐ͷධՁʹ٬؍తࢦඪΛ༻͍Δ ҨϚʔΧʔɺੜֶతࢦඪΛ༻͍Δɻ ͨͩ͠ɺݱ࣌ۙͷঢ়ଶΛө͢Δͷ͕ଟ͘༻ʹҙ͕ඞཁ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ໘ऀόΠΞε ໘ऀόΠΞε ໘ऀ͕έʔε͔ίϯτϩʔϧͰ͋Δ͔Λ͍ͬͯΔͨΊʹ ରԠ͕ภͬͯ͠·͏߹ʹى͜Δ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ໘ऀόΠΞε ྫʣέʔεɾίϯτϩʔϧݚڀʹ͓͚Δമ࿐ͱΞτΧϜͷؔ࿈ΛධՁ ໘ऀ͕ݚڀରऀͷമ࿐ঢ়گΛ࣭ථʹΑΓଌఆ͢Δ ݚڀରऀͷമ࿐ͷఔͷճʹӨڹΛ༩͑Δ ΞτΧϜʢέʔε͔ίϯτϩʔϧ͔ʣʹΑͬͯ ໘ऀͷݚڀରऀʹର͢ΔରԠ͕ҧͬͯ͠·͏ "ɿമ࿐ "ˎɿ࣭ථʹΑΔമ࿐ͷଌఆ 6"
ɿ໘ऀͷରԠɾઆ໌ :ɿέʔε PSίϯτϩʔϧ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: ಠཱࠩҟ ʢ࣬ױʣ ʢඇ࣬ױʣ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ໘ऀόΠΞεͷ༧ํ๏ ໘ऀόΠΞεͷ༧ํ๏ • ৄࡉͳϚχϡΞϧͷ࡞ • ໘ऀͷτϨʔχϯά • σʔλऩू๏ͷඪ४Խ •
σʔλऩूͷϞχλϦϯά • ༧උςετ • ໘ऀͷݕԽ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ؍ऀόΠΞε ؍ऀόΠΞε ؍ऀ͕മ࿐͔ඇമ࿐Ͱ͋Δ͔Λ͍ͬͯΔͨΊʹ ΞτΧϜͷධՁ͕ภͬͯ͠·͏߹ʹى͜Δ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ؍ऀόΠΞε ྫʣΞϧίʔϧґଘͱΞϧίʔϧੑ؊ߗมͱͷؔ࿈ΛධՁ ؍ऀ͕ݚڀରऀ͕Ξϧίʔϧੑ؊ߗมͰ͋Δ͔පཧஅʹΑΓఆ͢Δ മ࿐͔ඇമ࿐͔ʹΑͬͯ؍ऀͷපཧஅʹӨڹΛ༩͑ɺ පཧஅͷ݁Ռ͕ภͬͯ͠·͏ "ɿΞϧίʔϧґଘ 6: ɿ؍ऀͷපཧஅ :ˎɿΞϧίʔϧੑ؊ߗมͷஅ݁Ռ
:ɿΞϧίʔϧੑ؊ߗม ಠཱࠩҟ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6:
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛ؍ऀόΠΞεͷ༧ํ๏ ؍ऀόΠΞεͷ༧ํ๏ • ؍ऀͷݕԽ ࠔͳ߹ɺΞτΧϜͷॏʹΑΓผԽͯؒ͠Ͱമ࿐ͷϨϕϧΛ ൺֱ͢Δ͜ͱͰ؍ऀόΠΞεΛධՁ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ ΞτΧϜͷॏ͕͍Ͱമ࿐ͱͷ૬͕ؔೝΊΒΕͨ߹ɺ ؍όΠΞε͕͋Δ͔͠Εͳ͍
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛԠόΠΞε ԠόΠΞε ϑΥϩʔΞοϓظؒதͷΞτΧϜͷධՁΛ ױऀ͞ΜͷࣗݾใࠂʹཔΔ߹Ͱ ٬؍తࢦඪΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍߹ʹى͜Δ
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛԠόΠΞε ྫʣമ࿐ͱϑΥϩʔΞοϓظؒதͷภ಄௧ͷൃੜΛධՁ͢Δ ױऀ͞Μ͕ϑΥϩʔΞοϓظؒதͷภ಄௧ͷൃੜʹ͍ͭͯࣗݾใࠂ͢Δ ࣗݾใࠂʹΑΔଌఆױऀ͞Μͷใࠂͷਖ਼֬ੑʹΑΓճ͕ภͬͯ͠·͏ "ɿമ࿐ 6: ɿױऀ͞Μͷใࠂͷਖ਼֬ੑ :ˎɿଌఆʢࣗݾใࠂʣ͞Εͨภ಄௧ :ɿภ಄௧ͷൃੜ
ಠཱඇࠩҟ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6:
۩ମྫͱ༧๏ʛԠόΠΞε ԠόΠΞεͷ༧ํ๏ ɾؔ࿈͢Δঢ়Λ߹Θͤͯऩू͢Δ ภ಄௧ͷൃੜͷྨΛؔ࿈͢Δࢦඪʢు͖ؾɺർ࿑ײͳͲʣͱͱʹऩू͠ɺ ٬؍తʹධՁ͢Δ ɾઐ༻ͷ࣭ථΛ༻͢Δ ڱ৺ຫੑؾࢧԌɺ͏ͭපͱ͍ͬͨҰ෦ͷঢ়ઐ༻ͷ࣭ථ͕ ։ൃ͞Ε͍ͯΔ
ຊͷ༰ n όΠΞεͱʁ n ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ n ۩ମྫͱ༧๏ n ใόΠΞεͷӨڹ
̍ ̎ ̏ ̐
ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛใόΠΞεͷํ جຊతʹඇࠩҟͷޡྨաখධՁʢ/VMMʹ͔͏όΠΞεʣʹͳΔ ͨͩ͠ɺമ࿐ม͕ • ͭҎ্ͷΧςΰϦ͕͋Δ • ࿈ଓΛΧςΰϥΠζͨ͠มͰ͋Δ • ଞͷมʹґଘͯ͠ൃੜͨ͠ޡྨͰ͋Δʢैଐޡྨʣ
աେධՁʢ/VMM͔ΒΕΔόΠΞεʣʹͳΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: ࠩҟ ඇࠩҟ /VMMޮՌͳ͠ͷঢ়ଶͷ͜ͱ ϦεΫൺΦοζൺ ϦεΫࠩ ʹ
ޡྨ͕ͳ͍߹ മ࿐ έʔε ίϯτϩʔϧ ͋Γ ͳ͠
֤܈Ͱമ࿐Λड͚ͨਓʑͷˋ͕ඇമ࿐܈ʹ ޡྨ͞Εͨ߹ മ࿐ έʔε ίϯτϩʔϧ ͋Γ r ͳ͠ ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛέʔείϯτϩʔϧݚڀɿඇࠩҟͷ߹ աখධՁ ʢ/VMMʹ͔͏όΠΞεʣ
աେධՁ ʢ/VMM͔ΒΕΔ όΠΞεʣ ޡྨ͕ͳ͍߹ മ࿐ έʔε ίϯτϩʔϧ Φοζൺ
ߴ༻ྔ WTͳ͠ ༻ྔ WTͳ͠ ͳ͠ʢ3FGFSFODFʣ ߴ༻ྔ܈ͷਓͷˋ͕༻ྔ܈ʹޡྨ͞Εͨ߹ മ࿐ έʔε ίϯτϩʔϧ Φοζൺ ߴ༻ྔ WTͳ͠ ༻ྔ WTͳ͠ ͳ͠ʢ3FGFSFODFʣ ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛέʔείϯτϩʔϧݚڀɿͭҎ্ͷΧςΰϦ
ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛใόΠΞεͷํ ͪͳΈʹʜ • ࠩҟͷޡྨجຊతʹաେධՁʹͳΔʢ/VMM͔ΒΕΔόΠΞεʣ • ޡྨ͕ҰํͰͳ͍߹ɺଧͪফ͋ͬͨ͠ΓɺաେධՁʹաখ ධՁʹͳΔ͜ͱ͕͋Δ • ަབྷҼࢠͷଌఆͰใόΠΞε͕ൃੜ͢Δͱ͞ΒʹόΠΞεͷํΛ
༧ଌ͢Δ͜ͱ͘͠ͳΔ جຊతʹඇࠩҟͷޡྨաখධՁʢ/VMMʹ͔͏όΠΞεʣʹͳΔ ͨͩ͠ɺമ࿐ม͕ • ͭҎ্ͷΧςΰϦ͕͋Δ • ࿈ଓΛΧςΰϥΠζͨ͠มͰ͋Δ • ଞͷมʹґଘͯ͠ൃੜͨ͠ޡྨͰ͋Δʢैଐޡྨʣ աେධՁʢ/VMM͔ΒΕΔόΠΞεʣʹͳΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ
ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛใόΠΞεͷํ ͨͩ͠ɺඇࠩҟʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨͱͯ͠ɺׂͷ९कঢ়گ͕ѱ͍߹ɺ աେධՁʢ/VMM͔ΒΕΔόΠΞεʣʹͳΔՄೳੑ͋Δ͠ɺ શମͱͯ͠ͷόΠΞεΛେ͖͘͢ΔՄೳੑ͋Δ ࠩҟΑΓඇࠩҟͰ͋Δํ͕خ͍͠ 3$5ʢϥϯμϜԽൺֱࢼݧʣͰͷݕԽ ࠩҟͷޡྨΛඇࠩҟͷޡྨʹ͢Δ͜ͱͰ ݁Ռ͕อकతʢաখධՁʣʹͳΔ͜ͱΛظ͍ͯ͠Δ
ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛ3$5ʹ͓͚ΔݕԽɿࠩҟΛඇࠩҟ ׂ PVUDPNF ҩࢣͷߦಈม༰ ؍ऀόΠΞε ױऀͷߦಈม༰ ϓϥηϘޮՌ USFBUNFOU ೋॏݕൺֱࢼݧʢ%PVCMFCMJOEUSJBMʣ
ݕԽ ʢ#MJOEʣ " : ׂ PVUDPNF ҩࢣͷߦಈม༰ ؍ऀόΠΞε ױऀͷߦಈม༰ ϓϥηϘޮՌ USFBUNFOU " : :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: :ˎ 6" " "ˎ : 6: ಠཱࠩҟ ಠཱඇࠩҟ
ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛใόΠΞεͷఔʹ͍ͭͯʢ·ͩษڧதʣ ඇࠩҟͷޡྨɺݕূʹར༻Ͱ͖Δσʔλ͕͋Δ߹ɺ ײɾಛҟΛ༻͍ͯͲͷํʹɾͲΕ͘Β͍ใόΠΞε͕ى͖͍ͯΔ͔ ੳ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳ͕͍ͩ͠ɻ ࠩҟͷޡྨʢىόΠΞεʣෆՄɻ
ใόΠΞεͷӨڹʛରॲ๏ʹ͍ͭͯʢ·ͩษڧதʣ ใόΠΞεͷํͱఔͷධՁΛͱʹ ใόΠΞεΛௐ͢Δํ๏͋Δ͕ෳࡶͰ͍͠ɻ ใόΠΞε͕ى͖ͳ͍Α͏ʹ ݚڀܭըஈ֊Ͱσʔλͷଌఆํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯݕ౼Λʂ
n όΠΞεͱʁ l දతͳͭͷόΠΞεɿަབྷɺબόΠΞεɺใόΠΞε n ଌఆޡࠩͱޡྨ l ଌఆޡࠩͷݪҼஈ֊ɿߏ֓೦ͷଥੑɺσʔλͷऩूɺσʔλͷཧͱऔΓѻ͍ l ޡྨछྨ
n ۩ମྫͱ༧๏ n ใόΠΞεͷӨڹͱରॲ๏ l ಠཱඇࠩҟͷޡྨجຊతʹաখධՁͱͳΔ͕ɺ݅ʹΑͬͯաେධՁʹͳΔ l ใόΠΞεௐ͕͍ͨ͠Ίɺݚڀܭըஈ֊Ͱଌఆํ๏ʹ͍͔ͭͯͬ͠Γݕ౼Λʂ ̍ ̎ ̏ ̐ ·ͱΊ
ࢀߟจݙ ݪਖ਼തݪխࢠʢ༁ʣʢʣΞυόϯετੳӸֶ.&%4J 5JNPUIZ--BTI 5ZMFS+7BOEFS8FFMF ,FOOFUI+3PUINBO .PEFSO&QJEFNJPMPHZUI&EJUJPO
)FSOÂO ." 3PCJOT+. $BVTBM*OGFSFODF8IBU*G
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