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All joints & Nerves of lower limb

All joints & Nerves of lower limb

This presentation describes in full detail All joints & Nerves of lower limb

Dr.Sherif Fahmy

August 03, 2019
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  1. Type , Variety Articular Surfaces Type: Synovial. Variety: Modified hinge

    or bicondylar. Articular surfaces: - Lower end of femur (femoral condyles). - Upper surface of tibial condyles. - Back of patella. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  2. Lateral epicondyle Groove for popliteus Groove for semimembranosus Dr. Sherif

    Fahmy Grooves related to lateral to lateral femoral condyle & medial tibial condyle
  3. Capsule The capsule is absent anteriorly and replaced by tendon

    of quadriceps, patella and ligamentum patellae. Side attachments: -Above to sides of femoral condyles below epicondyles and above groove of popliteus. -Below to the sides of tibial condyle. Posterior attachment: -Above is attached to back of lower end of femur above femoral condyles. -Below is attached to back of tibial condyles and above the groove for semimembranosus. -The capsule is perforated posterolaterally for exit of popliteus m. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  4. Synovial Membrane -It lines the capsule and covers intracapsular structures

    except the articular surfaces. -It forms a sheath around tendon of popliteus during its exit from the capsule. -It forms supra-patellar bursa (between tendon of quadriceps and lower end of femur). -Infra-patellar synovial fold (between back of ligamentum patellae and intercondylar notch) where it covers front and sides of cruciate ligaments. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  5. Ligaments of Knee Joint A- Extracapsular: 1- Ligamentum patellae. 2-

    Oblique poplitel lig. 3- Fibular collateral lig. 4- Tibial collateral lig. B- Intracapsular: 1- Anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments. 2- Transverse ligament of knee. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  6. Collateral ligaments and Ligamentum Patellae Ligamentum patellae Ligamentum patellae Tibial

    collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Tendon of popliteus Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Head of fibula Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial tibial condyle Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  7. Anterior horn of medial meniscus Anterior cruciate lig. Anterior horn

    of lateral meniscus Posterior horn of lateral meniscus Posterior horn of medial meniscus Posterior cruciate lig. Lateral intercondylar tubercle Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  8. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament Lower attachment Course Upper

    attachment Becomes tense Functions Anterior part of intercondylar eminence between anterior horns of 2 menisci Posterior part of intercondylar eminence behind posterior horns of 2 menisci Upwards, backwards and laterally. Upwards, forewords and medially. Posterior part of medial surface of lateral femoral condyle. Anterior part of lateral surface of medial femoral condyle. In terminal stage of extension (during last 15 degrees of extension) In terminal stage of flexion. 1- Prevents hyperextension of knee. 2- Prevents anterior displacement of tibia during extension. 1- Prevents posterior displacement of tibia during flexion, because it becomes tense at complete flexion.
  9. Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Dr. Sherif Fahmy Horns (ends) of

    Medial meniscus Horns (ends) of Lateral meniscus Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity
  10. Functions of the menisci 1- Shock absorbent between femur and

    tibia. 2- Increase the concavity of the tibial condyles to give more stability to the knee joint.
  11. Intra-capsular Structures Synovial Membrane: 1- Supra-patellar bursa. 2- Infra-patellar fold.

    Ligaments: 1- Anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments. 2- Transverse ligament of knee. Cartilages: 1- Lateral & medial menisci. Tendon: 1- Tendon of popliteus and its synovial sheath. Fat: -Infra-patellar pad of fat. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  12. Movements of Knee Joint 1- Flexion & Extension 2- Medial

    & lateral rotations. ➢ Active (voluntary) (only with semiflexed knee). ➢ Passive (involuntary) (During locking & unlocking). Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  13. Mechanism of locking: -At the beginning of extension the 2

    femoral condyles glide equally over the tibial condyles. -During the last 15 degrees, the anterior cruciate ligament becomes tense. -This will lead to stop of lateral condyle gliding while the medial condyle continues gliding leading to medial rotation of femur over tibia. -This lead to stretch of collateral and oblique popliteal ligament in addition to anterior cruciate lig. and locking of knee. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  14. Mechanism of unlocking: -Unlocking occurs by either: -Medial rotation of

    tibia, if tibia is free from ground. -Lateral rotation of femur, if tibia is on the ground. -Both movements produced by the action of popliteus helped by hamstrings Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  15. Nerve Supply of Knee 1- Genicular branches from medial popliteal

    nerve. 2- Genicular branches from common peroneal nerve. 3- Femoral n. through branch to vasti of quadriceps femoris m. 4- Obturator n. from its posterior division. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  16. Anterior to Knee: 1- Supra-patellar. 2- Subcutaneous pre-patellar. 3- Subcutaneous

    infra-patellar. 4- Deep infra-patellar. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  17. Bursae on Medial & Lateral Sides of Knee joint Bursae

    on medial side Bursae on lateral side 1- Between medial head of gastrocnemius and capsule of knee j. 1- Between lateral head of gastrocnemius and capsule of knee j. 2- Between SGS tendons and capsule of knee j. 2- Between tendon of biceps and fibular collateral ligament. 3- Between semimembranosus and medial tibial condyle. 3- Between tendon of popliteus and lateral condyle of tibia.
  18. Applied Anatomy of knee joint 1- Genu valgum (knock knee).

    Due to tear of tibial collateral ligament after trauma on the lateral aspect of knee joint. The joint becomes opened medially. May be associated with injury of medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament, Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  19. Ligaments of Foot (Page 209) •1- Spring Ligament. •2- Bifurcate

    ligament. •3- Long plantar ligament. •4- Short plantar ligament.
  20. Inversion: Elevation of inner border of foot with sole directed

    medially. Eversion: Elevation of outer border of foot with sole is directed laterally. Joints: 1- Subtalar joint. 2- Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint. Mechanisms: -Calcaneus and navicular swing around relatively fixed talus. -Muscles: Innvertors & Evertors
  21. Mechanism of Walking (Page 224) • Stance phase: when foot

    on the ground. • Swing phase: when foot is off the ground.
  22. Structures in the Dorsum of Foot 1- Dorsi-flexors tendons. 2-

    Extensor digitorum brevis. 3- Dorsalis pedis artery. 4- Divisions of anterior tibial nerve.
  23. Tibialis anterior m. Extensor digitorum longus Extensor halluces longus m.

    Peroneus tertius m. Superior extensor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum Anterior tibial vessels & nerve
  24. Anterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis art Navicular bone Intermediate cunieform

    Proximal part of 1st intermetatarsal space Course of dorsalis pedis artery
  25. Medial and lateral relations Tendon of tibialis anterior muscle Tendon

    of extensor hallucis longus Dorsalis pedis artery Medial division of anterior tibial nerve Tendon of extensor digitorum longus
  26. Branches of Dorsalis Pedis artery 1- Medial tarsal artery. 2-

    Lateral tarsal artery. 3- Arcuate artery which gives 2nd, 3rd, 4th dorsal metatarsal arteries. 4- First dorsal metatarsal artery.
  27. 1-Medial tarsal artery 2-Lateral tarsal artery. 3-Arcuate artery 2nd, 3rd

    and 4th dorsal metatarsal arteries 4- First dorsal metatarsal artery Proximal perforating Distal perforating
  28. Surface Anatomy A line extending from midway between 2 malleoli

    to proximal part of 1st intermetatarsal space.
  29. Anastomosis of dorsalis pedis artery 1- Around ankle. 2- With

    plantar arch and plantar metatarsal arteries through perforating arteries.
  30. Applied Anatomy Causes of failure to feel its pulsation: 1-

    in 15% it is absent it could be replaced by perforating br. from peroneal artery. 2- Thrombus in femoral, popliteal or anterior tibial arteries.
  31. Skeleton of Lower surface of foot Calcaneus Medial tubercle Lateral

    tubercle Sustentaculum tali Cuboid bone Navicular bone Navicular tuberosity 1st metatarsal bone 5th netatarsal Base Head Proximal phalynx Metatarso-phalangeal joints Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  32. Plantar aponeurosis Medial tubercle of calcaneus Thin medial part Thin

    lateral part 5 slips of plantar aponeurosis Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  33. Second Layer 1- Tendon of flexor hallucis longus. 2- Tendon

    of flexor digitorum longus. 3- Lumbericals muscles. 4- Flexor Digitorum accessorius.
  34. Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Flexor digitorum accessorius Tendon of

    flexor hallucis longus Lumbricals Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  35. Fourth Layer 1- Dorsal interossii muscles. 2- Plantar interossii muscles.

    3- Tendon of peroneus longus muscle. 4- Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle.
  36. Flexor digitorum accessorius Lateral plantar nerve Superficial branch Base of

    5th metatarsal bone Deep branch Plantar arch Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  37. Flexor digitorum accessorius Lateral plantar artery Base of 5th metatarsal

    bone Deep branch of lateral plantar art. Plantar arch Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  38. Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve Plantar arch Termination of

    dorsalis pedis artery 2nd, 3rd and 4th plantar metatarsal arteries 1st plantar metatarsal artery Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  39. Nerves of the Lower Limb Lumbar Plexus Muscular: -Anterior compartment

    of thigh. -Medial compartment of thigh. Cutaneous: -Lateral, front & medial aspects of thigh. -Medial sides of leg & foot till the root of big toe. Articular: -Hip & knee. Sacral Plexus Muscular: -Gluteal region. -Back of thigh. -muscles of leg & foot. Cutaneous: Rest of lower limb. Articular: All joints of lower limb.
  40. L1 L2 L3 L4 Ilio- hypogastric n. Ilio-inguinal n. Genito-

    femoral n. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh Femoral n. Accessory obturator n. Obturator n. Lumbo-sacral trunk L5 Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  41. Ilio- hypogastric n. Ilio-inguinal n. Lateral cutaneous nerve Femoral n.

    Genito-femoral n. Obturator n. Lumbo- sacral trunk Psoas major m. Iliacus Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  42. Ilio-hypogastric n. Ilio-inguinal n. Lateral cutaneous n. Femoral n. Genitofemoral

    n. Lumbosacral trunk Obturator n. Dr. Sherif Fahmy Psoas major m.
  43. Branches of Femoral Nerve Muscular: -To iliacus, pectineus, Sartorius and

    quadriceps muscles. Cutaneous: -Medial & intermediate cutaneous nerves of thigh. -Saphenous nerve. Articular: -Hip and knee joints.
  44. Nerve Injury of Any Nerve Muscle (motor) loss: name the

    paralyzed muscles. Sensory loss: describe the area of loss of sensation. Disability: describe the lost actions. Deformity: Fixed deformed position of the paralyzed part. Late wasting changes: Decrease the size of paralyzed part.
  45. Nerve Injury of Femoral Nerve Motor loss: paralysis of iliacus,

    pectineus, sartorius and quadriceps muscles. Sensory loss: loss of sensation at medial side & front of thigh, medial side of leg & foot till the root of big toe. Disability: Inability to extends the knee against resistance (Extension by ilio-tibial tract could be done) and weak flexion of hip. Deformity: Flexed knee and extended hip. Late wasting changes: decrease the size of the front of thigh. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  46. Obturator nerve Obturator externus Adductor brevis Adductor longus m. Anterior

    division Posterior division Gracilis Lateral pelvic wall Adductor longus Obturator canal Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  47. Pectineus (cut) Obturator externus Anterior division of obturator nerve Adductor

    brevis Posterior division of obturator n. Gracilis Adductor longus (cut) Adductor magnus Dr. Sherif Fahmy Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  48. Nerve Injury Causes: Very rare injury. Results: Motor loss: -Paralysis

    of adductor muscles except pectineus. Sensory loss: -Loss of sensation on middle part of medial aspect of thigh. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  49. Disability: -Loss of adduction of thigh and weak medial rotation.

    Deformity: -The thigh is abducted and laterally rotated. Late wasting changes: -Decrease size of medial side of thigh. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  50. Ala of sacrum Lumbo- sacral trunk S1 Ventral primary rami

    of S1-4 leaving anterior sacral foramena Hip bone Sacrum Sciatic nerve Pudendal nerve
  51. L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 Superior gluteal n. Inferior

    gluteal n. N. to piriformis Common peroneal part of sciatic n, Tibial part of sciatic nerve N. To obturator internus N.To quadratus femoris Perforating cutaneous n. Pudendal n. Posterior cut. N. of thigh Perineal br.of S4 Anterior division Posterior division Lumbo-sacral trunk Ventral primary rami Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  52. Roots Ventral Divisions Dorsal Divisions` Grey rami Pelvic splanchnic nerve

    (S2,3,4) N.To obturator internus (L5,S1,2) N. To quadratus femoris (L4,5,S1) Pudendal nerve (S1,2,3) Perineal br.of S4 Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4,5,S1,2,3) N.to levator ani and coccygeus (S2,3) Superior gluteal nerve (L4,5,S1) Inferior gluteal nerve (L5,S1,2) N.to piriformis (S1,2) Perforating cutaneous (S2,3) Common peroneal part of sciatic (L4,5S1,2) Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1,2,3) Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  53. Divisions of superior gluteal nerve Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

    Sciatic nerve Inferior gluteal nerve N.To obturator internus Pudendal nerve Piriformis Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  54. L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 Common peroneal part of

    sciatic n, Tibial part of sciatic nerve Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  55. Piriformis Greater sciatic foramen Back of ischium Posterior superior iliac

    spine Ischeal tuberosity Tip of greater trochanter Capsule of hip joint Sciatic nerve Dr. Sherif Fahmy Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  56. Back of ischium Superior gemellus Tendon of obturator internus Inferior

    gemellus Quadratus femoris Adductor magnus Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  57. Branches of Sciatic Nerve Tibial division: to semimembranosus, long head

    of biceps femoris, semitendinosus and ischeal part of adductor magnus. Common peroneal division: To short head of biceps femoris. Articular branch: to hip joint. Terminal: Gives Tibial (medial popliteal) and common peroneal (Lateral popliteal).
  58. Posterior superior iliac spine Ischeal tuberosity Tip of greater trochanter

    Below middle of the back of the thigh Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  59. Causes: 1- Posterior dislocation of hip j. 2- Wrong IM

    injection. 3- Stab wound or gun shot. Results: Motor loss: Paralysis of hamstring muscles and all muscles of leg and foot.
  60. Sensory loss: Loss of sensation of skin of leg and

    foot except the medial side till the metatarso- phalangeal joint of big toe and upper part of back of leg. Disability and deformity: Weak flexion of the knee. Loss of all movements of leg & foot. Foot drop and high stepping gait. Late wasting changes: Decrease the size of back of thigh, leg and foot. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  61. Popliteal Nerves 1- Tibial (Medial popliteal) nerve (L4,5 & S1,2,3).

    2- Common peroneal (Lateral popliteal) nerve (L4,5 & S1,2). Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  62. Lateral popliteal (common peroneal) n. Lateral Medial Biceps femoris Plantaris

    Lateral head of gastrocnemius Superior angle Lateral angel Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  63. Branches of Popliteal Nerves Medial popliteal 1- Genicular (upper medial,

    lower medial and middle). 2- Cutaneous (sural). 3- Muscular (to gastrocnemius, soleus, popliteus and plantaris). Lateral popliteal 1- Genicular (upper lateral, lower lateral and recurrent). 2- Cutaneous (sural communicating, lateral cutaneous n. of calf)
  64. Nerves of the Leg A- Divisions of Common peroneal n.:

    1- Superficial peroneal (Musculocutaneous) n. in the loateral compartment of leg. 2- Deep peroneal (Anterior tibial) n. in the anterior compartment of leg. B- Posterior tibial n.: In the posterior compartment of leg.
  65. Common Peroneal Nerve It ends over the lateral surface of

    neck of fibula by dividing into: - Musculo-cutaneous (superficial peroneal nerve). - Anterior tibial (Deep peroneal) nerve.
  66. Common peroneal nerve Anterior tibial nerve Musculo- cutaneous n. Peroneus

    longus Extensor retinaculum Neck of fibula Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  67. Branches of Musculo-cutaneous Nerve Muscular: to peroneus longus and brevis.

    Sensory: To skin of the middle 1/3 of lateral aspect of leg and front of lower 1/3 of leg.
  68. Area supplied by musculo- cutaneous nerve Area supplied by medial

    division of anterior tibial nerve Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  69. Anterior tibial nerve Peroneus longus Tibialis anterior n. Extensor halluces

    longus Extensor retinacula Anterior tibial artery Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  70. Injury of Common Peroneal Nerve Causes: -Fracture of neck of

    fibula. Results: Motor loss: - Paralysis of muscles of anterior (Dorsiflexors) and lateral (Evertors) compartments. - Paralysis of extensor digitorum brevis. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  71. Sensory: - Loss of sensation on lateral part of middle

    1/3 and front of lower 1/3 and dorsum of foot except borders. Disability: - Loss of dorsi flexion and eversion. - Weak inversion. Deformity: The foot is plantar flexion (foot drop) and inverted (Equinovarus). Late wasting changes: Decrease the size of anterolateral aspect of leg. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  72. Lower border of popliteus Medial popliteal nerve Tendinous arch Soleus

    Posterior tibial nerve Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Back of lower end of tibia Flexor retinaculum Lateral Medial Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  73. Injury of Tibial Nerve Causes: - Cut wound or gun

    shot. Results: Motor loss: -Paralysis of muscles of back of leg and sole of foot. Sensory loss: -Loss of sensation on sole of foot. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  74. Disability: -Weak plantar flexion accompanied with eversion. -Weak inversion. Deformity:

    -The foot is dorsi-flexed and everted. Late wasting changes: -Decrease the size of back of leg and sole of foot. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
  75. Flexor digitorum accessorius Lateral plantar nerve Superficial branch Base of

    5th metatarsal bone Deep branch Plantar arch Dr. Sherif Fahmy