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HPHY 212, week 4, lecture 1 Fall 2014

HPHY 212, week 4, lecture 1 Fall 2014

University of Oregon, Human Physiology Department.

Annie Zeidman-Karpinski

October 20, 2014
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  1. Learning  objec;ves     •  Review  crea;ng  a  hypothesis  to

     research  a   ques;on.   •  Prac;ce  iden;fying  the  differences  between  a   case  study,  a  scien;fic  study,  a  review  or  a   meta-­‐analysis  for  a  scholarly  ar;cle.     •  Understand  how  to  use  boolean,  subject   headings  and  MeSH  terms  and  peer-­‐reviewed   journals  for  advanced  searching.   •  Recognize  that  there  are  predatory  academic   journals.  
  2. What  do  you  know  about  placebos   aZer  watching  that

     video?     What  do  you  s;ll  not  know?  
  3. Turn  your  ques;ons  into:   A  purpose  and  hypothesis  

      Then  a  search  statement   Prac;ce  
  4. I  hypothesize  that  people     will  respond  differently  to

     placebo  pills   of  different  colors,  sizes  and  shapes.  
  5. People  will  respond  differently  to   placebo  pills  of  different

        color,  sizes  and  shapes.   (respond  OR  differently)  AND  placebo  pills  AND  (color  OR  size  OR  shape)  
  6. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982 Aug;2(4):245-8. An investigation of drug expectancy

    as a function of capsule color and size and preparation form. Buckalew LW, Coffield KE. Abstract Much of a drug response is related to nonspecific factors. Perceptual characteristics of drug preparations likely play a major role in expectancy and response. This study focused on perceptual characteristics of a preparation related to anticipated effect: capsule color, capsule size, and preparation form (capsule versus tablet). College students ranked capsules for perceived strength based on capsule size, categorized capsules in terms of anticipated pharmacological effect based on color, and evaluated strength based on preparation form. Data showed nonchance distributions for nine capsule colors in anticipated action, with specific effects for four colors. A significant difference between capsule and tablet for perceived strength was found, as was a trend relating capsule size to perceived drug strength. Discussion centered on awareness and consideration of drug perceptual characteristics in support of drug efficacy. PMID: 7119132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Display Settings: Abstract Publication Types Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH Terms Adult Capsules* Color Female Humans Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982 Aug;2(4):245-8. An investigation of drug expectancy as a function of capsule color and size and preparation form. Buckalew LW, Coffield KE. Abstract Much of a drug response is related to nonspecific factors. Perceptual characteristics of drug preparations likely play a major role in expectancy and response. This study focused on perceptual characteristics of a preparation related to anticipated effect: capsule color, capsule size, and preparation form (capsule versus tablet). College students ranked capsules for perceived strength based on capsule size, categorized capsules in terms of anticipated pharmacological effect based on color, and evaluated strength based on preparation form. Data showed nonchance distributions for nine capsule colors in anticipated action, with specific effects for four colors. A significant difference between capsule and tablet for perceived strength was found, as was a trend relating capsule size to perceived drug strength. Discussion centered on awareness and consideration of drug perceptual characteristics in support of drug efficacy. PMID: 7119132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Display Settings: Abstract Publication Types Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH Terms Adult Capsules* Color Female Humans Male Personality Placebos* Psychology Sex Factors Tablets Substances Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances PubMed Data  showed   nonchance   distribu;ons  for  nine   capsule  colors  in   an;cipated  ac;on….  A   significant  difference   between  capsule  and   tablet  for  perceived   strength  was  found...  
  7. Wikipedia  project     The  talk  page   What  would

     you  do?   Put  that  in  the  survey    
  8. Survey  asks  you  to:   1.  How  will  you  improve

     the  wikipedia  ar;cle  on   concussions  here.  Did  you  fix  a  cita;on,  find  a   be0er  one,  expand  on  the  research,  etc.?   2.  Copy  what  you  wrote  or  would  like  to  write  … on  the  talk  page.   3.  Did  you  make  this  change?   4.  Do  you  want  to  be  an  editor?  
  9. Pearling   Newer/   forward  in  ;me   Older/  

    backward  in  ;me   References   1.   2.   3.   4.   etc.     Peer  reviewed  ar;cle   References   1.   2.   3.   4.   etc.     Peer  reviewed  ar;cle   References   1.   2.   3.   4.   etc.     Peer  reviewed  ar;cle   References   1.   2.   3.   4.   etc.     Peer  reviewed  ar;cle   References   1.   2.   3.   4.   etc.     Peer  reviewed  ar;cle   Footnote    chasing  
  10. Hierarchy  of  evidence   Study  3   Sta;s;cal   results

      Study  2   Sta;s;cal   results   Study  1   Sta;s;cal   results     Meta-­‐analysis   combined/pooled  stats   Study  4   Sta;s;cal   results  
  11. Meta-­‐analysis     Combines  data  from  many  studies.   • 

    May  combine  data  from  case/control  and  cohort   studies  merging  data  increasing  sample  size.     Two  problems  with  meta-­‐analysis  are:   •  publica;on  bias  (studies  with  no  effect  or  li0le   effect  may  not  even  get  published)  and  the   quality  of  the  design  of  the  studies  from  which   data  is  pulled.  This  can  lead  to  misleading  results.  
  12. Reviews  [Publica;on  Type]   An  ar;cle  or  book  published  aZer

     examina;on   of  published  material  on  a  subject.  It  may  be   comprehensive  to  various  degrees  and  the  ;me   range  of  material  scru;nized  may  be  broad  or   narrow,  but  the  reviews  most  oZen  desired  are   reviews  of  the  current  literature.  The  textual   material  examined  may  be  equally  broad  and   can  encompass,  in  medicine  specifically,  clinical   material  as  well  as  experimental  research  or   case  reports….  
  13. Example  1   Example  2   A.  Meta  analysis  

    B.  Review   C.  Scien;fic  Study     D.  Case  studies  
  14. See 1 citation found using an alternative search: Lancet Neurol.

    2008 Aug;7(8):728-41. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70164-9. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Maas AI , Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem tha recent years, patterns of injury have been changing, with more injuries, parti occurring in older patients. Blast injuries have been identified as a novel enti characteristics. Traditional approaches to the classification of clinical severity debate owing to the widespread policy of early sedation and ventilation in mo patients, and are being supplemented with structural and functional neuroim research has greatly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms involved i creating opportunities for medical intervention and targeted therapies; howev research into patient benefit remains a challenge. Clinical management has structured and evidence based since the publication of guidelines covering m this Review, we summarise new developments and current knowledge and c moderate and severe TBI in adults. Suggestions are provided for the way for on epidemiological monitoring, trauma organisation, and approaches to man Display Settings: Abstract 1 Author information See 1 citation found using an alternative search: Lancet Neurol. 2008 Aug;7(8):728-41. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70164-9. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Maas AI , Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem that affects all societies. In recent years, patterns of injury have been changing, with more injuries, particularly contusions, occurring in older patients. Blast injuries have been identified as a novel entity with specific characteristics. Traditional approaches to the classification of clinical severity are the subject of debate owing to the widespread policy of early sedation and ventilation in more severely injured patients, and are being supplemented with structural and functional neuroimaging. Basic science research has greatly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in secondary damage, creating opportunities for medical intervention and targeted therapies; however, translating this research into patient benefit remains a challenge. Clinical management has become much more structured and evidence based since the publication of guidelines covering many aspects of care. In this Review, we summarise new developments and current knowledge and controversies, focusing on moderate and severe TBI in adults. Suggestions are provided for the way forward, with an emphasis on epidemiological monitoring, trauma organisation, and approaches to management. PMID: 18635021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Display Settings: Abstract 1 Author information Publication Types Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review MeSH Terms Adult Brain Injuries/classification* Brain Injuries/diagnosis* Brain Injuries/economics Brain Injuries/epidemiology Guidelines as Topic Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Grant Support Full text links PubMed (2008). "Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults". Lancet Neurology Publica;on  Types,  MeSH   Terms,  Grant  Support     Review   MeSH  Terms  
  15. Search  appropriate  databases   Using  advanced  search  strategies    

    Boolean   Precision   Peer  review*             Remember  
  16. Boolean   AND,  OR,  NOT     concussion   Trauma;c

     Brain  Injur*   Closed   head  injur*       (concussion  OR  trauma;c  brian  injur*     OR  closed  head  injur*)  =  larger  set    
  17. Boolean   AND,  OR,  NOT     Concussion    

    brain  injur*   College   athlet*   Return  to   play   (concussion  OR  brain  injur*)  AND  return  to  play  AND  college  athlete*)   =  more  precise  set      
  18. Medical  Subject  Headings  (MeSH)   retrieve  informa;on  that  uses  

      different  terminology     for  the  same  concepts.       syncope   Used  for:   – Fain;ng   – Ver;go   – Drop  a0acks  
  19. Subject  Headings   •  Medical  Subject  Headings,  or  MeSH  terms

      (Pubmed)   •  Descriptors  (Academic  Search  Premier)   •  Library  of  Congress  Subject  Headings  –  LC   subjects  -­‐    (Library  catalog/OCLC/Janus)    
  20. If  I  use  MeSH  in  my  search  will  I  get

        more  precise*  ar;cles  on  my  topic     or     more  general  ar;cles?   A. More  precise   B. More  general