BCK for ASL

Spring-Fall 2014

Transcript

1. Boris  at  10   Ears  are  how  we  access  the  brain    
2. What  ques2ons  do  you  have?   •  Turn  to  someone  at  your  table/next  to  you   and  tell  them  1  of  your  ques2ons.       •  Please  use  as  many  signs  as  you  can,  even  if   you  have  to  use  English  too.  
3. Ears  are  how  we  access  the  brain   •  2  ears  allow  you  to:   •  locate  where  sounds  are  coming  from   •  Hear  in  noisy  environments   •  …and  much  more  
4. Your  ears  do  this:             hGp://www.youtube.com/watch? feature=player_detailpage&v=skXQ6PuIc4s  
5. Why  is  Boris  deaf?  
6. ! CI !"#$%&%' (&#)$"*'#$%'
7. Evalua2on  8/2012   §  Speech  recep2on  threshold  (SRT)   Right:  30dBHL;  Le\:20dBHL   §  Speech  discrimina2on:  Right:  71%  correct  at   60dBHL;  Le\:  88%  correct  at  60dBHL   §  HINT  Sentences  (Right):  List  1-­‐43  out  of  52   (83%)  words  correct   §  HINT  Sentences  (Le\)  List  2-­‐53  out  of  53   (100%)  words  correct  
8. More  on  background  noise  
10. •  Sound waves enter through the microphone. •  The sound processor converts the sound into a distinctive digital code. •  The electrically coded signal is transmitted across the skin through the headpiece to the internal portion of the device. •  The internal device delivers the sound to the electrodes. •  The electrodes stimulate the hearing nerve. •  The hearing nerve sends the signal to the brain for processing. How Does a Cochlear Implant Work?
11. •  Hearing Aids— acoustically amplify speech. •  Cochlear Implants— convert speech information into electrical signals. How is a Cochlear Implant Different From a Hearing Aid? • Hearing Aids—rely on the responsiveness of healthy, inner ear sensory cells. •  Cochlear Implants— bypass the inner ear sensory cells and stimulate the hearing nerve directly.
12. Behind-the-ear In-the-Ear In-the-Canal Hearing Aids Treatment Options for Hearing Loss
13. A Cochlear Implant consists of two main parts: Internal Equipment External Equipment How Does a Cochlear Implant Work? or
14. CI  company  literature  for  professionals   “With  more  than  25  years  since  implantable   technology  was  first  introduced,  we  find   that  we  are  only  trea2ng  a  frac2on  of  the   pa2ents  (<10%)  who  could  benefit  from   this  remarkable  technology.”  
15. Poten2al  implant  candidates   $ $
16. 1-channel 2-channel 4-channel 8-channel 16-channel Original Implant simulations by Arthur Boothroyd, based on the work of Robert Shannon. Total bandwidth is 0 to 6000 Hz, and channel boundaries are logarithmically spaced. All within-channel frequency resolution is removed. The amplitude envelope in each band is preserved but it is imposed on a band of noise. This band covers the same frequency range as the band of speech from which the envelope was extracted. This is not “what speech sounds like to an implant user”. The simulation does, however, give an impression of the intelligibility of speech with the kind of dramatic reduction of spectral information produced by a cochlear implant. For best effect, begin with 1-channel and progress toward the original.
18. Deaf,  deaf  and  Hard  of  Hearing   It’s  really  complicated,  but  for  now:   •  Deaf  is  cultural,  at  least  in  part   •  (d)eaf  is  about  how  much  someone  hears   •  HoH  is  a  person  who  isn’t  culturally  Deaf.     They  may  (or  may  not)  hear  beGer  than  a  deaf   person.     hGp://www.nad.org/issues/american-­‐sign-­‐language/community-­‐and-­‐culture-­‐faq  
19. With  CI  technology              We  have  kids  who  are  audiometrically  deaf   And  func4onally  hard  of  hearing  
20. 30  million  word  gap  by  age  3  
23. He  also  needs  help  with    
24. Humans  are  rich  in  auditory  brain   2ssue,  but…   •  Kids  don’t  listen  like  adults   – Higher  auditory  brain  centers  are  not  fully   developed  un4l  a  child  is  about  15  years  old,   – Kids  can’t  perform  “automa4c  auditory  cogni4ve   closure”.  (Filling  in  the  gaps  with  your  brain)            All  infants  and  children  need  a  quieter   environment  and  a  louder  signal  than  adults  
25. Signal  to  noise  ra2o   •  Distance  –  inverse  square  law             hGp://www.classroomhearing.org/Videos/Inverse_Square_Law.html  
26. Signal  to  noise  ra2o  (SNR)   •  Background  noise:   •  The  teacher’s  voice  becomes  the  Signal   •  Normally  hearing  children  need  to  have  the   teacher  speaking  15  decibels  louder  than  the   background  noise  in  the  room,  in  order  to  fully   understand  what  he  is  hearing.  (Adults  need   an  SNR  of  +4  and  +6  decibels.)  
27. FM  system     Teachers  wear  a  microphone  that  goes  directly    to  Boris’s  implants.     This  improves   the  signal  to   noise  ra2o   considerably,   but  takes   some  geqng   used  to.    
28. CI  w/  transmiGer,   transmiGer,  HA  w/   transmiGer  and  without   monitor   &  mic  
29. Speech  AND  Signing   We  are  raising  Boris  to  be  bicultural  and  bilingual  –   Deaf  and  HoH,  signing  and  spoken  English    
30. English  is  his  2nd  language.    
31. Speech  AND  Signing   American   Sign   Language   (ASL)  is  a   different   language   with  a   different   grammar   and  syntax  
32. Use  your  words  
33. Life  and  death   •  17.4%  of  deaf  and  HoH  (DHH)  are  unemployed   in  the  US.    (na2onal  avg  is  9.4%)   •  19%  DHH  unemployed  in  UK,  with  1/3  of  fully   employed  earning  less  than  £  10,000/year.   •  34.7%  DHH  unemployed  in  Australia   •  90%  DHH  unemployed  in  developing  countries  
34. Expecta2ons     Our  first  neonatologist  advised    -­‐  always  set  the   bar  high,  as  he’ll  only  rise  to  our  expecta2ons.  
35. Addi2onal  resources   •  hGp://www.carolflexer.com/pub.php   •  Fox,  Margalit.  Talking  Hands:  What  Sign  Language   Reveals  About  the  Mind.  New  York:  Simon  &  Schuster,   2007.   •  Chorost,  Michael.  Rebuilt:  How  Becoming  Part   Computer  Made  Me  More  Human.  Houghton  Mifflin,   2005.   •  FM  ar2cle:   hGp://www.nsslha.org/publica2ons/leader/archives/ 2009/090414/090414f.htm   •  Sacks,  Oliver.  Seeing  voices :  a  journey  into  the  world  of   the  deaf.  Berkeley:  University  of  California  Press;  1989.