Bridging the gap between IFC and CityGML

Keynote given at the UDMV 2016 conference (http://events.ulg.ac.be/udmv2016/)

Transcript

1. Bridging the gap between IFC and CityGML Hugo Ledoux UDMV 2016 Liège, Belgique 2016-12-08
2. Not only my work, but that of my research group 2 Ken Arroyo Ohori Filip Biljecki Abdoulaye Diakité Jantien Stoter Sisi Zlatanova
3. CityGML 3 • int’l standard for representing and storing 3D city models • mostly scale of the city/neighbourhood • boundary representation used (b-rep)
4. CityGML: 5 Levels-of-detail 4 there usually reconstructed ‘as-built’, because “easy” with point clouds rather rare in practice, because costly and complex to acquire data
5. CityGML: more than just buildings 5
6. azul: a CityGML viewer for macOS 6 • developed by TU Delft 3D geoinformation group • free and open-source • super fast • available on the App Store NEW
7. IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) 7 • open data model for buildings and construction industry data • one implementation of BIM (Building Information Modelling)
8. IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) 8 IfcActuatorType IfcAirTerminalBoxType IfcAirTerminalType IfcAirToAirHeatRecoveryType IfcAlarmType IfcAnnotation IfcBeam IfcBoilerType IfcBuildingElementPart IfcBuildingElementProxy IfcBuildingStorey IfcCableCarrierFittingType IfcCableCarrierSegmentType IfcCableSegmentType IfcChillerType IfcCoilType IfcColumnType IfcCompressorType IfcCondenserType IfcControllerType IfcCooledBeamType IfcCoolingTowerType IfcCovering IfcCurtainWall IfcDamperType IfcDistributionChamberElementType IfcDistributionControlElement IfcDistributionElement IfcDistributionFlowElement IfcDoorType IfcDuctFittingType IfcDuctSegmentType IfcDuctSilencerType IfcElectricApplianceType IfcElectricFlowStorageDeviceType IfcElectricGeneratorType IfcElectricHeaterType IfcElectricMotorType IfcElectricTimeControlType IfcElementAssembly IfcRoof IfcSanitaryTerminalType IfcSensorType IfcSite IfcSlab IfcSpace IfcSpaceHeaterType IfcStackTerminalType IfcStair IfcSwitchingDeviceType IfcSystemFurnitureElementType IfcTankType IfcTransformerType IfcTransportElementType IfcTubeBundleType IfcUnitaryEquipmentType IfcValveType IfcWall IfcWasteTerminalType IfcWindowType IfcEnergyConversionDevice IfcEvaporativeCoolerType IfcEvaporatorType IfcFanType IfcFastenerType IfcFilterType IfcFireSuppressionTerminalType IfcFlowController IfcFlowFitting IfcFlowInstrumentType IfcFlowMeterType IfcFlowMovingDevice IfcFlowSegment IfcFlowStorageDevice IfcFlowTerminal IfcFlowTreatmentDevice IfcFooting IfcFurnishingElement IfcFurnitureType IfcGasTerminalType IfcHeatExchangerType IfcHumidifierType IfcJunctionBoxType IfcLampType IfcLightFixtureType IfcMechanicalFastenerType IfcMemberType IfcMotorConnectionType IfcOpeningElement IfcOutletType IfcPile IfcPipeFittingType IfcPipeSegmentType IfcPlateType IfcProtectiveDeviceType IfcPumpType IfcRailing IfcRamp IfcReinforcingBar IfcReinforcingMesh 900+ in total
9. IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) 9 Figure adapted from Kolbe and Plümer (2004) explicit representation implicit representation (need to be discretised to be manipulated with GIS objects)
10. IFC vs CityGML 10 IFC CityGML Large scale (mm) Small scale (km) World Country City Region Building Component Room Sec�on Floor Building
11. IFC vs CityGML 11
12. IFC vs CityGML 12 Figure Nagel et. al (2009)
13. IFC vs CityGML 13
14. Bridging the gaps between IFC and CityGML 14 1. gap in semantic 2. gap in geometry/topology 3. gap in coordinate reference systems my focus today
15. IFC models are rigged with errors (but CityGML too!)
16. Automatic repairin With my colleague John Z of the most common err Common errors in CityGML datasets 16
17. IFC models = CSG computations 17
18. IFC models = CSG computations that can go bad… 18 2 roof parts do not touch wall and ground overlap
19. IFC models = other errors 19
20. Part 1. Automatic conversion IFC to CityGML LoD3
21. Results with current commercial software 21 most geometries are converted IFC CityGML
22. Our conversion methodology 22 a CityGML LoD3 shouldn’t have “thick” walls
23. step 1: semantic conversion 23 <<Object>> IfcProject <<Object>> IfcSite <<Object>> IfcBuilding <<Object>> IfcBuildingStorey <<Object>> IfcSpace <<Object>> IfcSpatialStructureElement <<Object>> IfcProduct IfcObject <<Object>> IfcElement <<Object>> IfcOpeningElement <<Object>> IfcBuildingElement 1 1 0..* 0..* 1 1..* 1 IfcWall IfcBeam IfcRelDecomposes IfcCurtainWall IfcDoor IfcColumn IfcCovering IfcWindow IfcFooting IfcPile IfcPlate IfcRailing IfcRamp IfcRampFlight IfcStair IfcStairFlight IfcRoof IfcSlab IfcBuildingElementProxy IfcMember <<Geometry>> IfcShapeRepresentation <<Geometry>> IfcLocalPlacement 0..* 1 0..1 1 IfcBuildingElement Component IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure 0..* 1 0..1 1 1 0..* 1 1 0..* 0..* 1 0..*
24. step 2: geometric transformation 24 input IFC union of all solids removal interior notice that each surface already has a semantics (diff colours)
25. step 2: geometric transformation 25 ?
26. step 2: “fixing” the geometry 26 B EJMBUJPO C FSPTJPO 5XP NPSQIPMPHJDBM PQFSBUPST JO ͧ% BQQMJFE PO ۴ EBSL HSFZ XJUI B TUSVDUVSJOH FMFNFOU ۵ HSFFO UIF SFTVMU JT UIF PSBOHF TVCTFU PG ȉଓ F UIF EBUB JT VTVBMMZ WJTVBMJTFE BOE BSF PȈFO OPU LOPXO UP UIF QSBDUJUJPOFST <-BVSJOJ SFU3BȊPSU ˨ʿʿȜ> JDBM PQFSBUPST 5P SFDPWFS GSPN UIFTF VOBWPJEBCMF JNQFSGFDUJPOT XF VTF UIF NBUIF PSQIPMPHZ UIFPSZ JO ͗% <4FSSB ˨ʿǘͧ> 4JNJMBSMZ UP ;IBP FU BM <ͧЇ˨ͧ> XIFSF ͗% CVJME CVJMEJOHTn QBSUT BSF NFSHFE UPHFUIFS UP HFOFSBUF EJȊFSFOU MFWFMT PG EFUBJM XF VTF UIF PQFSBUJPOT EJMBUJPO FSPTJPO BOE DMPTJOH UP DMPTF UIF TNBMM HBQT BOE VOJPO UPHFUIFS HFPNFUSJFT -FU ۴ BOE ۵ CF UXP TPMJET XIJDI BSF TVCTFU PG ȉଔ UIF &VDMJEFBO TQBDF JO FOTJPOT "T TIPXO JO 'JHVSF ʿ UIF EJMBUJPO PG ۴ CZ ۵ ۵ JT DBMMFE UIF TUSVDUVSJOH FMFNFOU F JT EFȍOFE BT GPMMPXT BOE JT FRVJWBMFOU UP UIF .JOLOPXTLJ TVN PG ۴ BOE ۵ B JOQVU C VOJPO D EJMBUJPO E SFTVMU F FSPTJPO G ȍOBM SFTVMU 'JHVSF ˨Ї $MPTJOH PQFSBUPS BQQMJFE UP JNQFSGFDU HFPNFUSJFT morphological operators 1. Geometries are dilated, thereby closing the gaps 2. Interior geometries are removed 3. The exterior shell is eroded back to it original size
27. step 2: artefacts are however introduced 27 artefact b/c of erosion normal direction used to infer the semantic of the face
28. Experimental results (FZK-House) 28 IFC CityGML
29. Experimental results (Haus-G-H) 29 IFC CityGML
30. Experimental results (Haus-G-H) 30 IFC CityGML
31. Experimental results (Model-4351) 31 IFC CityGML ';,)PVTF ˨̹ ˨˨˨ ˨ȓ.# Ї̹.# ̀ OP ̹ͧͧT '+,)PVTF ˨ǘ ̹ͧȜ ˨͗ʿ.# ˨˨.# ˨ͧ ZFT ͧ˨̹T )BVT() ˨ʿ ͗Ї˨ Ȝ͗.# ȓ͗.# Ȝ ZFT ˨̹̀ͧT .PEFMǧʯǟɢ ͧЇ ȜȜͧ ̹Ї.# ͧǘ.# ̹ OP ˨ЇȜ˨T 0ǗDF #VJMEJOH ͧ˨ ˨ͧЇ˨ ̹ͧ.# ͧ͗.# ͧ OP ̀˨ͧT B -FHFOE GPS UIF NPTU DPN NPO PCKFDUT JO *'$ C -FHFOE GPS UIF $JUZ(.- NPEFMT 'JHVSF ˨̀ -FHFOET GPS CPUI UIF *'$ BOE UIF $JUZ(.- NPEFMT UIF JOQVU PCKFDUT TIPVME CF TVCUZQFT PG / ‘ ‘ BOE ͧ UIFZ TIPVME CF JOEJSFDUMZ DPOUBJOFE JO B / ‘ TQBUJBM TUSVDUVSF 8F IBWF UFTUFE PVS QSPUPUZQF XJUI TFWFSBM QVCMJDMZ BWBJMBCMF *'$ EBUBTFUT 5BCMF ͧ TIPXT B TF MFDUJPO PG UIFN 5IFTF XFSF HFOFSBUFE XJUI EJȊFSFOU TPȈXBSF QBDLBHFT BOE SBOHF GSPN B TJNQMF IPVTF UP BO PȋDF CVJMEJOH 8JUI PVS QSPUPUZQF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO BMM UIFTF NPEFMT XFSF TVDDFTT GVMMZ DPOWFSUFE UP HFPNFUSJDBMMZ BOE TFNBOUJDBMMZ WBMJE $JUZ(.- -0%͗ NPEFMT 5IF NPEFMT XFSF ȍSTU QSPDFTTFE XJUIPVU UIF DMPTJOH PQFSBUJPO *G UIF SFTVMU XBT OPU B DMPTFE FOWFMPQF UIFO B DVCJDBM TUSVDUVSJOH FMFNFOU PG ܙܙ XBT VTFE "MM UIF FSSPST JO UIF JOQVU NPEFMT XFSF ȍYFE JO UIJT XBZ )PXFWFS TPNF BSUFGBDUT JO UIF PVUQVU NPEFMT XFSF JOUSPEVDFE XF EFNPOTUSBUF B GFX PG UIFTF JO 'JHVSF ͧͧ 8F IBWF WBMJEBUFE UIF PVUQVU $JUZ(.- CPUI HFPNFUSJDBMMZ BOE TFNBOUJDBMMZ 5P FOTVSF UIBU UIF HFPNFUSJFT BSF WBMJE BDDPSEJOH UP UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM TUBOEBSE *40˨ʿ˨Ї̹ XF VTFE UIF BMHPSJUIN BOE UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO EFTDSJCFE JO -FEPVY <ͧЇ˨͗> 'PS UIF TFNBOUJDT XF ȍSTU FOTVSFE UIBU BMM GBDFT IBE TPNF TFNBOUJDT BOE UIFO XF WFSJȍFE UIFN WJTVBMMZ 'JHVSFT ˨̹r ͧ˨ TIPX UIF JOQVU *'$ NPEFMT BOE UIF HFOFSBUFE $JUZ(.- NPEFMT 5IFTF XFSF NBEF VTJOH UIF TPȈXBSF ';, 7JFXFS ǫ́ <#FOOFS FU BM ͧЇ˨͗C> BOE GPS BMM UIF ȍHVSFT UIF TFNBOUJDT PG UIF TVSGBDFT JT EFQJDUFE VTJOH DPMPVST TFF 'JHVSF ˨̀  ˨Ȝ
32. Experimental results (Office-Building) 32 IFC CityGML
33. Experimental results (Office-Building) 33 IFC CityGML
34. Artefacts caused by erosion/dilation (Haus-G-H) 34
35. Artefacts caused by erosion/dilation (Haus-G-H) 35
36. Sometimes the world is not fair… 36
37. Size of structuring element = simplification 37
38. Implementation 38 Boolean operations and morphological operators (packages 3D Polyhedral Surface + Nef Polyhedra) Reading IFC + CSG operations Our data structure couldn’t store attributes, thus the semantics is attached after all the operations to the closest face.
39. Part 2. Repair using snapping and Boolean set operations
40. 5D geo-modelling 40
41. Instead of dilating/eroding: “advanced” snapping 41 1. Create “rough” individual polyhedra from IFC objects 2. Clean individual polyhedra 3. Snapping vertices together 4. Snapping vertices to fixed planes 5. Creating individual Nef polyhedra 6. 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42. Part 3. Smart space subdivision for indoor navigation
43. Navigation graph = dual of the rooms/doors 43 IndoorGML based on that idea
44. Navigation graph = dual of the rooms/doors 44 21 Challenge the future • IfcBuildingStorey • IfcSpace • IfcDoor • IfcWindow • IfcStair
45. But, we’d like to have more details 45 extraction of 3D space where one can walk, or fly (drone)
46. Drone café in Eindhoven (bluejayeindhoven.nl) 46
47. IfcSpace = often overlapping with other objects 47
48. Topological reconstruction 48 • Edge-centered data structure to represent dD orientable
 objects subdivided in cells. • Representation of incidence and adjacency relationships. • Attributes are associated to the cells for information storage
 (geometry, semantic, etc). vol2 e4 vol1 vol3 v2 f5 f4 β3 β 2 β1 β β β with combinatorial maps (g-maps)
49. Topological Reconstruction 49
50. Automatic Semantic Labelling 50 We know how to extract indoor volumes: starting point of the semantic labelling propagation.

51. Automatic Semantic Labelling 51
52. Automatic Semantic Labelling 52 Walls / Floors identification
53. Automatic Semantic Labelling 53 Windows / doors identification
54. Automatic Semantic Labelling 54 Façade / roof identification
55. Automatic Semantic Labelling 55
56. Possible to add other objects (tables, cupboards) 56
57. Decomposition of space to support the navigation 57 in convex polyhedra
58. Decomposition of space to support the navigation 58 with octree
59. Does all that actually work?
60. Yeah, partly…
61. But it will soon: a 1-year project just started in NL! 61
62. Our goal 62 Develop an interface between CityGML and IFC to prepare for a fundamental solution to bridge the gap between Geo and BIM. 1. open-source API to represent IFC + CityGML with the same data structure 2. recommendations for future integration http://doc.cgal.org/latest/Nef_3/index.html
63. Use-case #1 63 Supporting the lifecycle of objects with a continuous information chain, ie using geoinformation in BIM application and IFC datasets in GIS applications. <—>
64. Use-case #2 64 Submission of IFC model to a building permit-application portal: automatic validation of the design against physical world (eg noise, shadows, zoning plans)
65. Use-case #3 65 Integration of sub-soil information in the BIM design process
66. thank you. Hugo Ledoux 3d.bk.tudelft.nl/hledoux h.ledoux@tudelft.nl
67. References 67 Diakité, A. A. (2015). Application des cartes combinatoires à la modélisation géométrique et sémantique des bâtiments. PhD thesis, Université de Lyon. Diakite, A. A. and Zlatanova, S. (2016). Valid space description in BIM for 3D indoor navigation. International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling. In Press. Diakité, A. A., Damiand, G., and Gesquière, G. (2014). Automatic semantic labelling of 3D buildings based on geometric and topological information. In Proc. 9th International 3DGeoInfo Conference, pages 49–63, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Donkers, S. (2013). Automatic generation of CityGML LOD3 building models from IFC models. Master’s thesis, GIS technology group, Delft University of Technology. Donkers, S., Ledoux, H., Zhao, J., and Stoter, J. (2016). Automatic conversion of IFC datasets to geometrically and semantically correct CityGML LOD3 buildings. Transactions in GIS, 20(4):547–569. Kolbe, T. H. and Plümer, L. (2004). Bridging the gap between GIS and CAAD geometry, referencing, representations, standards and semantic modelling. GIM International, 18:12–38. Nagel, C., Stadler, A., and Kolbe, T. H. (2009). Conceptual requirements for the automatic reconstruction of building information models from uninterpreted 3D models. Presentation at Academic Track of Geoweb 2009 Conference (Vancouver, Canada).