Programming Paradigms

The best software engineers are those who are not locked into a particular toolset, or the ecosystem thereof. This is one of my first presentations; an opinionated take on the different programming paradigms and the frameworks which implement them.

Transcript

1. Programming Paradigms Presented by: Owajigbanam Ogbuluiijah, STC owajigbanam.ogbuluijah@andela.com July 20, 2017
2. Name: Fortune Ekeruo Role: Software Developer Online: @fortune_ik on Twitter @fortunee on Github
3. Name: Kayode Adeniyi Role: Software Developer Online: @kay on Slack @codekayy on Twitter @kayodeniyi on Medium @andela-kadeniyi on Github
4. Name: Owajigbanam Ogbuluijah Role: Senior Technical Consultant Online: @igbanam on GitHub, Hackerrank, and Slack
5. Programming Paradigms What are they? • A model • A way of doing things • Something which enables progress • Something to rally around • Basically belief backed
6. Programming Paradigms Paradigm Anomaly Shift Crisis
8. List of Programming Paradigms …more will be created over time • Object-Oriented (Class-based) • Object-Oriented (Prototype-based) • Functional (Lambda) • Functional (Applicative) • Declarative • Imperative • Aspect-Oriented • Event Driven • Constraint • Logic • Flow Driven • Reflective • Symbolic • Procedural
9. Programming Paradigms The Exposé
10. Object-Oriented (OOP) This paradigm allows objects to interact with one another so as to simulate a set of real world phenomena. The four major principles of object orientation: • Encapsulation • Data Abstraction • Inheritance • Polymorphism OOP is about encapsulating mutable state
11. Functional • Bound immutable states • Functions are first class citizens • Purity. No side-effects. • Expression-based syntax • Applicative vs. Lambda
12. Declarative • Programming for the programmer as instead of operations for the machine • Written by declaring how things should be. • Expresses the logic of a computation without defining or describing its control flow • Programming on an abstraction
13. Imperative Programming • Programmer is focused on the order of operations. • There is state littered everywhere; mainly global state • Computer runs the instructions in the order it sees them • …comes from Latin’s impero ~ English’s emperor
14. Aspect-Oriented • Aims to increase modularity by allowing the separation of crosscutting concerns. For example “log all function calls when the function's name begins with 'set'”
15. Event-Driven • Flow of program execution is determined by events • Involves programming with emitters and listeners of asynchronous actions
16. Constraint • Relations between variables are stated in the form of constraints • Do not specify a step or sequence of steps to execute • Concerned about the properties of a solution to be found.
17. Logic • Based on logic • Represented by a set of facts and a set of axioms • The axioms and clauses may have arguments For example, one could define the relation consumes(A, B), meaning that A consumes B. One could then establish a set of facts [stored in a database], and query these facts for truth. Example of facts database food(rice). food(beans). fuel(firewood). food(gasoline). consumes(human, rice). consumes(car, gasoline). consumes(human, beans). /* What consumes gasoline? */ ?- consumes(What, gasoline). What = car.
18. Flow Driven • Programming processes communicating with each other over predefined channels. • Concerned with data-flow • Each application is a self-sufficient component which receives messages (input) and performs some transformation NoFlo Analog Clock in Javascript
19. Reflective • Code can read and modify itself • Metaprogramming • Changing behaviour on-the-go • Adaptive Systems
20. Imperative • Everything step by step • Respect the order of the commands • Remember state somehow Functional • Mutable state is dangerous • Computation. Mathematics. Functions. Pure functions. Declarative • See my facts • This is what I want • Figure it out, computer! Baseline Irreducible Paradigms All others are derived from these
21. Multiple Paradigms Programming languages typically encourage the use of certain paradigms and discourage the use of others.
22. Multiple Paradigms • Be open to shifts • Programming paradigms matter • Paradigms prescribe programming; and vice versa • Paradigms are more similar than they are different
23. Questions
24. Resources • Programming Paradigm <> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm • LMU <> http://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/paradigms/ • AAU <> http://people.cs.aau.dk/~normark/prog3-03/html/notes/paradigms.html • Birmingham <> http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/poplog/paradigms_lectures/lecture1.html • Discussion on StackExchange <> https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/117119/learning-each-type-of-programming-language • UToronto <> http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~jzhu/csc326/csc326.html • Eudonix <> https://www.eduonix.com/blog/web-programming-tutorials/learn-event-driven-programming-node-js/ • METU <> http://ocw.metu.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/2986/mod_resource/content/0/lectures/14-lp-paradigm.pdf • Faculdade de Ciencias <> https://www.dcc.fc.up.pt/~ines/talks/clp-v1.pdf
25. Programming Paradigms Presented by: Owajigbanam Ogbuluiijah, STC owajigbanam.ogbuluijah@andela.com July 20, 2017