Introduction to SQLAlchemy and Alembic

SQLAlchemy and
Alembic
ORM, Core and Migrations
/
Jason Myers @jasonamyers

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Architecture

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pip install sqlalchemy
pip install flask-sqlalchemy
bin/paster create -t pyramid_alchemy tutorial

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y i
m
p
o
r
t c
r
e
a
t
e
_
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
n
g
i
n
e = c
r
e
a
t
e
_
e
n
g
i
n
e
(
‘
d
i
a
l
e
c
t
+
d
r
i
v
e
r
:
/
/
U
S
E
R
:
P
A
S
S
@
H
O
S
T
:
P
O
R
T
/
D
B
’
)

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Porcelain

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
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c
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e
m
y
.
e
x
t
.
d
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
v
e i
m
p
o
r
t (
d
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
_
b
a
s
e
)
B
a
s
e = d
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
_
b
a
s
e
(
)

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y i
m
p
o
r
t (
C
o
l
u
m
n
,
 
I
n
t
e
g
e
r
,
S
t
r
i
n
g
,
F
l
o
a
t
)
f
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m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y i
m
p
o
r
t F
o
r
e
i
g
n
K
e
y
f
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o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y
.
o
r
m i
m
p
o
r
t (
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
,
b
a
c
k
r
e
f
)

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c
l
a
s
s U
s
e
r
(
B
a
s
e
)
:
_
_
t
a
b
l
e
n
a
m
e
_
_ = '
u
s
e
r
s
'
i
d = C
o
l
u
m
n
(
I
n
t
e
g
e
r
, p
r
i
m
a
r
y
_
k
e
y
=
T
r
u
e
)
n
a
m
e = C
o
l
u
m
n
(
S
t
r
i
n
g
)
f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e = C
o
l
u
m
n
(
S
t
r
i
n
g
)
b
a
l
a
n
c
e = C
o
l
u
m
n
(
F
l
o
a
t
)
g
r
o
u
p = C
o
l
u
m
n
(
S
t
r
i
n
g
)
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s = r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
(
"
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
"
,
o
r
d
e
r
_
b
y
=
"
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
.
i
d
"
,
b
a
c
k
r
e
f
=
"
u
s
e
r
"
)

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d
e
f _
_
i
n
i
t
_
_
(
s
e
l
f
, n
a
m
e
, f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e
, b
a
l
a
n
c
e
, g
r
o
u
p
)
:
s
e
l
f
.
n
a
m
e = n
a
m
e
s
e
l
f
.
f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e = f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e
s
e
l
f
.
b
a
l
a
n
c
e = b
a
l
a
n
c
e
s
e
l
f
.
g
r
o
u
p = g
r
o
u
p

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B
a
s
e
.
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
.
c
r
e
a
t
e
_
a
l
l
(
e
n
g
i
n
e
)

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y
.
o
r
m i
m
p
o
r
t s
e
s
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
e
r
S
e
s
s
i
o
n = s
e
s
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
e
r
(
b
i
n
d
=
e
n
g
i
n
e
)
d
b = S
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
)

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u
s
e
r
1 = U
s
e
r
(
'
B
o
b
'
, '
B
i
g B
o
b
'
, 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
, '
M
o
b
'
)
u
s
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r
2 = U
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r
(
'
L
i
n
d
a
'
, '
L
i
n
d
a L
u
'
, 1
0
0
.
5
0
, '
D
i
n
e
r
'
)
u
s
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r
3 = U
s
e
r
(
'
L
i
l B
o
b
'
, '
B
o
b
b
y J
r
'
, 1
0
0
5
0
0
.
0
0
, '
M
o
b
'
)
u
s
e
r
4 = U
s
e
r
(
'
R
a
c
h
a
e
l
'
, '
R
a
c
h
a
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l R
a
c
h
'
, 1
2
5
.
5
0
, '
P
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
'
)

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d
b
.
a
d
d
(
u
s
e
r
1
)
d
b
.
c
o
m
m
i
t
(
)
d
b
.
d
e
l
e
t
e
(
u
s
e
r
1
)

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d
b
.
e
x
p
u
n
g
e
(
u
s
e
r
1
)
d
b
.
r
e
f
r
e
s
h
(
u
s
e
r
1
)
d
b
.
e
x
p
i
r
e
(
u
s
e
r
1
)
d
b
.
r
o
l
l
b
a
c
k
(
)

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f
o
r u
s
e
r i
n d
b
.
q
u
e
r
y
(
U
s
e
r
)
.
a
l
l
(
)
:
p
r
i
n
t u
s
e
r
.
n
a
m
e
, u
s
e
r
.
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
O
u
t
[
1
]
: B
o
b 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0

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e
n
t
r
i
e
s = d
b
.
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
.
q
u
e
r
y
(
E
n
t
r
i
e
s
)
.
f
i
l
t
e
r
_
b
y
(
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
=
u
s
e
r
.
i
d
)
\
.
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
E
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
e
n
t
r
y
_
t
i
m
e >
(
d
a
t
e
t
i
m
e
.
d
a
t
e
t
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m
e
.
u
t
c
n
o
w
(
) - d
a
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t
i
m
e
.
t
i
m
e
d
e
l
t
a
(
3
0
)
)
)
.
o
r
d
e
r
_
b
y
(
'
I
D D
E
S
C
'
)
.
a
l
l
(
)

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S
E
L
E
C
T e
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
i
d A
S e
n
t
r
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s
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r
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d A
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r
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e
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t
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.
p
h
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e A
S e
n
t
r
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s
_
p
h
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,
e
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t
r
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m
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a
s
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m
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t A
S e
n
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_
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t
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t
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s
.
i
n
s
u
l
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n A
S e
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t
r
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s
u
l
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s
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s
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l
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s
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c
a
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b
s A
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b
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t
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_
t
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m
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t
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s
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s
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c
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d
_
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S e
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r
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c
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a
t
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d
_
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F
R
O
M e
n
t
r
i
e
s
W
H
E
R
E e
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
u
s
e
r
_
i
d = :
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
_
1
A
N
D e
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
e
n
t
r
y
_
t
i
m
e > :
e
n
t
r
y
_
t
i
m
e
_
1
O
R
D
E
R B
Y I
D D
E
S
C

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y i
m
p
o
r
t f
u
n
c
f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y
.
s
q
l i
m
p
o
r
t l
a
b
e
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
s = d
b
.
q
u
e
r
y
(
U
s
e
r
.
g
r
o
u
p
,
l
a
b
e
l
(
'
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
'
, f
u
n
c
.
c
o
u
n
t
(
U
s
e
r
.
i
d
)
)
,
l
a
b
e
l
(
'
t
o
t
a
l
_
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
'
,
f
u
n
c
.
s
u
m
(
U
s
e
r
.
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
)
)
)
.
g
r
o
u
p
_
b
y
(
U
s
e
r
.
g
r
o
u
p
)
.
a
l
l
(
)
f
o
r r
e
s
u
l
t i
n r
e
s
u
l
t
s
:
p
r
i
n
t r
e
s
u
l
t
.
g
r
o
u
p
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
.
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
.
t
o
t
a
l
_
b
a
l
a
n
c
e

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b
o
b
.
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
.
a
p
p
e
n
d
(
h
o
m
e
_
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
)
b
o
b
.
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
b
o
b
.
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
.
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
.
t
y
p
e
=
'
H
'
)
.
o
n
e
(
)

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q
u
e
r
y = d
b
.
q
u
e
r
y
(
U
s
e
r
, A
d
d
r
e
s
s
)
.
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
U
s
e
r
.
i
d
=
=
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
.
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
)
q
u
e
r
y = q
u
e
r
y
.
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
.
e
m
a
i
l
_
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
=
=
'
j
a
c
k
@
g
o
o
g
.
c
o
m
'
)
.
a
l
l
(
)

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@
h
y
b
r
i
d
_
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
d
e
f g
r
a
n
d
_
t
o
t
a
l
(
s
e
l
f
)
:
r
o
l
l
u
p
_
f
i
e
l
d
s = [
'
m
e
r
c
h
a
n
d
i
s
e
_
c
o
s
t
'
,
'
t
a
x
'
,
'
s
h
i
p
p
i
n
g
'
,
]
t
o
t
a
l = s
u
m
(
[
s
e
l
f
.
_
_
g
e
t
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
_
_
(
x
) f
o
r x i
n r
o
l
l
u
p
_
f
i
e
l
d
s
]
)
r
e
t
u
r
n r
o
u
n
d
(
t
o
t
a
l
, 2
)

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Plumbing

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y i
m
p
o
r
t c
r
e
a
t
e
_
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
n
g
i
n
e = c
r
e
a
t
e
_
e
n
g
i
n
e
(
‘
d
i
a
l
e
c
t
+
d
r
i
v
e
r
:
/
/
U
S
E
R
:
P
A
S
S
@
H
O
S
T
:
P
O
R
T
/
D
B
’
)

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f
r
o
m s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y i
m
p
o
r
t (
T
a
b
l
e
, C
o
l
u
m
n
,
I
n
t
e
g
e
r
, S
t
r
i
n
g
, M
e
t
a
D
a
t
a
, F
o
r
e
i
g
n
K
e
y
)
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a = M
e
t
a
D
a
t
a
(
)
u
s
e
r
s = T
a
b
l
e
(
'
u
s
e
r
s
'
, m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
,
C
o
l
u
m
n
(
'
i
d
'
, I
n
t
e
g
e
r
, p
r
i
m
a
r
y
_
k
e
y
=
T
r
u
e
)
,
C
o
l
u
m
n
(
'
n
a
m
e
'
, S
t
r
i
n
g
)
,
C
o
l
u
m
n
(
'
f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e
'
, S
t
r
i
n
g
)
,
)

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B
a
s
e
.
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
.
c
r
e
a
t
e
_
a
l
l
(
e
n
g
i
n
e
)
c
o
n
n = e
n
g
i
n
e
.
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
(
)

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i
n
s = u
s
e
r
s
.
i
n
s
e
r
t
(
)
.
v
a
l
u
e
s
(
n
a
m
e
=
'
j
a
c
k
'
, f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e
=
'
J
a
c
k B
e
l
l
'
)
r
e
s
u
l
t = c
o
n
n
.
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
(
i
n
s
)
i
n
s = u
s
e
r
s
.
i
n
s
e
r
t
(
)
c
o
n
n
.
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
(
i
n
s
, i
d
=
2
, n
a
m
e
=
'
w
e
n
d
y
'
, f
u
l
l
n
a
m
e
=
'
W
e
n
d
y M
c
D
o
n
a
l
d
s
'
)

View Slide

c
o
n
n
.
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
(
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
.
i
n
s
e
r
t
(
)
, [
{
'
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
'
: 1
, '
e
m
a
i
l
_
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
' : '
j
@
y
.
c
o
m
'
}
,
{
'
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
'
: 1
, '
e
m
a
i
l
_
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
' : '
j
@
m
.
c
o
m
'
}
,
]
)

View Slide

d
e
f b
u
i
l
d
_
t
a
b
l
e
(
t
a
b
l
e
_
n
a
m
e
)
:
r
e
t
u
r
n T
a
b
l
e
(
t
a
b
l
e
_
n
a
m
e
,
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
,
a
u
t
o
l
o
a
d
=
T
r
u
e
,
a
u
t
o
l
o
a
d
_
w
i
t
h
=
e
n
g
i
n
e
)

View Slide

b
u
i
l
d
_
t
a
b
l
e
(
'
c
e
n
s
u
s
'
)
u
n
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
_
f
i
e
l
d
s = [
c
.
n
a
m
e f
o
r c i
n t
.
c i
f i
s
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
c
.
t
y
p
e
, N
u
l
l
T
y
p
e
)
]

View Slide

View Slide

Informix
MS SQL
Oracle
Postgres
SQLite
Custom

View Slide

c
l
a
s
s U
n
l
o
a
d
F
r
o
m
S
e
l
e
c
t
(
E
x
e
c
u
t
a
b
l
e
, C
l
a
u
s
e
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
)
:
d
e
f _
_
i
n
i
t
_
_
(
s
e
l
f
, s
e
l
e
c
t
, b
u
c
k
e
t
, a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
, s
e
c
r
e
t
_
k
e
y
)
:
s
e
l
f
.
s
e
l
e
c
t = s
e
l
e
c
t
s
e
l
f
.
b
u
c
k
e
t = b
u
c
k
e
t
s
e
l
f
.
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y = a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
s
e
l
f
.
s
e
c
r
e
t
_
k
e
y = s
e
c
r
e
t
_
k
e
y
@
c
o
m
p
i
l
e
s
(
U
n
l
o
a
d
F
r
o
m
S
e
l
e
c
t
)
d
e
f v
i
s
i
t
_
u
n
l
o
a
d
_
f
r
o
m
_
s
e
l
e
c
t
(
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
, c
o
m
p
i
l
e
r
, *
*
k
w
)
:
r
e
t
u
r
n "
u
n
l
o
a
d (
'
%
(
q
u
e
r
y
)
s
'
) t
o '
%
(
b
u
c
k
e
t
)
s
'
c
r
e
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
s '
a
w
s
_
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
_
i
d
=
%
(
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
)
s
;
a
w
s
_
s
e
c
r
e
t
_
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
=
%
(
s
e
c
r
e
t
_
k
e
y
)
s
' d
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
r '
,
'
a
d
d
q
u
o
t
e
s a
l
l
o
w
o
v
e
r
w
r
i
t
e
" % {
'
q
u
e
r
y
'
: c
o
m
p
i
l
e
r
.
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
(
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
s
e
l
e
c
t
,
u
n
l
o
a
d
_
s
e
l
e
c
t
=
T
r
u
e
, l
i
t
e
r
a
l
_
b
i
n
d
s
=
T
r
u
e
)
,
'
b
u
c
k
e
t
'
: e
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
b
u
c
k
e
t
,
'
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
'
: e
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
,
'
s
e
c
r
e
t
_
k
e
y
'
: e
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
s
e
c
r
e
t
_
k
e
y
,
}

View Slide

u
n
l
o
a
d = U
n
l
o
a
d
F
r
o
m
S
e
l
e
c
t
(
s
e
l
e
c
t
(
[
f
i
e
l
d
s
]
)
,
'
/
'
.
j
o
i
n
(
[
'
s
3
:
/
'
, B
U
C
K
E
T
, f
i
l
e
n
a
m
e
]
)
,
A
C
C
E
S
S
_
K
E
Y
,
S
E
C
R
E
T
_
K
E
Y
)

View Slide

u
n
l
o
a
d (
'
s
e
l
e
c
t * f
r
o
m v
e
n
u
e w
h
e
r
e v
e
n
u
e
i
d i
n (
s
e
l
e
c
t v
e
n
u
e
i
d f
r
o
m v
e
n
u
e o
r
d
e
r b
y v
e
n
u
e
i
d d
e
s
c l
i
m
i
t 1
0
)
'
)
t
o '
s
3
:
/
/
m
y
b
u
c
k
e
t
/
v
e
n
u
e
_
p
i
p
e
_
'
c
r
e
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
s '
a
w
s
_
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
_
i
d
=
A
C
C
E
S
S
_
K
E
Y
;
a
w
s
_
s
e
c
r
e
t
_
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
k
e
y
=
S
E
C
R
E
T
_
K
E
Y
'
;

View Slide

s = s
e
l
e
c
t
(
[
t
.
c
.
r
a
c
e
,
t
.
c
.
f
a
c
t
o
r
,
f
u
n
c
.
s
u
m
(
g
.
t
.
c
.
v
a
l
u
e
)
.
l
a
b
e
l
(
'
s
u
m
m
e
d
'
)
]
, t
.
c
.
r
a
c
e > 0
)
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
a
n
d
_
(
t
.
c
.
t
y
p
e =
= '
P
O
V
E
R
T
Y
'
,
t
.
c
.
v
a
l
u
e !
= 0
)
)
.
g
r
o
u
p
_
b
y
(
t
.
c
.
r
a
c
e
,
t
.
c
.
f
a
c
t
o
r
)
.
o
r
d
e
r
_
b
y
(
t
.
c
.
r
a
c
e
,
t
.
c
.
f
a
c
t
o
r
)

View Slide

s = s
e
l
e
c
t
(
[
t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
_
y
e
a
r
,
f
u
n
c
.
c
o
u
n
t
(
1
)
.
l
a
b
e
l
(
'
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
_
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
'
)
,
t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
z
i
p
_
c
o
d
e
,
]
, t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
_
y
e
a
r
.
i
n
_
(
y
e
a
r
s
)
)
.
g
r
o
u
p
_
b
y
(
t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
_
y
e
a
r
)
s = s
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
_
n
a
m
e =
= p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
)
i
f '
t
o
t
a
l
_
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
' n
o
t i
n u
n
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
_
f
i
e
l
d
s
:
s = s
.
c
o
l
u
m
n
(
f
u
n
c
.
s
u
m
(
t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
t
o
t
a
l
_
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
)
.
l
a
b
e
l
(
'
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
_
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
'
)
)
s = s
.
g
r
o
u
p
_
b
y
(
t
a
b
l
e
.
c
.
z
i
p
_
c
o
d
e
)
s = s
.
o
r
d
e
r
_
b
y
(
'
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s D
E
S
C
'
)
c
a
s
e
s = c
o
n
n
.
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
(
s
)
.
f
e
t
c
h
a
l
l
(
)

View Slide

View Slide

pip install alembic

View Slide

alembic init alembic

View Slide

View Slide

# A g
e
n
e
r
i
c
, s
i
n
g
l
e d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
[
a
l
e
m
b
i
c
]
# p
a
t
h t
o m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n s
c
r
i
p
t
s
s
c
r
i
p
t
_
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n = a
l
e
m
b
i
c
# t
e
m
p
l
a
t
e u
s
e
d t
o g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n f
i
l
e
s
# f
i
l
e
_
t
e
m
p
l
a
t
e = %
%
(
r
e
v
)
s
_
%
%
(
s
l
u
g
)
s
# s
e
t t
o '
t
r
u
e
' t
o r
u
n t
h
e e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t d
u
r
i
n
g
# t
h
e '
r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
' c
o
m
m
a
n
d
, r
e
g
a
r
d
l
e
s
s o
f
a
u
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
# r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
_
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t = f
a
l
s
e
s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y
.
u
r
l = d
r
i
v
e
r
:
/
/
u
s
e
r
:
p
a
s
s
@
l
o
c
a
l
h
o
s
t
/
d
b
n
a
m
e

View Slide

f
r
o
m g
l
u i
m
p
o
r
t d
b
t
a
r
g
e
t
_
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a = d
b
.
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
d
e
f r
u
n
_
m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
_
o
n
l
i
n
e
(
)
:
a
l
e
m
b
i
c
_
c
o
n
f
i
g = c
o
n
f
i
g
.
g
e
t
_
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
c
o
n
f
i
g
.
c
o
n
f
i
g
_
i
n
i
_
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
f
r
o
m c
o
n
f
i
g i
m
p
o
r
t S
Q
L
A
L
C
H
E
M
Y
_
D
A
T
A
B
A
S
E
_
U
R
I
a
l
e
m
b
i
c
_
c
o
n
f
i
g
[
'
s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y
.
u
r
l
'
] = S
Q
L
A
L
C
H
E
M
Y
_
D
A
T
A
B
A
S
E
_
U
R
I
e
n
g
i
n
e = e
n
g
i
n
e
_
f
r
o
m
_
c
o
n
f
i
g
(
a
l
e
m
b
i
c
_
c
o
n
f
i
g
,
p
r
e
f
i
x
=
'
s
q
l
a
l
c
h
e
m
y
.
'
,
p
o
o
l
c
l
a
s
s
=
p
o
o
l
.
N
u
l
l
P
o
o
l
)

View Slide

View Slide

alembic revision -m "initial"

View Slide

d
e
f u
p
g
r
a
d
e
(
)
:
o
p
.
c
r
e
a
t
e
_
t
a
b
l
e
(
'
u
s
e
r
s
_
t
o
_
u
s
e
r
s
'
,
s
a
.
C
o
l
u
m
n
(
'
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
_
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
'
, s
a
.
I
n
t
e
g
e
r
(
)
, n
u
l
l
a
b
l
e
=
F
a
l
s
e
)
,
s
a
.
C
o
l
u
m
n
(
'
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
_
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
'
, s
a
.
I
n
t
e
g
e
r
(
)
, n
u
l
l
a
b
l
e
=
F
a
l
s
e
)
,
s
a
.
F
o
r
e
i
g
n
K
e
y
C
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
(
[
'
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
_
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
'
]
, [
'
u
s
e
r
s
.
i
d
'
]
,
)
,
s
a
.
F
o
r
e
i
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n
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alembic upgrade head

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alembic revision --autogenerate -m "Added account table"

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Table (adds/removes)
Columns (adds/removes)
Nullable changes

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View Slide

Optionally: Column Type changes
compare_type=True
No Name changes on Columns or Table

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alembic current
alembic upgrade +2
alembic downgrade -1
alembic upgrade ae1
alembic upgrade 1 --sql > file.sql
alembic history

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THE END
@jasonamyers

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Introduction to SQLAlchemy and Alembic

Introduction to SQLAlchemy and Alembic

Jason Myers

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