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Network archaeology: Phase transition in the recoverability of network history

Network archaeology: Phase transition in the recoverability of network history

Talk presented at NetSci 2018 (https://www.netsci2018.com/)

paper (open-access): https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041056
Code: https://github.com/jg-you/network-archaeology
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.09191

Network growth processes can be understood as generative models of the structure and history of complex networks. This point of view naturally leads to the problem of network archaeology: Reconstructing all the past states of a network from its structure---a difficult permutation inference problem. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian formulation of network archaeology, with a generalization of preferential attachment as our generative mechanism. We develop a sequential importance sampling algorithm to evaluate the posterior averages of this model, as well as an efficient heuristic that uncovers the history of a network in linear time. We use these methods to identify and characterize a phase transition in the quality of the reconstructed history, when they are applied to artificial networks generated by the model itself. Despite the existence of a no-recovery phase, we find that non-trivial inference is possible in a large portion of the parameter space as well as on empirical data.

Jean-Gabriel Young

June 13, 2018
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  1. N : P J.-G. Young1 L. Hébert-Dufresne1,2, E. Laurence1, C.

    Murphy1 G. St-Onge1 and P. Desrosiers1,3 June th — NetSci — Theory I . Département de physique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada . Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA . Centre de recherche de CERVO, QC, Québec, Canada
  2. / Great fit of macro quantities via A.L. Barabási &

    R. Albert, Science, L. Hébert-Dufresne et al., Phys. Rev. E, JGY et al., Phys. Rev. E, L. Hébert-Dufresne et al., Phys. Rev. E,
  3. / Natural question : What else can we learn from

    growth models? Some answers : Micro-evolution [J. Leskovec et al., ACM SIGKDD ( ) Prominence of growth rules [T. Pham et al., PLoS ONE ( )]
  4. / Natural question : What else can we learn from

    growth models? Some answers : Micro-evolution [J. Leskovec et al., ACM SIGKDD ( ) Prominence of growth rules [T. Pham et al., PLoS ONE ( )] First node(s) [S. Bubeck et al., Random Struct. Algor., ( )] History [J. Pinney et al., PNAS ( ); A. Magner et al. WWW ( )]
  5. T /

  6. / The network archaeology problem : definitions G : Unannotated

    network X : Modifications to G, ordered in time E Possible history : X (e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 4 , e 5 ) in T 5 steps.
  7. / The network archaeology problem : Bayesian formulation S I

    We assume that the parameters θ are known, such that P(X|G, θ) P(G|X, θ)P(X|θ) P(G|θ) ∝ P(G|X, θ)P(X|θ) . Probabilities defined by a model : Likelihood P(G|X, θ) : Prob. of G given history X (logical) Prior P(X|θ) : Prob. of producing X Evidence P(G|θ) X P(G|X, θ)P(X|θ)
  8. A /

  9. / Parametrized random attachment model : concept Preferential attachment with

    general attachment kernel g(k) kγ (γ ∈ R); events between existing nodes (prob. 1 − b). Each discrete time t : new edge, choose site with prob. ∝ g(k)
  10. / Algorithms for network archaeology Our goal : Order the

    edges of G, assuming the G generated by PA We compare three methods : . Degree ordering. Higher degree = older. . Onion decomposition (generalizes k-core). Central = older. . Principled inference by sampling. Evaluate expected arrival time of each edge according to P(X|G, θ). Onion decomposition : [L. Hébert-Dufresne, J. Grochow, and A. Allard, Sci Rep., ( )]
  11. E /

  12. / Experiments and results : real system Social network built

    with emails ( day) Nodes ( ) : Researchers Edges ( ) : Reciprocated emails (40+) [Paranjape et al., ACM Web Search and Data Mining ( )]
  13. / Experiments and results : real system 0 200 400

    True arrival time X (e) 0 200 400 Estimated arrival time (e) (a) 0 200 400 True arrival time X (e) 0 200 400 (b) 0 200 400 True arrival time X (e) 0 200 400 (c) Degree (ρ 0.39) Onion (ρ 0.41) Sampled (ρ 0.62)
  14. / Experiments and results : artificial networks ( of )

    E Generate artificial networks with fixed loopiness b and vary the strength of the rich-get-richer mechanism via γ.
  15. / Experiments and results : artificial networks ( of )

    Tree networks (b 1) Loopy networks (b < 1) 10 5 0 5 10 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Correlation (a) Bayesian Degree Onion 10 5 0 5 10 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Correlation (b) Bayesian Degree Onion
  16. / Experiments and results : artificial networks ( of )

    10 5 0 5 10 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Correlation Bayesian Degree Onion Condensation begins: Possible but imperfect Chains: Easy Nearly star-graphs: Impossible Phenomenology of the model [Krapivsky et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., ]
  17. C /

  18. / Take-home message Network archaeology : Recover history encoded in

    structure. Reference : arxiv.org/ . Software : github.com/jg-you/network-archaeo ogy
  19. / Take-home message Network archaeology : Recover history encoded in

    structure. Best inference results rely on a full knowledge of the model and a Bayesian formulation, but ∃ efficient approximation. Reference : arxiv.org/ . Software : github.com/jg-you/network-archaeo ogy
  20. / Take-home message Network archaeology : Recover history encoded in

    structure. Best inference results rely on a full knowledge of the model and a Bayesian formulation, but ∃ efficient approximation. There are fundamental limits to inference. Reference : arxiv.org/ . Software : github.com/jg-you/network-archaeo ogy
  21. / Take-home message Network archaeology : Recover history encoded in

    structure. Best inference results rely on a full knowledge of the model and a Bayesian formulation, but ∃ efficient approximation. There are fundamental limits to inference. Imperfect but non-trivial inference on real systems. Reference : arxiv.org/ . Software : github.com/jg-you/network-archaeo ogy
  22. / Selected references O ( ) J.-G. Young, L. Hébert-Dufresne,

    E. Laurence, C. Murphy, G. St-Onge and P. Desrosiers arxiv : . Archaeology in PPI networks ( ) J. W. Pinney et al., PNAS , ( ) ( ) S. Navlakha and C. Kingsford, PLoS Comput. Biol. , ( ) Archaeology in SF networks ( ) S. Bubeck et al., Random Struct. Algor., , ( ) ( ) A. Magner et al., WWW ( )