of their talents, grossly overestimating where they stack up against their peers. • Expertise increases self-knowledge, which includes awareness of one’s limitations Leadership-as-a-Behavior: “Confidence vs. Competence” Implications • Meanwhile, the most competent people will exhibit much self-criticism and self-doubt, especially relative to their expertise. • The implications of these findings are clear: the more you know, the more aware you are of what you know and what you don’t. • Conversely, the less you know, the less aware you are of your limitations and the more overconfident you will be.