恒星種族に刻印された化石情報 から紐解く楕円銀河の形成史

2015年度 第45回天文・天体物理若手夏の学校の銀河・銀河団分科会での招待講演のスライドです。

Transcript

1. ߃੕छ଒ʹࠁҹ͞ΕͨԽੴ৘ใ ͔Βඥղ͘ପԁۜՏͷܗ੒࢙ খ໺ࣉਔਓʢεΠε࿈๜νϡʔϦοώ޻Պେֶʣ @masato_onodera
2. ུྺ • 2001೥3݄: ౦ژେֶཧֶ෦ఱจֶՊଔۀ • 2006೥3݄: ത࢜(ཧֶ) @ ౦ژେֶཧֶܥݚڀՊఱจֶઐ߈ • 2006೥4-9݄: ࠃཱఱจ୆ CfCA ݚڀࢧԉһ • 2006೥10݄-2008೥9݄: Ԇੈେֶ BK21 ݚڀһ (ؖࠃ) • 2008೥10݄-2010೥9݄: ϑϥϯεݪࢠྗி (CEA/Saclay) ݚڀһ • 2010೥10݄-ݱࡏ: νϡʔϦοώ޻Պେֶ (ETH Zürich) ݚڀһ ւ֎Ͱͷݚڀੜ׆ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺ ໌೔ͷશମاըͰ
3. Ξ΢τϥΠϯ 1. ۜՏͷεϖΫτϧͱ߃੕छ଒ 2. ۙ๣Ӊ஦ͷପԁۜՏͷ߃੕छ଒ 3. ԕํӉ஦ͷପԁۜՏͷ߃੕छ଒ 4. ߃੕छ଒͕伴ͱͳΔۜՏਐԽͷ໰୊ͷྫ 5. ࠓޙͷ՝୊ͱల๬ 6. ·ͱΊ
4. ۜՏͷεϖΫτϧͱ߃੕छ଒
5. ًઢ: Ψε ٵऩઢͱ࿈ଓޫ: ੕ Oh et al. (2011) ए͍ ݹ͍ ૣظܕ (E/S0)ʹͳΔʹͭΕͯ ࿈ଓޫͷ৭͕੺͘ͳΔɺًઢ͕ݟΒΕ ͳ͘ͳΔɺਫૉͷٵऩઢ͕ऑ͘ͳΔ → ݹ͍੕͕୎ӽ
6. ًઢ: Ψε ٵऩઢͱ࿈ଓޫ: ੕ Oh et al. (2011) ए͍ ݹ͍ ૣظܕ (E/S0)ʹͳΔʹͭΕͯ ࿈ଓޫͷ৭͕੺͘ͳΔɺًઢ͕ݟΒΕ ͳ͘ͳΔɺਫૉͷٵऩઢ͕ऑ͘ͳΔ → ݹ͍੕͕୎ӽ
7. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
8. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
9. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
10. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
11. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
12. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
13. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
14. SSP Λ੕ܗ੒࢙ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ଍͋͠Θ ͤ (͓޷ΈͰμετݮޫʴ࠶์ࣹ) ߃੕छ଒εϖΫτϧͷ
 Ϩγϐ CSP composite stellar population SSP simple stellar population ୯Ұ೥ྸɾ୯Ұۚଐྔͷ੕ͷू·Γ ੕ͷεϖΫτϧΛ isochrone (౳࣌ۂઢ) ʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺIMF (initial mass function; ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺) ͰॏΈΛ͚ͭͯ ଍͋͠Θͤ Conroy (2013) ϝδϟʔͳϞσϧ
 Kodama & Arimoto (1997), Fioc & Rocca- Volmerange (1997), Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
 Maraston (2005), Conroy et al. (2009), Vazdekis et al. (2010)
15. ߃੕छ଒Λಛ௃͚ͮΔύϥϝʔλ ೥ྸ
    Ͳͷ೥ྸͷ߃੕छ଒͕ࢧ഑త͔ ۚଐྔ
    ॏݩૉྔ
    ۚଐݩૉ͢΂ͯΛ଍ͨ͠΋ͷ [Z/H] ΍ [M/H] ͱදه ݩૉ૊੒ൺ
    ֤ݩૉͷ૊੒ൺ: (ྫ) [Fe/H], [Mg/Fe], [α/Fe] α-ݩૉ: He੔਺ഒͷݪࢠྔΛ࣋ͭݩૉ Ͱ O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti ౳ *[X/Y]=log(X/Y)-log(X/Y)sun
16. Ճྸʹ൐͏ݱ৅ 108 yr 1010 yr [Z/H]=0
17. Ճྸʹ൐͏ݱ৅ • શମతʹ҉͘ͳΔ (M/L͕େ͖͘ͳΔ) 108 yr 1010 yr [Z/H]=0
18. Ճྸʹ൐͏ݱ৅ • શମతʹ҉͘ͳΔ (M/L͕େ͖͘ͳΔ) • ৭͕੺͘ͳΔ 108 yr 1010 yr [Z/H]=0
19. Ճྸʹ൐͏ݱ৅ • શମతʹ҉͘ͳΔ (M/L͕େ͖͘ͳΔ) • ৭͕੺͘ͳΔ • 4000ÅϒϨΠΫ͕ڧ ͘ͳΔ 108 yr 1010 yr [Z/H]=0
20. ۚଐྔ૿Ճʹ൐͏ݱ৅ [Z/H]=-2.32 [Z/H]=0.22 109 yr
21. ۚଐྔ૿Ճʹ൐͏ݱ৅ • શମతʹ҉͘ͳΔ (M/L͕େ͖͘ͳΔ) [Z/H]=-2.32 [Z/H]=0.22 109 yr
22. ۚଐྔ૿Ճʹ൐͏ݱ৅ • શମతʹ҉͘ͳΔ (M/L͕େ͖͘ͳΔ) • ৭͕੺͘ͳΔ [Z/H]=-2.32 [Z/H]=0.22 109 yr
23. ۚଐྔ૿Ճʹ൐͏ݱ৅ • શମతʹ҉͘ͳΔ (M/L͕େ͖͘ͳΔ) • ৭͕੺͘ͳΔ • 4000ÅϒϨΠΫ͕ڧ ͘ͳΔ [Z/H]=-2.32 [Z/H]=0.22 109 yr
24. ೥ྸͱۚଐྔͷॖୀ • ݹͯ͘௿ۚଐྔͷ߃੕छ଒ͱ एͯ͘ߴۚଐྔͷ߃੕छ଒͸ ۠ผ͕Ή͔͍ͣ͠ • গͳ͘ͱ΋ɺ৭Ͱͷ۠ผ͸
 ඇৗʹࠔ೉ • ೥ྸΛ3ഒ͢ΔͱۚଐྔΛ2ഒ ʹ͢Δͷͱಉ͡ޮՌ
 (3/2ϧʔϧ; Worthey 1994) age=4Gyr; [Z/H]=0.22 age=9Gyr; [Z/H]=0
25. ݩૉ૊੒ൺ • αݩૉ͸IIܕ௒৽੕ɺFe͸Iaܕ ௒৽੕͔Β • IIܕ: ੕ܗ੒௚ޙ͔ΒॏݩૉԚ છΛ͓͜ͳ͏ • Iaܕ: ੕ܗ੒ޙ͠͹Β͔ͯ͘͠ Βൃੜ (਺ඦMyr-਺Gyr) • [α/Fe]-[Fe/H]ͷંΕۂ͕Γͷ Ґஔ͔Β੕ܗ੒ͷ࣌ؒεέʔ ϧΛਪఆՄೳ Venn et al. (2004)
26. ݩૉ૊੒ൺ • αݩૉ͸IIܕ௒৽੕ɺFe͸Iaܕ ௒৽੕͔Β • IIܕ: ੕ܗ੒௚ޙ͔ΒॏݩૉԚ છΛ͓͜ͳ͏ • Iaܕ: ੕ܗ੒ޙ͠͹Β͔ͯ͘͠ Βൃੜ (਺ඦMyr-਺Gyr) • [α/Fe]-[Fe/H]ͷંΕۂ͕Γͷ Ґஔ͔Β੕ܗ੒ͷ࣌ؒεέʔ ϧΛਪఆՄೳ Venn et al. (2004)
27. ݩૉ૊੒ൺ • αݩૉ͸IIܕ௒৽੕ɺFe͸Iaܕ ௒৽੕͔Β • IIܕ: ੕ܗ੒௚ޙ͔ΒॏݩૉԚ છΛ͓͜ͳ͏ • Iaܕ: ੕ܗ੒ޙ͠͹Β͔ͯ͘͠ Βൃੜ (਺ඦMyr-਺Gyr) • [α/Fe]-[Fe/H]ͷંΕۂ͕Γͷ Ґஔ͔Β੕ܗ੒ͷ࣌ؒεέʔ ϧΛਪఆՄೳ Venn et al. (2004)
28. ݩૉ૊੒ൺ • αݩૉ͸IIܕ௒৽੕ɺFe͸Iaܕ ௒৽੕͔Β • IIܕ: ੕ܗ੒௚ޙ͔ΒॏݩૉԚ છΛ͓͜ͳ͏ • Iaܕ: ੕ܗ੒ޙ͠͹Β͔ͯ͘͠ Βൃੜ (਺ඦMyr-਺Gyr) • [α/Fe]-[Fe/H]ͷંΕۂ͕Γͷ Ґஔ͔Β੕ܗ੒ͷ࣌ؒεέʔ ϧΛਪఆՄೳ Iaܕͷد༩૿େ Venn et al. (2004)
29. ݩૉ૊੒ൺ͕εϖΫτϧʹ༩͑ΔӨڹ Conroy et al. (2013) [X/H]Λ0.3dex ૿΍ͨ͠ͱ͖ͷ ϑϥοΫεͷม Խྔ
30. ߃੕छ଒ύϥϝʔλΛਪఆ͢Δ • ೥ྸͱۚଐྔͷॖୀ͕͋ΔͷͰɺࡱ૾σʔλ͔ Β͸Ή͔͍ͣ͠ɻ੩ࢭܥՄࢹεϖΫτϧΛ࢖͏ • ೥ྸ: ਫૉͷόϧϚʔٵऩઢ (Hβ, Hγ, Hδ) • ۚଐྔ: ۚଐٵऩઢ • ݩૉ૊੒: ֤ݩૉͷٵऩઢ
31. εϖΫτϧΠϯσοΫε • 20೥Ҏ্ͷྺ࢙͕͋ Δख๏ (e.g., Worthey et al. 1994) • Lick indices ͕༗໊ • ٵऩઢ౳Ձ෯ͷηοτ Mg2 ࿈ଓޫ(੨) ٵऩઢ ࿈ଓޫ(੺) http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/Astrof/software/indexf/indexf.html
32. Kelson et al. (2006), Vazdekis et al. (2010), Oh et al. (2011)
33. Kelson et al. (2006), Vazdekis et al. (2010), Oh et al. (2011)
34. Kelson et al. (2006), Vazdekis et al. (2010), Oh et al. (2011) ೥ྸ ۚଐྔ
35. • ϝϦοτ • ౳Ձ෯Λ࢖͏ͷͰଟগ S/N ͕௿ͯ͘΋࢖͑Δ • μετݮޫͷӨڹ͕গͳ͍ • αݩૉͷӨڹ͕Α͘ௐ΂ΒΕ͍ͯΔ • σϝϦοτ • ཧ࿦Ϟσϧ͕جຊతʹ SSP ͳͷͰɺ੕ܗ੒͕ࢭ·͍ͬͯͳ͍ͱ࢖͍ ʹ͍͘ (ҙຯΛͳ͞ͳ͍) • εϖΫτϧΛ͔ͳΓ௿෼ࢄʹμ΢ϯάϨʔυ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍
 (୅ସҊ͸͋Δ͕ɺ͋·Γ࢖ΘΕ͍ͯͳ͍; e.g., Vazdekis et al. 2010)
36. Full Spectral Fitting Onodera et al. (2012)
37. • ϝϦοτ • ࢖͑Δ৘ใ͕ଟ͍ • ؔ਺ܥͷԾఆͳ͠Ͱ੕ܗ੒࢙ΛٻΊΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ • ًઢͷӨڹ΋ಉ࣌ʹਪఆՄೳ • σϝϦοτ • ϑΟοςΟϯά͕ඇઢܗͰɺ͔͠΋ύϥϝʔλ͕ଟ͍ • μετݮޫ΍ϑϥοΫεֱਖ਼ͷӨڹ͕େ͖͍ • ϊϯθϩ[α/Fe]Λѻ͍ͬͯΔSSPϞσϧ͕·ͩগͳ͍ (Vazdekis et al. 2015)
38. Onodera et al. (2012)
39. ࣮ࡍͷ߃੕छ଒ͷݚڀ • ΠϯσοΫεΛ࢖ͬͨྺ࢙తͳख๏͸ SSP ΛԾఆ͠ ͖ͯͨͨΊɺପԁۜՏͷΑ͏ͳͷ੕ܗ੒͕ࢭ·ͬͨ ۜՏʹ͔͠ద༻Ͱ͖ͳ͍ • ੕ܗ੒ۜՏʹ͍ͭͯ΋ full spectral fitting ౳ɺख๏ ͷൃୡʹΑͬͯ߃੕छ଒ͷݚڀ͕Մೳʹ • ͜ͷ͋ͱ͸ɺಛʹஅΒͳ͍ݶΓɺओʹପԁۜՏͷ߃ ੕छ଒ʹ͍ͭͯ ※ପԁۜՏɺૣظܕۜՏɺ੩తʹਐԽ͢ΔۜՏɺ ͳͲͳͲɺ͍͍ͩͨಉ͡ҙຯͰ࢖༻͠·͢
40. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷ߃੕छ଒
41. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷ
 ߃੕छ଒ • ଎౓෼ࢄ (࣭ྔ) ͱ߃੕छ଒ύϥ ϝʔλʹ૬͕ؔ͋Δ • େ࣭ྔۜՏ΄Ͳɺݹ͘ɺۚଐྔ͕ ߴ͘ɺαݩૉ͕మʹൺ΂ͯଟ͍܏޲ • ೥ྸΛܗ੒ظʹɺۚଐྔΛ੕ܗ੒ ͷྔʹɺ[α/Fe] Λ࣌ؒεέʔϧʹ ຋༁Ͱ͖Δ Thomas et al. (2010)
42. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷ੕ܗ੒࢙
 Lick ΠϯσοΫε൛ Thomas et al. (2010)
43. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷ੕ܗ੒࢙
 Full Spectral Fitting ൛ McDermid et al. (2015)
44. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷߟݹֶ • SDSSͷۜՏΛେྔʹελοΫ (S/N>1000) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 flux 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 ratio (%) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 best model σ=90 km/s 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 flux 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 ratio (%) 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 flux 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 ratio (%) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 best model σ=300 km/s 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 flux 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 ratio (%) 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 λ (µm) −2 −1 0 1 2 Conroy et al. (2014)
45. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷݩૉ૊੒ൺ • ओཁͳݩૉʹ͍ͭͯɺݩૉ૊੒ൺͷପԁۜՏ ͷ࣭ྔґଘੑΛௐ΂ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹͳ͖ͬͯͨ Conroy et al. (2014)
46. ԕํପԁۜՏͷ߃੕छ଒
47. ۙ๣ͷԽੴ৘ใ͚ͩͰ͸ෆे෼ʁ • ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͰٻΊͨ੕ܗ੒࢙͸ਖ਼͍͠ ͷ͔ʁ • ੕ܗ੒ͷఀࢭޙ͸੩తͳਐԽ͚ͩͩͬͨ ͷ͔ʁ • ߴྸͷ߃੕छ଒͸೥ྸͷܾఆ͕࣮͸ࠔ೉ • ԕํͷํ͕ପԁۜՏͷܗ੒ظʹڧ੍͍ݶ • ΑΓ৽઱ͳԽੴΛݟ͍ͨ
48. ۙ๣ͷԽੴ৘ใ͚ͩͰ͸ෆे෼ʁ • ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͰٻΊͨ੕ܗ੒࢙͸ਖ਼͍͠ ͷ͔ʁ • ੕ܗ੒ͷఀࢭޙ͸੩తͳਐԽ͚ͩͩͬͨ ͷ͔ʁ • ߴྸͷ߃੕छ଒͸೥ྸͷܾఆ͕࣮͸ࠔ೉ • ԕํͷํ͕ପԁۜՏͷܗ੒ظʹڧ੍͍ݶ • ΑΓ৽઱ͳԽੴΛݟ͍ͨ
49. ۜՏஂۜՏ • z<0.9 • z=0ͱಉ͡܏޲ • Ұ෦ɺए͍ପԁۜՏ • ͍͍ͩͨ੩తͳਐԽ ͱ੔߹త Jørgensen & Ciboucas (2013)
50. ϑΟʔϧυۜՏ (z<0.7) • Full Spectral Fitting • େྔ(>~100)ͷεϖΫτϧΛελοΫͯ͠S/N Λ্͛Δ 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Normalized Flux S/N = 215 ˚ A−1 log(M/M⊙ ) = 10.4 0.1 < z < 0.2 rms = 0.36% 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 λ ( ˚ A) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Residual (%) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Normalized Flux S/N = 164 ˚ A−1 log(M/M⊙ ) = 10.8 0.3 < z < 0.4 rms = 0.31% 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 λ ( ˚ A) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Residual (%) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Normalized Flux S/N = 68 ˚ A−1 log(M/M⊙ ) = 11.0 0.55 < z < 0.7 rms = 0.6% 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 λ ( ˚ A) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Residual (%) Choi et al. (2014)
51. ੺ํภҠਐԽ z=0: Spolaor+2010 z>0: Jørgensen+2013
52. ΋ͬͱԕํ (z>1) Λ͠Β΂͍ͨ • ੩ࢭܥՄࢹ͸ۙ੺֎ઢʹҠಈ • ࣮ࢹ౳ڃ͕҉͘ͳΔ • ੺ํภҠΛܾΊΔ͚ͩͰ΋ׂͱେม • ߃੕छ଒ͷ͜ͱΛεϖΫτϧΛ࢖ͬͯௐ΂Δ ͷ͸΋ͬͱେม
53. ԕํପԁۜՏͷۙ੺֎ઢεϖΫτϧ Kriek et al. (2008; 1-5hr w/ GNIRS)
54. ԕํପԁۜՏͷۙ੺֎ઢεϖΫτϧ Kriek et al. (2008; 1-5hr w/ GNIRS) Kriek et al. (2009; 29hr w/ GNIRS) z=2.2
55. Onodera et al. (2012, 2015; 7-9hr w/ MOIRCS) 1.25<z<2.09
56. ελοΫͯ͠LickΠϯσοΫεΛଌΓ·ͨ͠ Onodera et al. (2015; MOIRCS 200hr ૬౰)
57. ελοΫͯ͠LickΠϯσοΫεΛଌΓ·ͨ͠ Onodera et al. (2015; MOIRCS 200hr ૬౰)
58. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͱͷൺֱ Spolaor+2010 Onodera et al. (2015)
59. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͱͷൺֱ Spolaor+2010 Onodera et al. (2015)
60. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͱͷൺֱ Spolaor+2010 Onodera et al. (2015)
61. ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͱͷൺֱ Spolaor+2010 ੩తਐԽ͚ͩͰ z=0 ͷପԁۜՏͷੑ࣭ʹΑ͘Ұக Onodera et al. (2015)
62. ੺ํภҠਐԽ
63. ੺ํภҠਐԽ
64. ੺ํภҠਐԽ • େ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͷܗ੒ظ: zform ~2.3 • [α/Fe]͔Βࣔࠦ͞ΕΔ੕ܗ੒ͷ࣌ؒεέʔϧ: <1 Gyr • ପԁۜՏͷ૆ઌ͸ z=2.3 ͷ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ
65. z=2.3 ʹ૆ઌΛ୳͢ • M* = 2.3x1011 Msun • SFR > 200 Msun/yr Whitaker et al. (2014)
66. z=2.3 ʹ૆ઌΛ୳͢ • M* = 2.3x1011 Msun • SFR > 200 Msun/yr Whitaker et al. (2014)
67. z=2.3 ʹ૆ઌΛ୳͢ • M* = 2.3x1011 Msun • SFR > 200 Msun/yr • z=2.3 ͷ੕ܗ੒ۜՏͷ ओܥྻͰઆ໌Մೳ Whitaker et al. (2014)
68. ߃੕छ଒͕伴ͱͳΔ
 ۜՏਐԽͷ໰୊ͷྫ
69. ίϯύΫτପԁۜՏ໰୊
70. ପԁۜՏͷαΠζʔ࣭ྔؔ܎ • ପԁۜՏͷαΠζͱ߃ ੕࣭ྔʹڧ͍૬ؔ • ಉ͡߃੕࣭ྔͰ͸ɺԕ ํͷପԁۜՏ͸খ͍͞ • ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ͸ৗʹପԁ ۜՏΑΓେ͖͍ van der Wel et al. (2014) ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ ପԁۜՏ
71. ପԁۜՏͷαΠζʔ࣭ྔؔ܎ • ପԁۜՏͷαΠζͱ߃ ੕࣭ྔʹڧ͍૬ؔ • ಉ͡߃੕࣭ྔͰ͸ɺԕ ํͷପԁۜՏ͸খ͍͞ • ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ͸ৗʹପԁ ۜՏΑΓେ͖͍ ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ ପԁۜՏ van der Wel et al. (2014)
72. ;ͨͭͷαΠζਐԽγφϦΦ Ilbert et al. (2013)
73. ;ͨͭͷαΠζਐԽγφϦΦ 1. ԿΒ͔ͷϝΧχζϜͰɺݸʑͷ
 ۜՏͷαΠζ͕੒௕ (ϚΠφʔ
 Ϛʔδϟʔ͕༗ྗީิ; 
 e.g., van der Wel et al. 2014) Ilbert et al. (2013)
74. ;ͨͭͷαΠζਐԽγφϦΦ 1. ԿΒ͔ͷϝΧχζϜͰɺݸʑͷ
 ۜՏͷαΠζ͕੒௕ (ϚΠφʔ
 Ϛʔδϟʔ͕༗ྗީิ; 
 e.g., van der Wel et al. 2014) Ilbert et al. (2013) 2. αΠζͷେ͖ͳ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ͕
 ੕ܗ੒ΛࢭΊͯɺ͋ΒͨʹପԁۜՏ छ଒ʹՃΘΔ (“progenitor bias” ͱ Α͹ΕΔ; e.g., Carollo et al. 2013)
75. େ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͷ೥ྸਐԽ Mendel et al. (2015)
76. େ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͷ೥ྸਐԽ ੩తͳਐԽ Mendel et al. (2015)
77. େ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͷ೥ྸਐԽ ฏۉ೥ྸͷਐԽͳ͠ ੩తͳਐԽ Mendel et al. (2015)
78. େ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͷ೥ྸਐԽ ฏۉ೥ྸͷਐԽͳ͠ ੩తͳਐԽ Mendel et al. (2015) ৽͍͠ପԁۜՏ͕࣮ࡍ ʹz>1Ͱ͸ੜ·Εଓ͚ͯ ͍ΔΑ͏ͩ
79. αΠζਐԽͱ߃੕छ଒
80. αΠζਐԽͱ߃੕छ଒ γφϦΦ1ͷ৔߹ɺۜՏ͸ίϯύΫτʹੜ·ΕɺӴ੕ۜՏ ͷ߱ணͰαΠζΛ૿Ճ → େ͖ͳପԁۜՏ͕ݹ͍ (௕ظؒۜՏΛ߱ணՄೳ)
81. αΠζਐԽͱ߃੕छ଒ γφϦΦ1ͷ৔߹ɺۜՏ͸ίϯύΫτʹੜ·ΕɺӴ੕ۜՏ ͷ߱ணͰαΠζΛ૿Ճ → େ͖ͳପԁۜՏ͕ݹ͍ (௕ظؒۜՏΛ߱ணՄೳ) γφϦΦ2ͷ৔߹ɺ͋ͱ͔Β੕ܗ੒ΛࢭΊͨۜՏ͕େ͖ͳ ପԁۜՏͱͯ͠஀ੜ → େ͖͍ପԁۜՏ͕ए͍
82. • DEEP2 εϖΫτϧΛελοΫ @ z~0.7 • Re=2kpcͰαϯϓϧΛ෼͚ͯ೥ྸΛٻΊΔ • αϯϓϧͷબͼํͰ൓ରͷ݁ՌʹͳΔ Keating et al. (2015) Large Compact Large Compact ৭ʴܗଶʴද໘ً౓ͷͳΊΒ͔͞ ৭ʴܗଶ ྫ1
83. • z=1-1.6ͷପԁۜՏͷ੕ܗ੒࢙ Λ full spectral fitting ͰٻΊΔ • ੕ܗ੒࢙Λ͔͞ͷ΅Γɺ֤zͰ ੕ܗ੒͕ࢭ·͍ͬͯΔۜՏͷ αΠζΛݟΔ • ࣮ࡍͷαΠζʔ࣭ྔؔ܎͔Βͷ ͣΕΛ2ͭͷγφϦΦͷد༩ʹ ෼཭ • ͲͪΒ΋൒ʑఔ౓ͷد༩͔ʁ Belli et al. (2015) ྫ2
84. ॳظ࣭ྔؔ਺
 Initial Mass Function
85. ପԁۜՏͷ IMF • ௿࣭ྔ੕ (<0.3 Msun) ͷ ࢦඪͱͳΔٵऩϑΟʔ νϟʔ͕௕೾௕ଆʹ͋Δ • େ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͰڧ͘ɺ SalpeterΑΓٸͳ IMF ͷ ႈͱ੔߹త • ߃੕࣭ྔ΍੕ܗ੒཰ͷ
 ਪఆʹେ͖͘ڹ͘ॏཁͳ ύϥϝʔλ van Dokkum & Conroy (2010)
86. IMFͷႈͷ࣭ྔґଘੑ • େ࣭ྔۜՏͷํ͕ IMF ͷႈ͕ٸͰ͋Δ • ௿࣭ྔଆ͸ Salpeter ΍ Kroupa/Chabrier ͱ΋੔߹త Ferreras et al. (2013)
87. ੕ܗ੒ۜՏͷ߃੕छ଒ͱ
 ੕ܗ੒ͷఀࢭաఔ
88. ੕ܗ੒ۜՏͷ߃੕छ଒ͱ੕ܗ੒ͷఀࢭաఔ Peng et al. (2015)
89. • SDSS ͷପԁۜՏͱ੕ܗ੒ۜՏͷ੕ͷۚଐྔΛൺֱ • େ࣭ྔଆ͸ɺΨε͕͢΂ͯܥ͔ΒҰ౓ʹൈ͚ΔγφϦΦͰઆ໌Ͱ͖Δ • ௿࣭ྔଆ͸ɺ4Gyr ͘Β͍ͷ࣌ؒεέʔϧͰΨεΛফඅ͢ΔϞσϧ (Strangulation) ʹ੔߹త • ۙ๣ͷ੕ܗ੒ۜՏ͸ۙ๣ପԁۜՏͷ௚઀ͷ૆ઌͰ͸ͳ͍͜ͱʹ஫ҙ Peng et al. (2015)
90. ࠓޙͷ՝୊ͱల๬
91. ߃੕छ଒ͷεέʔϦϯάؔ܎ • ݱࡏԕํͷପԁۜՏͰৄࡉʹௐ΂ΒΕ͍ͯΔ΋ͷ͸ɺ جຊతʹେ࣭ྔͷ΋ͷ (logM*>11) • ۙ๣ͰݟΒΕΔ߃੕छ଒ͱ߃੕࣭ྔ΍଎౓෼ࢄͷؔ܎ ͕ԕํͰͲ͏ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͔ (͋Δͷ͔ʁͦͷ܏͖͸ʁ) • ಛʹɺ௿࣭ྔଆͰɺμ΢ϯαΠδϯάతͳ೥ྸͷৼΔ ෣͍͕ݟΒΕΔ͔ɺۚଐྔͳͲ͸Ͳ͏͔
92. ߃੕छ଒ͷεέʔϦϯάؔ܎ • ݱࡏԕํͷପԁۜՏͰৄࡉʹௐ΂ΒΕ͍ͯΔ΋ͷ͸ɺ جຊతʹେ࣭ྔͷ΋ͷ (logM*>11) • ۙ๣ͰݟΒΕΔ߃੕छ଒ͱ߃੕࣭ྔ΍଎౓෼ࢄͷؔ܎ ͕ԕํͰͲ͏ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͔ (͋Δͷ͔ʁͦͷ܏͖͸ʁ) • ಛʹɺ௿࣭ྔଆͰɺμ΢ϯαΠδϯάతͳ೥ྸͷৼΔ ෣͍͕ݟΒΕΔ͔ɺۚଐྔͳͲ͸Ͳ͏͔ MOSFIRE ~8.3hr logM~11 ελοΫΛલఏʹ͢Ε͹ ௿࣭ྔଆ΋͍͚Δ͔ʁ Belli et al. (2014)
93. ݸੑΛධՁ͢Δ • ݱঢ়Ͱ͸ɺਫ਼౓ͷΑ͍ଌఆ͸ɺεϖΫτϧΛ ελοΫ͠ͳ͍ͱࠔ೉ (ಛʹԕํ) • ݸੑΛࡴ͍ͯ͠Δ • ೥ྸ΍ۚଐྔͷ෼ࢄ΋ܗ੒࢙Λ୳Δʹ͸ॏཁ
94. ݸੑΛධՁ͢Δ • ݱঢ়Ͱ͸ɺਫ਼౓ͷΑ͍ଌఆ͸ɺεϖΫτϧΛ ελοΫ͠ͳ͍ͱࠔ೉ (ಛʹԕํ) • ݸੑΛࡴ͍ͯ͠Δ • ೥ྸ΍ۚଐྔͷ෼ࢄ΋ܗ੒࢙Λ୳Δʹ͸ॏཁ Onodera et al. (2012) z~1.6ͷପԁۜՏͷ 4000AϒϨΠΫڧ౓ ʹେ͖ͳ෼ࢄ
95. ߃੕ͷछ଒߹੒Ϟσϧ • Ϟσϧ΋ෆ׬શ • ࡐྉʹͳΔ੕ͷςϯϓϨʔ τ͕ෆ׬શ • एͯ͘[α/Fe]͕ߴ͘ɺ
 [Z/H]͕௿͍੕ • ݹͯ͘[α/Fe]͕௿͘ɺ
 [Z/H]͕ߴ͍੕ Maraston & Strömbäck (2011) MILESϥΠϒϥϦͷ৔߹
96. ପԁۜՏͷ੕ͷ৭-౳ڃਤ • JWST΍30mڃ๬ԕڸ Ͱɺେ࣭ྔପԁۜՏͷ
 ੕ͷ৭-౳ڃਤΛॳΊͯ ඳ͚Δ • ݸʑͷ੕ͷ೥ྸ΍ۚଐྔ ͔Β੕ܗ੒࢙Λ࠶ߏங • εϖΫτϧͰٻΊͨ
 ੕ܗ੒࢙ͷ౴͑߹Θͤ Tolstoy et al. (2009)
97. ·ͱΊ • ߃੕छ଒Λௐ΂Δ͜ͱͰɺۜՏͷ੕ܗ੒࢙ (ܗ੒ͷ࣌ظɺ࣌ؒε έʔϧͳͲ) ͕Θ͔Δ • ԕํΛௐ΂Δ͜ͱͰɺ੕ܗ੒࢙ͷඍ෼ྔΛ࣮ࡍʹϚοϐϯάͰ͖ Δ • ߃੕छ଒͔ΒͷΞϓϩʔν͕ॏཁͳۜՏਐԽͷ໰୊͕͋Δ • ·ͩ·ͩෆఆੑ͕ଟ͍෦෼΋͋Δ • ए͍Έͳ͞ΜͷࢀೖΛظ଴͠·͢ (͋·Γ೔ຊͰ͸΍͍ͬͯΔਓ ͕͍ͳ͍ͱͷ͜ͱͳͷͰ)