Tiny but Ruthless: Spotted Wing Drosophila in Canada

Presented to the Canadian Horticultural Council Annual General Meeting, March 6, 2014 - Presented By Tracy Hueppelsheuser,
British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture

Transcript

1. Tiny but Ruthless: Spotted Wing Drosophila in Canada Canadian Horticultural Council March 6, 2014 Tracy Hueppelsheuser, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture 1
2. Outline • Biology and Impact • How are we adapting? • What is happening? • Some specifics about B.C. berries 2
4. SWD damage • holes where eggs were laid and fruit softening or bruising 4 UCCE, Mariposa County B.C. Ministry of Agriculture S. Nakajima S. Nakajima SWD causes fruit quality issues; shortens shelf life, increases culls.
5. SWD Distribution in North America: Pretty much everywhere small fruits are grown, Including central Alberta and Newfoundland, SWD confirmed in late 2013 in fruit growing areas. 5
6. From CFIA Climex model (M. Damus, CFIA, Oct 15, 2009): indicates where climate is suitable for SWD life cycle completion, based on the native range in Asia, and western detections (as of October2009). 6 Distribution predicted, which has now occurred.
7. RISK: Fruit Damage to berry crops in B.C. crop SWD impacting fruit quality in BC? Dates of harvest June bearing strawberry Some in late crop June-July Early raspberry No, most of the time. June Mid to late raspberry Yes, high risk July-Aug Early blueberry No- very little July Mid blueberry Yes, high risk August Late blueberry Yes, not as much as mid blueberry August Ever-bearing strawberry Yes, risk increases over season August Fall raspberry Yes, high risk August-Sept Blackberry Yes, high risk August-Sept Grapes No Sept-October 7
8. How to Adapt to this new threat to North American fruit crops? • Research: Canada, USA, Europe • Linkages, networks, collaboration – Large research teams in North America • Get new information out to industry via discussions, events, web, publishing • Experience 8
9. Canadian SWD Technical Working Group: • The TWG is made up of 17 representatives from across Canada (AAFC, Provinces, Industry, Universities) • Co-Chairs: Tracy Hueppelsheuser (BCAgri), Sheryl Lonsbary (PMC). • Tasked by CHC and PMC Coordinating Group with determining what SWD-related activities/projects were already underway or completed in Canada, and where there are gaps in research and outreach efforts. • Current Monitoring, Research and Outreach Activities, including Plans for 2014: – 62 lines worth of projects and initiatives across the 6 categories. – Lists work underway or completed by provincial specialists, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, university researchers, and grower and other stakeholder organizations. 9
10. 10 From Feb 2013 Synopsis
11. Synopsis and Resolutions: • created as tools to support and encourage development of proposals and funding of SWD projects: – …. SWD surveying, prevention, and management. – ….continued communication amongst researchers and stakeholders to ensure timely information dissemination to industry. 11 We are in the process of updating the worksheet of activities, synopsis, and resolutions, which will be available by early April through Tracy, the PMC, or the CHC.
12. A second National TWG: for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug • Similar structure as the SWD group, 18 members. • Co-chairs: Hannah Fraser, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, and Ian Gardiner, PMC. • Contact Hannah or Ian for more information. 12
13. BMSB Research in Canada 2013-2014 1. Assessing the distribution and abundance of, and patterns of host use by BMSB in southern Ontario (surveys and traps); 2. Identifying agricultural areas in southern Ontario at risk from BMSB impact; (landscape factors contributing to populations); 3. Inventory parasitoids and predators that are using BMSB as a resource (baseline data on the potential for augmentative biological control); 4. Evaluation of pheromone traps for early detection; 5. Public outreach / awareness to promote reporting
14. Homeowner Finds in Ontario OVER 120 CONFIRMED HOMEOWNER SITES TO DATE 2013 2014 2010 2012 2012 2013 2013
15. A snapshot of SWD issues and info from B.C. berry crops • Export challenges • Managing SWD risk: – Wild hosts – Spray intervals • Predicting SWD risk: – Winter/spring trapping – Summer trapping – Models 15 1st , 2nd, 3rd instar larvae of SWD
16. Acres of three main berry crops in south western British Columbia highbush blueberries 22,240 acres summer raspberries 2965 acres strawberries 741 acres Total berry acreage: 26,000 acres 110 million lbs highbush blueberries harvested per year 20 million lbs raspberries harvested per year. 5 million lbs strawberries harvested per year 2012 info
17. Estimated exports for BC berries Exported fruit need to meet criteria set by the importers, which is often different from domestic buyers/regulators. For example: • Some key markets have ZERO tolerance for SWD • Some markets wont accept use of OPs • Differing MRLs between countries. 17 Strawberries: 5% exported Highbush Blueberries: 70% exported Raspberries: 60% exported
18. For a good rotational program • Need at least 3 insecticide classes: – Malathion (OP), Ripcord (pyrethroid), Delegate and Entrust (spinosyn) • Provinces are again pursuing emergency registrations for 2014. – dropped Pyganic, poor efficacy in trials. • Exeril (cyazypyr) (DuPont) now registered for SWD in blueberry and cherry. – Need to learn how to fit it into a program. – Concerned about the price of Exeril……. 18 Our competitors have more chemical choices and lower costs…..
19. Industry: Grower/ Industry Cooperators BC Blueberry Council Raspberry Industry Development Council Strawberry Growers Association E.S. Cropconsult Ltd. Government resources: Growing Forward 2 Developing Innovative Agri-Products Initiative (DIAP) British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Acknowledgements: 19
20. Do wild hosts play a role in SWD increase during a season? MAYBE: Over 17 types of wild fruit will host SWD in B.C.; others elsewhere. BUT: relatively low numbers in early fruit compared to late wild fruit: 20 (from coastal B.C. 2012 collections)
21. Case study fields: Spray interval assessment (first year 2013) “When should I spray again? 7 days, 10 days, or other?” • Conventional blueberry fields, in Abbotsford area • 1 trap per plot (4 per field) to verify SWD presence in field. – Duke, early variety, 3 fields – Bluecrop, mid variety, 4 fields – Elliot, late variety, 4 fields • Collect fruit during harvest every 2-3 days • Record spray dates. 21
22. Fruit was assessed two ways: Larvae floats in salt solution (400 fruit per field per collection), Fruit incubation to recover SWD flies (400 fruit per field per collection). 4 L water 0.25 kg table salt Vented fruit incubation boxes 22
23. Conclusions from first year spray interval trial for Duke and Bluecrop • Area-wide survey traps give a better overall view of regional fly numbers. – In-field trapping alone is not a good indicator of SWD risk. • Duke was again largely free from SWD – Harvest mid July- early August. • Bluecrop: is a high risk variety. – 7 day interval between sprays appears to keep SWD low during harvest (Aug 1-early Sept). – Need to protect crop through harvest (2-3 sprays at least). – pick as early and often as possible (reduce hang time). 23
26. Elliot • all hand picked, • Harvested mid August (early!) until late September. • Spray intervals were about 10 days, which seemed a bit long; the populations again spiked in early September. This was the first year with significant SWD in Elliot….. Seems to be due to warm temperatures, allowing SWD continue to cycle.
27. Predicting SWD risk: How? • Winter & early spring trapping • Summer area-wide survey • Record temperature: accumulated heat over a minimum threshold (10oC) • Degree day model, eg. From Oregon State University – It doesn’t predict magnitude, but it does give timing of SWD life stage events; • we know that fly populations build over the summer, so earlier fly activity will result in more risk • Earlier or later will help predict which crops/varieties might be impacted. 27
28. Winter trapping in Fraser Valley, BC The most SWD will be caught in thick and diverse hedges with fruiting plants (blackberry, elderberry, etc) Contech Fruit Fly trap baited with Apple Cider Vinegar Winter #4: • January 6, 2014, set traps by 3 raspberry and 3 blueberry fields. • Collect bait and contents every two weeks, until April 30. • Count SWD, confirm species and gender with microscope. 28
29. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 16/Dec 23/Dec 30/Dec 06/Jan 13/Jan 20/Jan 27/Jan 03/Feb 10/Feb 17/Feb 24/Feb 02/Mar 09/Mar 16/Mar 23/Mar average # SWD per trap start date of trapping period (10-14 days between collections) 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2014 Winter Trapping 2010-2014, Fraser Valley, hedgerows around berry fields 29
30. 30 2014 (Based on model)
31. Summer trapping 2013: “Area-Wide Survey” • 28 commercial blueberry fields, 4 traps per field, 2 edge traps, 2 middle traps (at least 50 m from field edge). • Fraser Valley • Traps set up June 6 to Sept 27. Contech Fruit Fly trap baited with Apple Cider Vinegar 31
32. 32 Can see ‘steps’ in the data:
33. Degree Day (DD) Model • Insects develop at different rates depending largely on temperature. • A DD model adds up the accumulated heat or degrees over a lower threshold temperature – (for SWD is it 10oC). • Then we can predict how fast the insect will develop based on the temp information. A monitoring tool, to be used with other monitoring tools to help make pest management decisions. 33
34. 34 Weather stations across North America are accessible via this model.
35. Online Phenology and Degree Day Models, Oregon State University. Start date is January 1, as winter temperature is important for determining what will happen in the summer. 35
36. http://uspest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.us?spp=swd 36
37. May 24: 1st egg laying by overwintering females (2012). 37
38. SWD Activity/ life event 2012 2013 How many days earlier in 2013? 1st egg laying by overwintering (OW) females. May 24 May 11 13 days earlier peak (50%) egg laying by OW females, first adult emergence of 1st generation (new). June 27 June 12 15 First egg laying by 1st generation (new) females. July 1 June 17 14 peak adult emergence 1st generation July 15 July 1 14 peak egg laying by 1st generation females July 31 July 15 16 Peak adult emergence 2nd generation Aug 14 July 29 16 Peak egg laying by 2nd generation females Aug 29 Aug 12 17 Peak adult emergence 3rd generation Sept 18 Aug 26 23 Peak egg laying by 3rd generation females Nov 2 Sept 10 54 Significant variability between years, therefore, monitoring is important as a tool for decision making: i.e. trapping, DD models, fruit testing, etc. 38 BIG difference in third generation times
40. High Risk periods 2010- 2012
41. 2013 first year with significant Elliot damage: more heat accumulation
42. Berry Projects will continue in BC in 2014: • area-wide winter & summer trapping/fruit collections, • insecticide interval case studies, • Continued grower outreach; incorporate DD model into weekly SWD updates. 42
43. Online Phenology and Degree Day Model for SWD: http://uspest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.us?spp=swd