Reading: Michelle P. Brown, “The Book as Sacred Space” Range: 500-‐1400 CE Anglo-‐Saxon, Carolingian, Gothic Terms/Concepts: scriptorium, parchment, vellum, manuscript, carpet page, incipit page, gospel page, marginalia, Monument List: Ø Book of Durrow, Hiberno-‐ Saxon, 660-‐680. Lindisfarne Ø Gospels, Scotland 710-‐725 CE. Ø Book of Kells, Hiberno-‐Saxon, 9th Century CE. Ø Gelasian Sacramentary, Merovingian, 8th century. Ø Saint MaWhew, Folio 15, Corona7on Gospels, from Aachen, 9th century (c. 800-‐810). Ø Jean Pucelle, Book of Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux, 1325-‐1328.
my life, deprived me of my physical strength: then he dipped me in water and drew me out again, and put me in the sun where I soon shed all my hair. Aher that, the knife’s sharp edge bit into me and all my blemishes were scraped away; fingers folded me and the bird’s feather ohen moved over my brown surface, sprinkling meaningful marks; it swallowed more wood dye and again travelled over me leaving black tracks. Then a man bound me, he stretched skin over me and adorned me with gold; thus I am enriched by the wondrous work of smiths, wound about with shining metal.” “I am a Gospel book, illuminated and wri6en on prepared vellum leaves and bound in fine golden cover!”
Poitiers Saintes St Maixent Vienne Chalon Arles Gellone Urgel Liebana Bordeaux Aix-en-Provence London Paris Fleury Milan Bobbio Monza Ratisbon Freising Mondsee Salzburg St Gall Chur Müstair Constance Verona Venice Aquileia Ravenna Lucca Nonantola Rome Monte Cassino Farfa Naples Lyon Barcelona 25 Utrecht York Cividale Lorsch Strasbourg Jarrow Whitby Bangor Nendrum Monasterboice Glendalough Clonard St Mullin’s Lindisfarne Monkwearmouth Jouarre Echternach Reims Dol Corbie Aachen Cologne Stavelot 1 2 3 9 10 8 22 14 11 12 4 Murbach 5 6 7 16 Flavigny 18 21 19 17 15 13 24 Metz Trier Lobbes Laon 20 Essen Nivelles Péronne St Vaast d’Arras 23 Basle Reichenau Dijon Luxeuil Disentis Augsburg St Wandrille Léhon Redon Le Mans Nantes Noirmoutier St Philibert-de-Grand-Lieu Landévennec Jumieges St Bertin Liège Osnabrück Münster Bremen Hamburg Verden Minden Gandersheim Hersfeld Fulda Mainz Würzburg Amorbach Melrose Ruthwell Ripon Iona Clonmacnoise Armagh Malmesbury St Denis Orléans Tours Benevento San Vincenzo Salerno Vivarium Pavia Canterbury Langres Bourges Rhône Tagus Ebro Danube Elbe Vistula A T L A N T I C O C E A N N O R T H S E A MEDITERRANEAN SEA A D R I A T I C S E A BA L T I C S E A A L P S PYRE N E E S B ALEARIC IS CORSICA SARDINIA SICILY 2 Monasteries, Writing Centres and Artistic Work Carolingian schools/scriptoria/literary centres important monasteries founded 4th-7th century monasteries founded 6th-9th century probable centres of manuscript illumination distribution of objects decorated in the Tassilo chalice style N 0 0 200 miles 300 kms 1. Prüm 2. Weissenburg 3. Faremoutiers 4. Troyes 5. Chiemsee 6. Tegernsee 7. Benediktbeuern 8. St Amand 9. Meaux 10. Amiens 11. Whithorn 12. Hexham 13. Sens 14. Chelles 15. Auxerre 16. Autun 17. St Germigny-des-Prés 18. Ferrières 19. Nevers 20. Maastricht 21. St Germain-des-Prés 22. Rouen 23. St Riquier 24. Hauvillers 25. Werden 2 MONASTERIES WERE FOUNDED by local sain with the support of local aristocracies, also by missionaries, often coming from Isles. A few were large and wealthy, bu many small and poor ones required litu implements of valued materials and wo along with reliquaries and books. A few engaged in production, but all provide for artistic works. similarly incorporated in liturgical c luxury bookbindings. The Roman tradition survived ch and through Christianity, Rome beco contemporaries not the city of Caesa Augustus but of saints Peter and Pa great churches built in late Antiquity Constantine and his followers contin use, but during this period only one building was converted for Christian Hadrian’s domed Pantheon was rede S. Maria ad Martyres in 609. In a fun new phenomenon, large painted wo panels representing Christ or his mo created and displayed in many churc sometimes carried in processions th city, for example the so-called Chris kept in the Lateran chapel of the San Sanctorum (‘the Holy of Holies’) in R at least the end of the eighth centur Greco-Roman civilization was a culture in which books played a larg their role was both altered and inten through the emergence and triumph Christianity and Islam (established i the 8th century). Each of them had a book at its core and both developed of decorated book commonly referre ‘illuminated’. Even in late Antiquity a triumph of Christianity, from the fifth EUROPE 600–800 60˚ Melrose Iona N O R T H S E A 0 200 miles 1. Prüm 2. Weissenburg 3. Faremoutiers 4. Troyes 5. Chiemsee 6. Tegernsee 7. Benediktbeuern 8. St Amand 9. Meaux 10. Amiens 11. Whithorn 12. Hexham 13. Sens 14. Chelles 15. Auxerre 16. Autun 17. St Germigny-des-Prés 18. Ferrières 19. Nevers 20. Maastricht 21. St Germain-des-Prés 22. Rouen 23. St Riquier 24. Hauvillers 25. Werden 2 MONASTERIES WERE FOUNDED by local saints, often with the support of local aristocracies, sometimes also by missionaries, often coming from the British Isles. A few were large and wealthy, but even the many small and poor ones required liturgical implements of valued materials and workmanship, along with reliquaries and books. A few were engaged in production, but all provided a market for artistic works. London York Jarrow Whitby Bangor Nendrum Monasterboice Glendalough Clonard St Mullin’s Lindisfarne Monkwearmouth Corbie 11 12 Péron Melrose Ruthwell Ripon Iona Clonmacnoise Armagh Malmesbury Canterbury N 200 miles 0 kms
Mirror, from Desborough, 50 BCE-‐50 CE. “They came to another island and a wall of stone around it. And when they came near, a great beast leaped up and went racing about the island, and it seemed to Maelduin to be going quicker than the wind. And it went then to the high part of the island, and it did the straightening-‐of-‐ the-‐body feat, that is, its head below, its feet above…it turned in its skin, the flesh and the bones going around the skin outside without moving. And at another _me the skin outside would turn like a mill, and the flesh and the bones not s_rring.”
711 Kairouan Carthage Tulaytulah (Toledo) Mérida Oviedo (c.790) Tangier Saragossa Ceuta Toulouse Poitiers Turones London Sutton Hoo Hamwih Paris Geneva Milan Ratisbon Turin Verona Bononia Florence Genoa Venice Ravenna Rome Naples Taranto Athens Thessalonica Adrianople Varna Constantinople Smyrna Bari Spalatum Palermo Messina Lyon Marseille Barshilunah (Barcelona) Tarrakunah (Tarragona) Cartagena Algiers Qurtubah (Córdoba) Cologne Nijmegen Dorestad Paderborn (776) Hedeby York Scone Winchester Glastonbury Cividale Quintanilla de las Viñas Lorsch (after 764) St Maurice d’Agaune Jarrow (684) Monkwearmouth (674) Reculver (669) Grenoble Germigny -des-Prés (c.800) Jouarre (670s) Ingelheim Centula (790s) Aachen (795) Escomb (670s) Hexham Ripon (670s) Yeavering St Denis Benevento (c.770) Tempio di Clitunno San Vincenzo al Volturno Pavia Lomello San Pedro della Nave São Gião de Navaré São Frutuoso de Montelios San Juan de Baños Santa Comba de Bande Santianes de Pravia Santa María de Melque Canterbury (after 597) Seine Rhine Tagus Ebro Danube Elbe Oder Vistula A T L A N T I C O C E A N N O R T H S E A BA LT I C S E A BLACK SEA M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A A D R I A T I C S E A A L P S P Y R E N E E S BALTIC PEO P LES S L A V S S L A V S NO RTHM E N (SCA NDINAV I A N S ) SAXO N S F R I S I A N S BRETONS BASQUES B ALEARIC IS CORSICA SARDINIA SICILY MALTA CRETE BAVARIA AQUITAINE ASTURIAS KINGDOM OF THE PICTS SCOTTISH KINGDOMS IRISH KINGDOMS STRATH- CLYDE EAST ANGLIA KENT WELSH STATES WEST WALES NORTHUMBRIA MERCIA AVAR EMPIRE BULGARIA B Y Z A N T I N E E M P I R E U M A Y Y A D C A L I P H A T E KIN G DO M OF THE LOMBARDS FRANKISH KINGDOM WESSEX N 0 0 200 miles 300 kms Centres and Distribution of Luxury Goods c.730 Muslim Umayyad Caliphate date of Muslim conquest Byzantine Empire Frankish Kingdom Kingdom of the Lombards mints represented in the Sutton Hoo burial (c.630) provenance of objects found in the Sutton Hoo burial (c.630) distribution of marble sarcophagi and capitals quarried/carved in Toulouse region, 6th-7th C ecclesiastical structures of which significant remains survive secular (mostly royal) sites with substantial surviving fragments or known from literary sources trade route 670 1
Hamwih Paris Geneva Milan Ratisbon Turin Verona Bononia Florence Genoa Venice Ravenna Lyon Marseille Cologne Nijmegen Dorestad Paderborn (776) Winchester Glastonbury Civida Quintanilla de las Viñas Lorsch (after 764) St Maurice d’Agaune Reculver (669) Grenoble Germigny -des-Prés (c.800) Jouarre (670s) Ingelheim Centula (790s) Aachen (795) St Denis Tempio d Clitunno Pavia Lomello o e Canterbury (after 597) Seine Rhine Ebro A A L P S P Y R E N E E S SAXO BRETONS BASQUES CORSICA BAVARIA AQUITAINE TURIAS KENT WEST WALES KIN G DO M OF TH FRANKISH KINGDOM WESSEX 714 Saragossa Toulouse Poitiers Turones London Sutton Hoo Hamwih Paris Geneva Milan Ratisbon Turin Verona Bononia Florence Genoa Venice Ravenna Rome Adrianople Varna Constantinople Spalatum Lyon Marseille Barshilunah (Barcelona) Cologne Nijmegen Dorestad Paderborn (776) Hedeby York Scone Winchester Glastonbury Cividale Quintanilla de las Viñas Lorsch (after 764) St Maurice d’Agaune Jarrow (684) Monkwearmouth (674) Reculver (669) Grenoble Germigny -des-Prés (c.800) Jouarre (670s) Ingelheim Centula (790s) Aachen (795) Escomb (670s) Hexham Ripon (670s) Yeavering St Denis Tempio di Clitunno San Vincenzo al Volturno Pavia Lomello Canterbury (after 597) Seine Rhine Ebro Danube Elbe Oder Vistula N O R T H S E A BA LT I C S E A BLACK SEA A D R I A T I C S A L P S P Y R E N E E S BALTIC PEO P LES S L A V S S L A V S NO RTHM E N (SCA NDINAV I A N S ) SAXO N S F R I S I A N S BRETONS BASQUES CORSICA BAVARIA AQUITAINE RIAS KINGDOM OF THE PICTS SCOTTISH KINGDOMS H OMS STRATH- CLYDE EAST ANGLIA KENT WELSH STATES WEST WALES NORTHUMBRIA MERCIA AVAR EMPIRE BULGARIA KIN G DO M OF THE FRANKISH KINGDOM WESSEX s Centres and Distribution of Luxury Goods c.730 Muslim Umayyad Caliphate date of Muslim conquest Byzantine Empire Frankish Kingdom Kingdom of the Lombards mints represented in the Sutton Hoo burial (c.630) provenance of objects found in the Sutton Hoo burial (c.630) distribution of marble sarcophagi and capitals quarried/carved in Toulouse region, 6th-7th C ecclesiastical structures of which significant remains survive secular (mostly royal) sites with substantial surviving fragments or known from literary sources trade route 670 1
1325-‐1328. “Mary of Burgundy at Prayer,” Book of Hours of Mary of Burgundy, by the Master of Mary of Burgundy, Belgium, ca. 1480. Tempera on Parchment, 225 x 165 mm. Courtesy of Vienna, Österreichische Na_onalbibliothek, Codex Vindobonensis, 1857, f. 14v.
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