I Wrote an App with Architecture Components

Architecture Components were announced to much fanfare at Google I/O 2017, as it finally gave Android developers some official guidance on how to architect their applications. It also gave us tools to make managing lifecycle changes much easier, and to persist data without writing lots of annoying SQLite boilerplate code. By now we’ve all read the documentation and tutorials, but how easy is it to use these intriguing new tools in a production application? (Spoiler alert: they’re pretty helpful)

I developed an app from scratch using all of the new Architecture Components – ViewModels and an MVVM architecture, Room to persist all the local data, and LiveData objects to easily and safely update the UI with automatic lifecycle handling. Join us as we discuss in detail what it’s like to use these new Architecture Components in a real world situation – we’ll talk about the problems they solved, the problems they created, and whether or not they’re the right choice for your next project.

Transcript

1. Phil Shadlyn
   @physphil
   I Wrote an App with Architecture
   Components
   

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2. Architecture Components
   

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3. - Google
   “A collection of libraries that help
   you design robust, testable, and
   maintainable apps.”
   

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4. https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/guide.html
   

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5. LiveData
   https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/guide.html
   

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6. LiveData
   ViewModels
   https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/guide.html
   

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7. LiveData
   ViewModels
   Room
   https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/guide.html
   

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8. LiveData
   ViewModels
   Room
   Paging Library
   https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/guide.html
   

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9. Don’t listen to me.
   

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10. Don’t only listen to me.
    

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11. A Simple Reminder App
    

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12. ViewModel

    - Hold view data
    - React to user input
    Room

    - Retrieves data from SQLite
    - Push updates to LiveData
    ReminderRepo.kt
    LiveData
    Exposed methods
    

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13. ViewModel

    - Hold view data
    - React to user input
    Room

    - Retrieves data from SQLite
    - Push updates to LiveData
    ReminderRepo.kt
    LiveData
    Exposed methods
    

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14. LiveData
    

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15. LiveData
    

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16. • Subscribe for data updates
    LiveData
    

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17. • Subscribe for data updates
    • Lifecycle aware - no more unsubscribe(this)
    LiveData
    

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18. • Subscribe for data updates
    • Lifecycle aware - no more unsubscribe(this)
    • MutableLiveData, SingleLiveEvent are useful subclasses
    LiveData
    

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19. val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getReminderList()
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    

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20. val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getReminderList()
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    viewModel.reminderList.observe(this, Observer { reminders ->
    reminders?.let {
    adapter.setReminderList(it)
    viewModel.reminderListUpdated(it)
    fab.show()
    }
    })
    }
    MainActivity.kt
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    

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21. val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getReminderList()
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    viewModel.reminderList.observe(this, Observer { reminders ->
    reminders?.let {
    adapter.setReminderList(it)
    viewModel.reminderListUpdated(it)
    fab.show()
    }
    })
    }
    MainActivity.kt
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    

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22. MutableLiveData
    

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23. private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    

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24. private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    // Mutable LiveData accessor methods - everyone loves ensuring immutability!
    fun getSpinnerVisibility(): LiveData = spinnerVisibility
    fun getEmptyVisibility(): LiveData = emptyVisibility
    

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25. private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    // Mutable LiveData accessor methods - everyone loves ensuring immutability!
    fun getSpinnerVisibility(): LiveData = spinnerVisibility
    fun getEmptyVisibility(): LiveData = emptyVisibility
    fun reminderListUpdated(reminders: List) {
    spinnerVisibility.value = false
    emptyVisibility.value = reminders.isEmpty()
    }
    

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26. SingleLiveEvent
    

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27. // Single events - subscribe for UI updates
    val clearNotificationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteAllConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    

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28. // Single events - subscribe for UI updates
    val clearNotificationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteAllConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    MainActivityViewModel.kt
    fun deleteAllReminders() {
    scheduler.cancelAllJobs()
    repo.deleteAllReminders()
    clearNotificationEvent.postValue(notificationId)
    }
    

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29. Testing?
    

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30. @Test
    fun testGetReminderById() {
    val reminder = Reminder(title = TITLE)
    val id = reminder.id
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    val result = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getReminderById(id))
    assertTrue(result.id == id)
    assertTrue(result.title == TITLE)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    

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31. @Test
    fun testGetReminderById() {
    val reminder = Reminder(title = TITLE)
    val id = reminder.id
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    val result = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getReminderById(id))
    assertTrue(result.id == id)
    assertTrue(result.title == TITLE)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    

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32. Pros
    

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33. • Simple to implement
    Pros
    

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34. • Simple to implement
    • Automatically updated with backing data change (from Room)
    Pros
    

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35. • Simple to implement
    • Automatically updated with backing data change (from Room)
    • Lifecycle aware
    Pros
    

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36. Gotchas
    

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37. • Create getters for MutableLiveData
    Gotchas
    

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38. • Create getters for MutableLiveData
    • SingleLiveEvent for one-time updates
    Gotchas
    

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39. • Create getters for MutableLiveData
    • SingleLiveEvent for one-time updates
    • Limited compared to RxJava
    Gotchas
    

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40. Should I use LiveData?
    

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41. Should I use LiveData?
    

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42. ViewModel
    

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43. ViewModel
    

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44. • Contains LiveData and logic required for view
    ViewModel
    

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45. • Contains LiveData and logic required for view
    • React to user input
    ViewModel
    

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46. • Contains LiveData and logic required for view
    • React to user input
    • Survive configuration changes!
    ViewModel
    

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47. class MainActivityViewModel(private val repo: ReminderRepo, private val scheduler: JobRequestScheduler) : ViewModel() {
    // LiveData objects - subscribe for UI updates
    val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getActiveReminders()
    private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    

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48. class MainActivityViewModel(private val repo: ReminderRepo, private val scheduler: JobRequestScheduler) : ViewModel() {
    // LiveData objects - subscribe for UI updates
    val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getActiveReminders()
    private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    // Single events - subscribe for UI updates
    val clearNotificationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteAllConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    

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49. class MainActivityViewModel(private val repo: ReminderRepo, private val scheduler: JobRequestScheduler) : ViewModel() {
    // LiveData objects - subscribe for UI updates
    val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getActiveReminders()
    private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    // Single events - subscribe for UI updates
    val clearNotificationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteAllConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    // Mutable LiveData accessor methods - everyone loves ensuring immutability!
    fun getSpinnerVisibility(): LiveData = spinnerVisibility
    fun getEmptyVisibility(): LiveData = emptyVisibility
    

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50. class MainActivityViewModel(private val repo: ReminderRepo, private val scheduler: JobRequestScheduler) : ViewModel() {
    // LiveData objects - subscribe for UI updates
    val reminderList: LiveData> = repo.getActiveReminders()
    private val spinnerVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    private val emptyVisibility = MutableLiveData()
    // Single events - subscribe for UI updates
    val clearNotificationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    val showDeleteAllConfirmationEvent = SingleLiveEvent()
    // Mutable LiveData accessor methods - everyone loves ensuring immutability!
    fun getSpinnerVisibility(): LiveData = spinnerVisibility
    fun getEmptyVisibility(): LiveData = emptyVisibility
    // Public user-driven methods
    fun reminderListUpdated(reminders: List) {
    spinnerVisibility.value = false
    emptyVisibility.value = reminders.isEmpty()
    }
    fun confirmDeleteAllReminders() {
    showDeleteAllConfirmationEvent.call()
    }
    fun deleteAllReminders() {
    scheduler.cancelAllJobs()
    repo.deleteAllReminders()
    clearNotificationEvent.call()
    }
    

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51. override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    viewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this, MainActivityViewModelFactory(repo, scheduler))
    .get(MainActivityViewModel::class.java)
    }
    MainActivity.kt
    

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52. class MainActivityViewModelFactory(private val repo: ReminderRepo, private val scheduler: JobRequestScheduler) :
    ViewModelProvider.Factory {
    override fun create(modelClass: Class): T {
    if (modelClass.isAssignableFrom(MainActivityViewModel::class.java)) {
    return MainActivityViewModel(repo, scheduler) as T
    }
    throw IllegalArgumentException("Cannot instantiate ViewModel class with those arguments")
    }
    }
    MainActivityViewModelFactory.kt
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    viewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this, MainActivityViewModelFactory(repo, scheduler))
    .get(MainActivityViewModel::class.java)
    }
    MainActivity.kt
    

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53. class MainActivityViewModelFactory(private val repo: ReminderRepo, private val scheduler: JobRequestScheduler) :
    ViewModelProvider.Factory {
    override fun create(modelClass: Class): T {
    if (modelClass.isAssignableFrom(MainActivityViewModel::class.java)) {
    return MainActivityViewModel(repo, scheduler) as T
    }
    throw IllegalArgumentException("Cannot instantiate ViewModel class with those arguments")
    }
    }
    MainActivityViewModelFactory.kt
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    viewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this, MainActivityViewModelFactory(repo, scheduler))
    .get(MainActivityViewModel::class.java)
    }
    MainActivity.kt
    

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54. … and, Testing?
    

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55. @Test
    fun testReminderListUpdated() {
    val reminders = listOf(Reminder(), Reminder())
    `when`(repo.getActiveReminders()).thenReturn(Flowable.just(reminders))
    viewModel = MainActivityViewModel(repo, scheduler)
    viewModel.reminderListUpdated(reminders)
    viewModel.getSpinnerVisibility().observeForever({
    assertEquals(it, false)
    })
    viewModel.getEmptyVisibility().observeForever({
    assertEquals(it, false)
    })
    }
    @Test
    fun testDeleteReminder() {
    val reminder = Reminder()
    viewModel.clearNotificationEvent.observeForever({ id ->
    assertEquals(id, reminder.notificationId)
    })
    viewModel.confirmDeleteReminder(reminder)
    viewModel.deleteReminder()
    verify(scheduler).cancelJob(reminder.externalId)
    verify(repo).deleteReminder(reminder)
    }
    MainActivityViewModelTest.kt
    

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56. Pros
    

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57. • Android supported architecture
    Pros
    

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58. • Android supported architecture
    • Persist config changes!!
    Pros
    

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59. • Android supported architecture
    • Persist config changes!!
    • Easy JVM Tests
    Pros
    

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60. Gotchas
    

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61. Gotchas
    • Don’t instantiate directly
    

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62. Gotchas
    • Don’t instantiate directly
    • Implement ViewModelProvider.Factory for constructor
    parameters
    

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63. Gotchas
    • Don’t instantiate directly
    • Implement ViewModelProvider.Factory for constructor
    parameters
    • Inherit from AndroidViewModel if you need (Application) context
    

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64. Should I use ViewModels?
    

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65. Should I use ViewModels?
    

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66. Room
    

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67. Room
    

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68. • Communicates with SQLite database
    Room
    

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69. • Communicates with SQLite database
    • Pushes updates with LiveData or RxJava
    Room
    

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70. • Communicates with SQLite database
    • Pushes updates with LiveData or RxJava
    • Access through repository
    Room
    

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71. @Entity(tableName = TABLE_REMINDERS)
    data class Reminder(@ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_TITLE) var title: String = "",
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_TEXT) var body: String = "",
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME) var time: Calendar = Calendar.getInstance(),
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_RECURRENCE) var recurrence: Recurrence = Recurrence.NONE,
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_EXTERNAL_ID) var externalId: Int = 0,
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_NOTIFICATION_ID) var notificationId: Int = 0) {
    @PrimaryKey
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_ID)
    var id: String = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
    }
    Reminder.kt
    

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72. @Entity(tableName = TABLE_REMINDERS)
    data class Reminder(@ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_TITLE) var title: String = "",
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_TEXT) var body: String = "",
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME) var time: Calendar = Calendar.getInstance(),
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_RECURRENCE) var recurrence: Recurrence = Recurrence.NONE,
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_EXTERNAL_ID) var externalId: Int = 0,
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_NOTIFICATION_ID) var notificationId: Int = 0) {
    @PrimaryKey
    @ColumnInfo(name = REMINDER_COLUMN_ID)
    var id: String = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
    }
    Reminder.kt
    

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73. @Dao
    interface ReminderDao {
    @Insert(onConflict = OnConflictStrategy.REPLACE)
    fun insertReminder(reminder: Reminder)
    @Update
    fun updateReminder(reminder: Reminder)
    @Delete
    fun deleteReminder(reminder: Reminder)
    @Query("SELECT * FROM $TABLE_REMINDERS " +
    "WHERE $REMINDER_COLUMN_ID = :id")
    fun getReminderById(id: String): LiveData
    }
    ReminderDao.kt
    

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74. How about testing?
    

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75. @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
    class ReminderDaoTest {
    @Before
    fun createDb() {
    db = Room.inMemoryDatabaseBuilder(InstrumentationRegistry.getTargetContext(), AppDatabase::class.java)
    .allowMainThreadQueries()
    .build()
    dao = db.reminderDao()
    }
    @Test
    fun testGetReminderById() {
    val reminder = Reminder(title = TITLE)
    val id = reminder.id
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    val result = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getReminderById(id))
    assertTrue(result.id == id)
    assertTrue(result.title == TITLE)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    

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76. @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
    class ReminderDaoTest {
    @Before
    fun createDb() {
    db = Room.inMemoryDatabaseBuilder(InstrumentationRegistry.getTargetContext(), AppDatabase::class.java)
    .allowMainThreadQueries()
    .build()
    dao = db.reminderDao()
    }
    @Test
    fun testGetReminderById() {
    val reminder = Reminder(title = TITLE)
    val id = reminder.id
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    val result = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getReminderById(id))
    assertTrue(result.id == id)
    assertTrue(result.title == TITLE)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    

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77. @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
    class ReminderDaoTest {
    @Before
    fun createDb() {
    db = Room.inMemoryDatabaseBuilder(InstrumentationRegistry.getTargetContext(), AppDatabase::class.java)
    .allowMainThreadQueries()
    .build()
    dao = db.reminderDao()
    }
    @Test
    fun testGetReminderById() {
    val reminder = Reminder(title = TITLE)
    val id = reminder.id
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder())
    val result = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getReminderById(id))
    assertTrue(result.id == id)
    assertTrue(result.title == TITLE)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    

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78. Pros
    

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79. • No more SQLite APIs
    Pros
    

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80. • No more SQLite APIs
    • Easy testing
    Pros
    

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81. • No more SQLite APIs
    • Easy testing
    • Autoupdates with LiveData or RxJava
    Pros
    

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82. Gotchas
    

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83. • Require Android device/emulator for testing
    Gotchas
    

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84. • Require Android device/emulator for testing
    • Room entities require public getters/setters
    Gotchas
    

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85. • Require Android device/emulator for testing
    • Room entities require public getters/setters
    • Handle threading yourself (unless subscribing to LiveData)
    Gotchas
    

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86. Should I use Room?
    

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87. Should I use Room?
    

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88. LiveData
    

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89. LiveData
    RxJava2
    

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90. @Dao
    interface ReminderDao {
    @Query("SELECT * FROM $TABLE_REMINDERS " +
    "WHERE $REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME > :time " +
    "ORDER BY $REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME ASC")
    fun getAllReminders(time: Long = System.currentTimeMillis()): LiveData>
    }
    ReminderDao.kt
    

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91. @Dao
    interface ReminderDao {
    @Query("SELECT * FROM $TABLE_REMINDERS " +
    "WHERE $REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME > :time " +
    "ORDER BY $REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME ASC")
    fun getAllReminders(time: Long = System.currentTimeMillis()): LiveData>
    }
    ReminderDao.kt
    @Dao
    interface ReminderDao {
    @Query("SELECT * FROM $TABLE_REMINDERS " +
    "WHERE $REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME > :time " +
    "ORDER BY $REMINDER_COLUMN_TIME ASC")
    fun getAllReminders(time: Long = System.currentTimeMillis()): Flowable>
    }
    

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92. viewModel.reminderList.observe(this, Observer { reminders ->
    reminders?.let {
    adapter.setReminderList(it)
    viewModel.reminderListUpdated(it)
    fab.show()
    }
    })
    MainActivity.kt
    

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93. viewModel.reminderList.observe(this, Observer { reminders ->
    reminders?.let {
    adapter.setReminderList(it)
    viewModel.reminderListUpdated(it)
    fab.show()
    }
    })
    MainActivity.kt
    viewModel.reminderList.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
    .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
    .subscribe({
    // onNext
    adapter.setReminderList(it)
    viewModel.reminderListUpdated(it)
    fab.show()
    }, {
    // onError
    })
    

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94. fun insertReminder(reminder: Reminder) {
    Thread(Runnable {
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    }).start()
    }
    ReminderRepo.kt
    

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95. fun insertReminder(reminder: Reminder) {
    Thread(Runnable {
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    }).start()
    }
    ReminderRepo.kt
    fun insertReminder(reminder: Reminder): Disposable {
    return Completable.fromAction {
    dao.insertReminder(reminder)
    }
    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
    .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
    .subscribe()
    }
    

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96. And of course, testing…
    

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97. @Test
    fun testGetReminderList() {
    val time = Calendar.getInstance()
    time.timeInMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() + 60000 * 5 // set each reminder 5 minutes in future
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder(time = time))
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder(time = time))
    val reminders = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getAllReminders())
    assertTrue(reminders.size == 2)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    

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98. @Test
    fun testGetReminderList() {
    val time = Calendar.getInstance()
    time.timeInMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() + 60000 * 5 // set each reminder 5 minutes in future
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder(time = time))
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder(time = time))
    val reminders = LiveDataTestUtil.getValue(dao.getAllReminders())
    assertTrue(reminders.size == 2)
    }
    ReminderDaoTest.kt
    @Test
    fun testGetReminderList() {
    val time = Calendar.getInstance()
    time.timeInMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() + 60000 * 5 // set each reminder 5 minutes in future
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder(time = time))
    dao.insertReminder(Reminder(time = time))
    dao.getAllReminders()
    .test()
    .assertValue({ it.size == 2 })
    }
    

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99. LiveData with RxJava
    

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100. • RxJava for database operations
     • LiveData for data controlled locally
     LiveData with RxJava
     

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101. Summary
     

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102. Pros
     

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103. • Lifecycle-aware, officially supported architecture
     Pros
     

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104. • Lifecycle-aware, officially supported architecture
     • LiveData autoupdating!
     Pros
     

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105. • Lifecycle-aware, officially supported architecture
     • LiveData autoupdating!
     • Can use individually if desired
     Pros
     

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106. Gotchas
     

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107. • SingleLiveEvent, LiveDataTestUtil not included
     Gotchas
     

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108. • SingleLiveEvent, LiveDataTestUtil not included
     • ViewModelProvider.Factory documentation not great
     Gotchas
     

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109. • SingleLiveEvent, LiveDataTestUtil not included
     • ViewModelProvider.Factory documentation not great
     • Implement threading for Room
     Gotchas
     

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110. - Google
     “A collection of libraries that help
     you design robust, testable, and
     maintainable apps.”
     

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111. Should I use Architecture
     Components?
     

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112. Should I use Architecture
     Components?
     

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113. Want to help?
     https://github.com/physphil/RemindMe/
     Need more info?
     https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/index.html
     https://github.com/googlesamples/android-architecture-components
     http://fragmentedpodcast.com/episodes/115/
     

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114. Thanks!
     Phil Shadlyn
     @physphil
     

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