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Overview of RNA-Sequencing and Its Applications

Overview of RNA-Sequencing and Its Applications

Literature seminar at the Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK

Vladimir Kiselev

July 02, 2014
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  1. Introduc:on  to  RNA  sequencing   •  Appearance  ~2008  (first  5

     papers)  with  the  introduc:on  of    next-­‐genera:on  sequencers   •  Allowed  to  analyze  en:re  gene  expression  programs   •  In  principle,  any  high-­‐  throughput  sequencing  technology  can  be  used   •  Bioinforma:cs  tools  for  RNA-­‐seq  ~2009  (e.g.  TopHat)  
  2. RNA-­‐seq  workflow   1.  Select  RNAs  of  interest   2. 

    Fragmenta:on  &  reverse-­‐transcrip:on   3.  EST  library  (single/paired  end)   4.  Sequencing         5.  Quality  control   6.  Read  mapping   7.  Bioinforma:cs  analysis   Wang  et  al.,  2009  
  3. RNA-­‐seq  applica:ons   •  Quan:ta:ve  analysis  of  gene  expression  

    •  New  transcript  discovery   •  Iden:fica:on  of  post-­‐transcrip:onal   modifica:ons:   – Alterna:ve  splicing   – Alterna:ve  polyadenyla:on   – Polymorphisms       Marguerat  et  al.,  2010  
  4. RNA-­‐seq:  read  quality  control  (QC)   •  First  step  of

     Bioinforma:cs  analysis   •  Data  filtering:   –   low  quality  sequences/bases   –   overrepresented  sequences   –   noise   •  Numerous  automa:c  tools  
  5. Data  assessment  (FastQC)   Per  base  sequence  quality   Per

     sequence  quality  score   …  Per  base  sequence  content,   Per  base  GC  content,   Sequence  length  distribu:on,   Overrepresented  sequences…  
  6. RNA-­‐seq  data  analysis:  mapping   Three  strategies:   1.  De

     novo  assembly  (De  Bruijn  graphs)   –  Genome  unknown  or  of  poor  quality   2.  Genome  alignment   –  Genome  available   –  Transcriptome  unknown  or  of  poor  quality   –  Allows  finding  new  splice  junc:ons,  polya  cleavage   sites,  etc.   3.  Transcriptome  alignment   –  Genome  available   –  Comprehensive  transcriptome  available  
  7. RNA-­‐seq  data  analysis:   de  novo  assembly  (De  Bruijn  graph)

      Berger  et  al.,  2013   Is  widely  used  in   genome  assembly!!!  
  8. RNA-­‐seq  data  analysis:  expression   quan:fica:on   1.  Number  of

     reads  per  feature  –  expression   level   Gene  ID        Read  number   ENSG00000000003    455   ENSG00000000005    0   ENSG00000000419    965   ENSG00000000457    264   ENSG00000000460    495   ENSG00000000938    1   ENSG00000000971    84   ENSG00000001036    1264   ENSG00000001084    2519  
  9. RNA-­‐seq  data  analysis:  expression   quan:fica:on   1.  Number  of

     reads  per  feature  –  expression   level   2.  Comparison  of  read  numbers  per  feature  at   different  condi:ons  –  differen:al  expression:   –  Numerous  sta:s:cal  approaches  
  10. The  problem  of  detec:ng     differen:al  expression   • 

     Toy  example:                1  gene,  2  condi:ons,  lots  of  replicates   T-­‐test:     ,   ,   -­‐  sample  variances   -­‐  sample  means   ,   -­‐  sample  sizes   Condi:on  1   Condi:on  2   Replicate  1   10   2   Replicate  2   11   3   Replicate  3   10   4   Replicate  4   4   0   …   …   …   …   …   …   Replicate  47   3   4   Replicate  48   8   6   Replicate  49   5   3   Replicate  50     7   5   The  higher  the  variance,  the     larger  differences  in  means  can     be  down  to  chance   From  M.  Spivakov  
  11. The  problem  of  detec:ng     differen:al  expression   • 

     Toy  example:                1  gene,  2  condi:ons,  lots  of  replicates   •  When  the  number  of  replicates                is  very  small:   –  Can’t  robustly  es:mate     popula&on  variance     from  sample  variance     –  Can’t  assume  normal  distribu:on     for  count  data   T-­‐test:     ,   ,   -­‐  sample  variances   -­‐  sample  means   ,   -­‐  sample  sizes   The  higher  the  variance,  the     larger  differences  in  means  can     be  down  to  chance   This  is  why  more  sophis:cated  tools  are  needed   From  M.  Spivakov  
  12. RNA-­‐seq:  open  ques:ons  &  future   Open  ques:ons:   • 

    Limita:ons  on  cDNA  synthesis  and  library   prepara:on   •  Challenges  in  current  mapping  algorithms   Future:   •  Further  development  of  third(fourth)-­‐genera:on   sequencing:   –  Higher  detec:on  quality   –  Longer  read  length   •  Single  cell  RNA-­‐seq   Schadt  et  al.,  2010   Ozsolak  et  al.,  2011