科学の虚構主義的解釈と祖先以前性の問題

応用哲学会2019年年次総会発表スライド

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1. Պֶͷڏߏओٛతղऍͱ૆ઌҎલੑͷ໰୊ ࢁܗ↳೭ yoriyuki.y@gmail.com 2019/04/20
2. ຊߨԋͷ֓ཁ ✤ ϝΠϠεʔ͕ఏى͢Δʮ૆ઌҎલੑͷ໰୊ʯʹؔ͢Δ ٞ࿦ΛΑΓܗࣜతʹ੔ཧ͔ͨͨͪ͠Ͱఏى͢Δ ✤ ͜͜Ͱ͸ͦΕΛʮ૆ઌҎલతݴ໌ʯΛڏߏओٛతʹղ ऍ͢Δࡍͷࠔ೉Λࢦఠ͢Δ΋ͷͱͯ͠ଊ͑Δ ✤ ͜ͷࠔ೉ͱ͸ɺ૆ઌҎલతݴ໌ͷ࣌ؒతͳִͨΓͰ͸ ͳ͘ҙࣝओମͷͳ͍ੈքͷՄೳੑΛՊֶ͕૝ఆ͍ͯ͠ Δ͜ͱͰ͋Δͱଊ͑Δ
3. ૆ઌҎલੑ ʮਓؒͱ͍͏छͷग़ݱʹઌཱͭ − ·ͨɺ஌ΒΕ͏ΔݶΓͷ஍ٿ্ͷ͋ΒΏΔ ੜ໋ͷܗʹઌཱͭ − ͋ΒΏΔݱ࣮ʹ͍ͭͯɺ૆ઌҎલతͱݺͿ͜ͱʹ͢Δ ϝΠϠεʔʮ༗ݶੑͷ͋ͱͰʯp24
4. ૬ؔओٛ ࢲͨͪ͸ओମͱͷؔ܎͔Β෼཭͞Εͨର৅ʮͦΕࣗମʯΛ೺ Ѳ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ܾͯ͠Ͱ͖ͳ͍ͱݴ͏ͷΈͳΒͣɺओମ͸ͭͶʹ ͢Ͱʹର৅ͱͷؔ܎ʹஔ͔Ε͍ͯΔͷͰ͋ͬͯɺͦ͏Ͱͳ͍ओ ମΛ೺Ѳ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ܾͯ͠Ͱ͖ͳ͍ͱ͍͏͜ͱ΋ओு͢Δɻ ಉ্ p.16
5. ૆ઌҎલੑͷ໰୊ ✤ ϝΠϠεʔʹΑΕ͹ɺΧϯτͷ൷൑఩ֶɺϑοαʔϧ ͷ௒ӽ࿦త؍೦࿦ɺલʗޙظ΢ΟτήϯγϡλΠϯͳ Ͳ͸͢΂ͯ૬ؔओٛͷҰछͰ͋Δ ✤ ϝΠϠεʔ͸૬ؔओٛऀ͸૆ઌҎલతݴ໌ͷద੾ͳղ ऍΛ༩͑Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ͱओு͢Δ
6. ૬ؔओٛʹΑΔ૆ઌҎલੑͷղऍ ʮग़དྷࣄX͸ਓؒͷग़ݱΑΓԿ೥΋લʹૣ͘ىͬͨ͜ʯɻʢུʣ૬ؔओٛऀ ͷ఩ֶऀ͸−͓ͦΒ͘৺ͷதͰߦ͏ͩΖ͏͕−؆୯ͳҨݴิ଍ͷୠ͠ॻ͖ͷ Α͏ͳɺ͍ͭ΋ಉ͡΋ͷΛɺͬͦ͜Γͱจͷ࠷ޙʹ͚ͭՃ͑ΔͩΖ͏ɻ͢ ͳΘͪɺग़དྷࣄX͸ਓؒͷग़ݱΑΓԿ೥΋લʹૣ͘ىͬͨ͜−ਓؒʹͱͬͯ ͸ʢ͞Βʹݴ͑͹ɺՊֶऀʹͱͬͯ͸ʣ ಉ্ p.29
7. ϑοαʔϧͷ৔߹ ✤ ੈք͕࣮ࡏ͢Δͱ͍͏ࣗવతଶ౓ʹΑΔՊֶΛ͍ͬͨΜ ʮׅހೖΕʯ͢ΔʢڏߏԽʣ ✤ ʮׅހೖΕʯ͞Εͨੈք͸ࢤ޲తҙ͔ࣝΒߏ੒͞ΕΔ ✤ ૆ઌҎલతͳࣄ࣮΋ࢤ޲తҙ͔ࣝΒߏ੒͞ΕΔ ✤ ૆ઌҎલతࣄ࣮Λ௚઀؍࡯Մೳͳҙࣝओମ͸ͳͯ͘Α͍ ✤ ෺ཧత࣌ؒ΋௒ӽ࿦తओ؍ੑ͕ߏ੒ͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δ
8. ૆ઌҎલੑʹର͢Δ૝ఆճ౴ ✤ ૆ઌҎલੑͷ໰୊Λʮ࣌ؒతִͨΓʯͷ໰୊ͱߟ͑ΔݶΓɺͦ Ε͸௒ӽ࿦త؍೦࿦ʹ໰୊Λى͜͞ͳ͍ ✤ ෺ཧత࣌ؒ͸͋͘·Ͱ௒ӽ࿦తओ؍ੑʹΑΓߏ੒͞Εͨ΋ͷ ✤ ओ؍ੑΛ෺ཧత਎ମʹؼଐͤ͞Δͷ͸ؒओ؍ੑͷܦݧʹΑΔ ✤ ෺ཧత਎ମͱͯ͠ͷҙࣝओମͷ஀ੜ΋͋͘·Ͱʮޙํ౤ࣹʯ ʹΑΓߏ੒͞Εͨग़དྷࣄ
9. ૬ؔੑͷެ४ ✤ P͸ͳΜΒ͔ͷҙຯͰʮຊདྷతɾࠜݯతͳʯࣄ࣮ ✤ ྫ͑͹ʮࢤ޲తҙࣝʯͦͷ΋ͷ ✤ ೝࣝओମ͸ྫ͑͹ʮ௒ӽ࿦తओ؍ੑʯ ࣄ࣮P͕੒ΓཱͭͳΒ͹ ೝࣝओମI͕ଘࡏͯ͠I͕PΛೝࣝ͢Δ
10. Ҡߦݪཧ ✤ ʮ஍ٿ͸̐̒ԯ೥લʹ஀ੜͨ͠ʯʢS)͸͋Δ΍ΓํͰ ࢤ޲తҙࣝʢP)ʹΑΓߏ੒͞ΕΔ ✤ S͕ਖ਼͍͠ݶΓɺͦΕΛߏ੒͢ΔP͕ଘࡏ͢Δ ຊདྷతͳݴ໌Pʹ຋༁͞ΕΔݴ໌SΛ Պֶ͕ओு͢ΔͳΒ͹P͕੒Γཱͭ
11. ೝࣝओମͷۮવੑ ✤ ೝࣝओମ͕ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍࣌఺͕͋Δͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ɺੈք ͕ܾఆతͰͳ͍͔͗Γɺೝࣝओମ͕஀ੜ͠ͳ͍ɺͱ͍ ͏ՄೳੑΛؚҙ͢Δ ✤ ೝࣝओମͷଘࡏ͕ຊདྷతɾࠜݯతͳࣄ࣮Ͱ͋ΔͳΒ ͹ɺೝࣝओମͷۮવੑ͸ຊདྷతɾࠜݯతͳࣄ࣮Ͱ͋Δ ✤ ҠߦݪཧʹΑΓɺೝࣝओମ͸ۮવతͰ͋Δ
12. ೝࣝओମͷඞવੑ ✤ ૬ؔੑͷެ४ʹΑΓɺͳΜΒ͔ͷඞવతͳP͕ଘࡏ͢ ΔͳΒ͹ɺೝࣝओମ͸ඞવతͰ͋Δ ✤ ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺೝࣝओମ͸ۮવతͰ͋Γ͔ͭඞવతͰ͋ Δ ✤ ͕ͨͬͯ͠ɺ૬ؔੑͷެ४ͱҠߦݪཧ͸ཱ྆͠ͳ͍
13. Pure Ego ✤ ໃ६Λճආ͢Δٞ࿦ ✤ ਎ମΛ࣋ͭೝࣝओମͷଘࡏ͸ۮવతͰʢ෺ཧతͳʣ ͋Δ࣌ؒ಺ʹݶఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔ ✤ ௒ӽ࿦తओ؍ੑͷଘࡏ͸෺ཧతͳ࣌ؒͱ͸ؔ܎ͳ͘ ඞવతͰ͋Δ ✤ ͋Δ͍͸ଘࡏ͢Δʗ͠ͳ͍ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͕໰୊ʹͳ Βͳ͍
14. ड೑ͷ໰୊ ✤ ௒ӽ࿦తओ؍ੑ͕਎ମʹଐ͢Δͷ͕ۮવͰ͋Δͱ͢Δ ͱɺ਎ମʹؔ͢Δඞવ໋୊͔Β௒ӽ࿦తओ؍ੑʹؔ͢ Δඞવ໋୊΁Ҡߦ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ ✤ e.g. ҩֶత໋୊͔Βࢲ͕ײ͡Δ঱ঢ়ͷඞવੑΛਪ࿦Ͱ ͖ͳ͍
15. ਎ମ͔Β৺΁ͷਪ࿦ᶗ 1. ਎ମʹ͋Δग़དྷࣄA͕͋Δͱɺͦͷͷͪඞͣ਎ମA ʹଐ͢ΔҙࣝBʹ͋Δ঱ঢ়C͕ੜ͡Δ 2. ࢲͷҙࣝ͸ͭͶʹඞͣ਎ମAʹؼଐ͍ͯ͠Δ 3. ࢲͷ਎ମʹ͋Δग़དྷࣄA͕͋Δͱɺͦͷͷ͔ͪͳ Βͣ͋Δ঱ঢ়C͕ੜ͡Δ
16. ਎ମ͔Β৺΁ͷਪ࿦ᶘ 1. ਎ମʹ͋Δग़དྷࣄA͕͋Δͱɺͦͷͷͪඞͣ਎ମA ʹଐ͢ΔҙࣝBʹ͋Δ঱ঢ়C͕ੜ͡Δ 2. ࢲͷҙࣝ͸͋Δ࣌ؒʹ͓͍ͯۮવతʹ͋Δ਎ମʹ ଐ͍ͯ͠Δʹա͗ͳ͍ 3. ࢲͷ਎ମʹ͋Δग़དྷࣄA͕͋ͬͨͱͯ͠΋ɺ঱ঢ়C ͕ੜ͡Δͷ͸ۮવతͰ͋Δ
17. ࣌ؒͱ༷૬ͷ໰୊ ✤ ݫີʹݴ͑͹ɺ࣌ؒͱ༷૬͸௚ަ͍ͯ͠Δ ✤ લड़ͨ͠ʮड೑ʯͷ໰୊͸࣍ͷΑ͏ʹղܾ͞ΕΔͱࢥ ΘΕΔ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ ✤ ओ؍ੑ͕͋Δ਎ମʹؼଐ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ۮવͰ͋ͬͨ ✤ ͋Δ࣌఺Ͱओ؍ੑA͕͋Δ਎ମBʹؼଐͨ͠ͱ͢Δ ͱɺA͸ඞવతʹBʹؼଐ͠ଓ͚Δ
18. ࢠଙҎޙੑͷ໰୊ ✤ ओ؍ੑA͕਎ମBʹࠓޙؼଐ͢Δͷ͕ඞવతͰ͋Δͱ͢Δ ͱɺʮࢠଙҎޙੑʯͷ໰୊͕ੜ͡Δ ✤ Պֶ͸B͕ফ໓͢ΔՄೳੑΛ༧ݴ͢Δ ✤ ओ؍ੑA΋ফ໓͢ΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δ ✤ ҰํɺA͕࣌ؒʹΑΒͳ͍ඞવతͳࣄ࣮Λೝࣝ͢Δ͔͗ Γ૬ؔੑͷެ४͔ΒA͸࣌ؒʹΑΒͣඞવతʹଘࡏ͢Δ
19. ऑ͍૬ؔओٛ merely require what might be called real higher-order possibilities---possibilities for acquiring epistemic dispositions in counterfactual (or actual) cases where epistemic subjects would be co-existing---that may remain unactualized but could be actualized by someone properly taking into account a multitude of individual epistemic perspectives, by means of intersubjective experience. Christian Beyer, Edmund Husserl, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
20. ऑ͍૬ؔओٛͰͷ૆ઌҎલੑͷ໰୊ ✤ ݱ୅Պֶ͸਎ମΛ࣋ͬͨೝࣝओମ͕૝ఆ͠ಘͳ͍Α͏ ͳੈքΛ΋૝ఆ͢Δ e.g. ✤ 1ϛϦඵ͔͠ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍Ӊ஦ ✤ ෺࣭͕ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍Ӊ஦
21. Pure Ego࠶ͼ ✤ ௨ৗͷೝࣝओମ͕૝ఆͰ͖ͳ͍ঢ়گͰଘࡏ͢Δओ؍ੑ ͱ͸Pure EgoͰ͋Δ ✤ ड೑ͷ໰୊Λ࠶ͼҾ͖ى͜͢
22. ·ͱΊ ✤ ϝΠϠεʔ͕ఏى͢Δ૆ઌҎલੑͷ໰୊Λೝࣝओମͷ ۮવੑͷ໰୊ͱଊ͑ͨ ✤ ೝࣝओମ͕ۮવతͰ͋Δʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣɺओ؍ੑ͕͋ Γ͑ΔͨΊʹ͸ɺ਎ମʹΑΒͳ͍Pure Ego͕ཁ੥͞Ε Δ ✤ Pure Ego͸ඞવੑͱͷؔΘΓͰड೑ͷ໰୊ʢ৺਎໰ ୊ʣΛҾ͖ى͜͢