Biosecurity Risks in Southeast Asia Impacting on Human Food Supplies
Rice biosecurity needs to be considered when conducting military exercises in Southeast Asia. This presentation highlights the importance of biosecurity and reasons why.
A few numbers Rice is a food staple for >3.5 billion people 90% of all rice is grown in Asia One fifth of the world’s population depends on rice for their livelihood In 2009, 640 million in Asia lived in poverty On average, for the extreme poor (earning less than $1.25/day) Rice accounts for nearly one-half of their food expenditures One-fifth of total household expenditures Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Impact In 2008, when rice prices tripled, the World Bank estimated that an additional 100 million people were pushed into poverty Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Impact Great Bengal Famine (1943) • An already poor crop • Cyclone • Three tidal waves • Brown spot • Impact • 1.5 to 4 million people died of starvation, malnutrition and disease, out of Bengal’s 60.3 million population Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Yield losses Global Rice Production • Potential losses 77% • 40% of yield is saved • Actual losses >37% E.-C. OERKE, 2006 Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Introductions Managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization 11 However, data on the introductions of alien species into Europe highlight that not until 1800 AD was a progressive increase in the annual rate of alien mammal, invertebrate and plant introductions observed (Fig. 1). Similar trends are seen for plants in North America (Mack 2003). This ‘second phase’ of biological invasions coincides with the Industrial Revolution, a period of increased international trade across almost all continents facilitated by the construction of canals, highways and railways as well as the introduction of steam- ships (Findley & O’Rourke 2007). Furthermore, the spread of European species worldwide was undoubtedly aided by 50 million Europeans who emigrated to distant shores between Fig. 1. Annual rates of increase in the establish- ment of alien mammals (data from Genovesi et al. 2009), invertebrates (data from Roques et al. 2009) and plants (data from Pyßek et al. 2009) in Europe since 1500 AD. We move materials at unprecedented rates now. Annual rates of increase in the establishment of alien mammals (data from Genovesi et al. 2009), invertebrates (data from Roques et al. 2009) and plants (data from Pyšek et al. 2009) in Europe since 1500 ad. Hulme, P. Journal of Applied Ecology 2009, 46, 10–18 Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Unintentional movement Continent: North America Pest: Black Stem Rust Introduced: European Settlers Impact: 50%-70% yield losses over large regions Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Intentional movement Country: Philippines Pest: Golden Apple Snail Native to: South America Introduced: in 1982, 1983, 1984 Reason: Supposed food and income source Escaped: Shortly after introduction, now endemic and a serious rice pest Impact: The amount spent from 1980-1998 for molluscicides alone amounted to US$ 23 M Credit: IRRI Images A. G. Cagauan and R. C. Joshi. 2002. Golden Apple Snail Pomacea spp. in the Philippines Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Weapons? Could plant pathogens be used as biological weapons? “It is unlikely that any plant-pathogenic bacterium can be justified realistically as a biological weapon. . .” Young et al. 2008. Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria as Biological Weapons – Real Threats? Phytopathology 98:1060-1065. Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Yield loss due to Leaf Blast B130 B150 A230 A250 Current Northern Tanzania The boundaries and names shown and designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IRRI. Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Heat stress This map shows the frequency of years wherein temperature is too high during the reproductive to maturity stages from 1983-2011. A. Laborte, IRRI Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Exclusion Australia – Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) maintains a website: http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/avm/military/cleani ng-requirements UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED 5-2 Exterior of Vehicle 5.3 The cleaning instructions for the Land Rover 4x4’s exterior, as illustrated in Figure 5–1, include the points detailed in Table 5–1. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 Figure 5–1: Land Rover 4x4’s Exterior Table 5–1: Cleaning Instructions for the Land Rover 4x4’s Exterior Serial Comments or Tasks Technical Time (hours) 1 Remove canopy and bows and clean with pressure washer. Clean the hollow sections of the canopy bows by using flushing water through the tubes with a pressure washer. CES and clean. 2 Remove the side flares for cleaning. 0.5 3 Remove the CES and clean. Ensure the hold down brackets and the nylon straps and buckle loops are separated and cleaned. 4 Remove the grill and high-pressure air or pick clean the radiator to ensure there are no seed or insect debris embedded. Inspect behind number plate and tactical signage and flush hollow tubing on brush guard. 5 Damaged lights or where light seals are compromised are to be removed and cleaned of all soil, plant or insect matter. 0.5 6 Remove the mudflaps and clean. If damaged dispose of in accordance with AQIS instructions. 7 If vehicle is fitted with a winch, remove and clean the winch rope. Clean the winch drum. Ensure winch propeller shafts, uni joints, and pillow block bearing are clean and free from dirt, dust, plant and insect material. 2.5 8 Flush out behind mirrors – damaged mirrors are to be removed. 9 If fitted, remove tread plates on top of front mudguards to facilitate cleaning. http://www.defence.gov.au/jlc/Documents/Cleaning%20Manual/05.pdf Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
Conclusion Rice • Staple crop • 90% is grown in Asia • 1/5 of the world’s population depends on it for livelyhood Importance of Rice | Causes| Actions | Conclusion
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