publications per month citing Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer Courtesy of Agilent Waldbronn introduced 1999 more than 8500 instruments sold worldwide Gold-Standard for the analysis of RNA
possible European scenario In reality, the initiation phase can be prolonged, especially in the summer months. What cannot be determined is when acceleration takes place. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Month Proportion of total cases, consultations, hospitalisations or deaths Initiation Acceleration Peak Declining Animated slide: Press key Apr
1918/1919 pandemic: A(H1N1) influenza deaths, England and Wales 1918/19: ‘Influenza deaths’, England and Wales. The pandemic affected young adults, the very young and older age groups. 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1918 1919 Week no. and year Deaths in England and Wales Ro = 2-3 (US) Mills, Robins, Lipsitch (Nature 2004) Ro = 1.5-2 (UK) Gani et al (EID 2005) Ro = 1.5-1.8 (UK) Hall et al (Epidemiol. Infect. 2006) Ro = 1.5-3.7 (Geneva) Chowell et al (Vaccine 2006) Courtesy of the Health Protection Agency, UK Transmissibility: estimated Basic Reproductive Number (Ro )
estimated additional deaths in Europe if a 1918/19 pandemic occurred now – a published worst case scenario Austria 13,000 Latvia 13,800 Netherlands 23,100 Belgium 14,900 Lithuania 18,800 Poland 155,200 Bulgaria 47,100 Germany 116,400 Portugal 25,100 Czech Rep 34,100 Greece 27,400 Romania 149,900 Cyprus 1, 900 Hungary 37,700 Slovenia 5,000 Denmark 7,300 Ireland 6,700 Slovakia 20,600 Estonia 6,100 Italy 95,200 Spain 87,100 Finland 8,100 Luxembourg 500 Sweden 13,300 France 89,600 Malta 1,100 UK 93,000 Iceland 420 Norway 5,800 EU total: 1.1 million (computer simulation) Murray CJL, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH. Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918–20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis. Lancet. 2006;368: 2211-2218.
main reason for worse situation today: increased population increased population density in large cities increased mobility (commute, tourism) closed air circulation (e.g. offices, airplanes) insufficient filtering, insufficient hygiene
to discuss time to activate and use measurements time to getting technology & biotech ready false negatives acceptance in public (non invasive would be best)
breath analysis – lung cancer Pilot Study: • 36 patients suffering with lung cancer • 54 healthy persons in a control group. A reduction from more than one million data points per IMS-chromatogram to 25 variables enabled a classification and differentiation of these two groups with an error of < 1.3 %. S. Bader, J.I. Baumbach et al. Science Price 2006 of the ´Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie´ obtained at the 47. Annual Conference in Nürnberg, March 29 - April 1, 2006: Ionenbeweglichkeitsspektrometrie bei Bronchialkarzinom und Atemwegsinfektion Discriminator -10 -5 0 5 10 Smoking status Non-smoker Smoker No information available Non-smoker Smoker Lung Cancer Control Carcinoma in situ
introduction and assessment of anesthesia target controlled infusions (TCI) calculated based on - patient height - patient weight - patient age bispectral index (BIS) monitor depth of anesthesia - Indicates brain activity most of the values are not optimal for particular patient
MCC/IMS breath analysis from anesthetized patient over time BIS 19 BIS 33 BIS 62 Propofol in breath corresponds to the BIS value breath analysis - anesthetic propofol
Online monitoring of anesthesia Result: Plasma conc. Vs. End tidal conc. (peak intensity) end tidal concentration (a.u.) dosage: propofol TCI plasma (µg/ml) 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 C B A D E F G H „theranostics“- anesthetic propofol wake up go sleep maintain
virtual reaction chamber key properties – water-based sample encapsulated by oil – (RT) PCR conducted on a glass cover slip – micromachined heater/sensor are separated from the sample – cover slip is disposable – small sample volume makes system very fast PCR Sample Oi l B mirror reflection
VRC details key properties – VRC with glass placed on a micromachined silicon – heater integrated with temperature sensor – heating rate: thermal mass, available power with PID control – cooling rate: t (thermal time constant) LENGTH HEATER LINK SENSOR T G P G H ; t
how fast can the heater be? B A 200 nL sample covered with 600 nL of oil. The heater is not well thermally isolated making cooling of the VRC faster. T G P G H ; t
current development • cost below 200 USD per unit • four samples a time, i.e. positive and negative control plus two samples • USB enabled • simple display • powered by 12V battery
superheating solvent is at a temperature higher than boiling point without boiling! experiment no boiling of aqueous solutions at 240 °C for more than 30 min!!! limited by thermal decomposition of surrounding oil temperature x exposure time = applied energy 59 PCR Sample Oi l B mirror reflection
Bacillus spore disruption by superheating spores of bacteria are highly resistance against: - dryness - toxic substances - other aggressive substances - aging - heat: dry: 150 °C ca. 1 h boiling: ca. 5 h 60 electron microscope cross-section of a spore of Bacillus subtilis, showing the cortex and coat layers surrounding the core (dark central area). spore is 1.2 µm across. (Picture: S. Pankratz, Berkeley University of California)
mass spectrometric protein identification: state-of-art up to now: MS-grade trypsin digestion (Promega): expensive and time consuming about 100 € per 100 µg! up to 5 € per experiment! 66
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (fragment 1-24) • molecular weight 2933.44 Da • ACTH is a biomarker for cellular stress, infections, cancer (metastases!), activates G proteins… 70 start with “easy” samples: ACTH
Precise gel patterning Nutrient & gas perfusion No physical barrier Co-culturing Gradients & stimuli Organotypic cell cultures for drug efficacy and toxicity screening Cells in matrix Perfusion Perfusion
„the human document project“ workshop, Stanford, September 12-13, 2012 (chair: Steve Quake, www.humandocument.org) to preserve one document about mankind for one million years
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