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From X To Ruby

From X To Ruby

My morning training session at LSRC 2013

Anthony Lewis

July 18, 2013
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  1. About Me • Senior Engineer at Mass Relevance • @anthonylewis

    [email protected] • http://anthonylewis.com Thursday, July 18, 13
  2. Session Overview • Installation • Tools • Syntax • Enumerable

    • Classes & Modules Thursday, July 18, 13
  3. Windows • Planning to use Rails? • Use Rails Installer

    • http://railsinstaller.org • Use Ruby Installer • http://rubyinstaller.org Thursday, July 18, 13
  4. Mac OS X • Planning to use Rails? • Use

    Rails Installer • http://railsinstaller.org • Use Homebrew? • brew install ruby • Try RVM Thursday, July 18, 13
  5. Linux • Check your package system • Does it have

    Ruby 1.9 or later? • Enjoy building from source? • Try RVM Thursday, July 18, 13
  6. Ruby Version Manager • For Mac OS X and Linux

    • Install multiple versions of Ruby • Builds from source • Dev Tools Required • http://rvm.io Thursday, July 18, 13
  7. Ruby • A dynamic, open source programming language with a

    focus on simplicity and productivity. It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write. • Created by Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto • http://www.ruby-lang.org/en Thursday, July 18, 13
  8. Gem • RubyGems is the ruby packaging system. It provides

    a standard format for distributing Ruby programs and libraries, and an easy to use tool for managing the installation of gem packages. • https://rubygems.org Thursday, July 18, 13
  9. Bundler • Bundler manages an application's dependencies through its entire

    life across many machines systematically and repeatably. • http://gembundler.com Thursday, July 18, 13
  10. Text Editors • The Classics: Emacs, Vim • Cross Platform:

    Sublime Text 2 • http://www.sublimetext.com Thursday, July 18, 13
  11. Interactive Ruby • Open a Command Prompt or Terminal •

    Type “irb” and press Enter Thursday, July 18, 13
  12. Statements • Separated by line breaks • Use semicolons to

    include more than one statement on a line • An operator, comma, or dot followed by a line break continues the current statement • Strings can contain line breaks Thursday, July 18, 13
  13. Numbers & Math irb> 1 + 2 => 3 irb>

    2 * 3 => 6 irb> 6 / 3 => 2 Thursday, July 18, 13
  14. Floating Point Math irb> 6 / 3 => 2 irb>

    7 / 3 => 2 irb> 7.0 / 3 => 2.33333333333333 Thursday, July 18, 13
  15. Strings irb> "Hello" => "Hello" irb> "Hi" + "There" =>

    "HiThere" irb> "Hi" * 3 => "HiHiHi" Thursday, July 18, 13
  16. String Interpolation irb> name = "Tony" => "Tony" irb> "Hi

    #{name}" => "Hi Tony" Thursday, July 18, 13
  17. Symbols • Symbols are used as identifiers in Ruby •

    They are like an immutable string • Use a single memory address irb> :hello => :hello Thursday, July 18, 13
  18. Strings vs Symbols • Jim Weirich says... • If the

    contents of the object are important, use a String. • If the identity of the object is important, use a Symbol. Thursday, July 18, 13
  19. Constants • Name starts with an upper case • Typically

    written in ALL CAPS irb> PI = 3.14 => 3.14 irb> 2 * PI => 6.28 Thursday, July 18, 13
  20. Arrays • A list of objects • Enclosed in square

    brackets irb> list = [1, 2, 3] => [1, 2, 3] irb> list[1] => 2 Thursday, July 18, 13
  21. Hashes • A set of key value pairs • Enclosed

    in curly braces irb> person = {:name => "Tony"} => {:name=>"Tony"} irb> person[:name] => "Tony" Thursday, July 18, 13
  22. Ruby 1.9+ Syntax • Drop the hash rocket • Move

    the colon to the end of the symbol irb> person = {name: "Tony"} => {:name=>"Tony"} irb> person[:name] => "Tony" Thursday, July 18, 13
  23. • if executes code if the condition is true Conditionals

    age = 21 if age < 13 puts "Child" end Thursday, July 18, 13
  24. • Use elsif and else to add more conditions Conditionals

    if age < 13 puts "Child" elsif age < 18 puts "Teenager" else puts "Adult" end Thursday, July 18, 13
  25. • If not name empty, print name Conditionals name =

    "Tony" if !name.empty? puts name end Thursday, July 18, 13
  26. • Unless name empty, print name Conditionals name = "Tony"

    unless name.empty? puts name end Thursday, July 18, 13
  27. • Print name, unless name empty Conditionals name = "Tony"

    puts name unless name.empty? Thursday, July 18, 13
  28. Boolean Logic • Any expression can be treated as a

    boolean • false and nil are considered falsey • All other values are truthy • Use the empty? method to see if a string or collection is empty Thursday, July 18, 13
  29. Iteration • In addition to the standard for and while

    loops in other languages list = [1, 2, 3, 4] list.each do |number| puts number end Thursday, July 18, 13
  30. Blocks • Code passed to and executed by a method

    • A block forms a closure • Local variables are available inside • Surrounded by do ... end or {} • Arguments, if any, go between || Thursday, July 18, 13
  31. Blocks list = [1, 2, 3, 4] x = 2

    list.each do |number| puts x * number end list.each { |n| puts x * n } Thursday, July 18, 13
  32. Blocks • Not just for loops • Pass a block

    to File.open and it will close the file, even on exceptions File.open("test.txt") do |f| puts f.readlines end Thursday, July 18, 13
  33. Methods • A reusable piece of code with a name

    def greet(name = "World") puts "Hello, #{name}" end irb> greet "Hello, World" => nil Thursday, July 18, 13
  34. Enumerable • Module commonly included in collections • Adds traversal

    and other methods • all?, any?, collect, count (map), detect (find), first, include?, inject (reduce), max, min, reject, select, sort, take Thursday, July 18, 13
  35. all? • Returns true if the given block never returns

    false or nil irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.all? { |n| n.even? } => false Thursday, July 18, 13
  36. any? • Returns true if the given block ever returns

    a value other than false or nil irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.any? { |n| n.even? } => true Thursday, July 18, 13
  37. collect (map) • Returns a new array with the result

    of running the block on each element irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.map { |n| n * n } => [1, 4, 9, 16] Thursday, July 18, 13
  38. detect (find) • Returns the first element where the block

    is not false irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.find { |n| n % 2 == 0 } => 2 Thursday, July 18, 13
  39. first • Returns the first element of the collection irb>

    list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.first => 1 Thursday, July 18, 13
  40. include? • Returns true if the collection includes the given

    object irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.include? 3 => true Thursday, July 18, 13
  41. inject (reduce) • Combine all elements into a single object

    using the given starting value and block irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.reduce(0) do |memo, n| irb> memo + n irb> end => 10 Thursday, July 18, 13
  42. max, min • Returns the element with the maximum or

    minimum value respectively irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.max => 4 Thursday, July 18, 13
  43. reject • Returns an array of elements where the block

    returns false irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.reject { |n| n.even? } => [1, 3] Thursday, July 18, 13
  44. select • Returns an array of elements where the block

    returns true irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.select { |n| n.even? } => [2, 4] Thursday, July 18, 13
  45. sort • Returns a sorted copy of the collection, using

    an optional block irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.sort { |a,b| b <=> a } => [4, 3, 2, 1] Thursday, July 18, 13
  46. take • Returns the requested number of elements from the

    collection irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.take 2 => [1, 2] Thursday, July 18, 13
  47. Method Chaining • Combine several methods irb> list.map { |n|

    n ** 3 }. select { |n| n.even? }.first => 8 Thursday, July 18, 13
  48. Dangerous Methods • Modify the collection in place • Method

    names end with an exclamation irb> list = [1, 2, 3, 4] irb> list.select! { |n| n.even? } => [2, 4] Thursday, July 18, 13
  49. Classes • A collection of data and methods class Person

    def initialize(name) @name = name end def greet puts "Hi, I'm #{@name}" end end Thursday, July 18, 13
  50. Classes • Instantiating and using irb> guy = Person.new("Tony") =>

    irb> guy.greet => "Hi, I'm Tony" Thursday, July 18, 13
  51. Instance Variable • A variable that belongs to a specific

    instance of the class • Protected inside the class • Starts with @ • For example, @name in the Person class Thursday, July 18, 13
  52. Instance Variable • Use attr_accessor to make an instance variable

    available outside the class irb> class Person irb> attr_accessor :name irb> end irb> guy.name => "Tony" Thursday, July 18, 13
  53. Instance Method • Methods that are called on a specific

    instance of the class • For example, guy.greet Thursday, July 18, 13
  54. Class Variable • A variable that is shared among all

    instances of the class, and the class itself • Protected inside the class • Starts with @@ Thursday, July 18, 13
  55. Class Method • A method that is called on the

    class itself • For example, Person.new • Many examples in ActiveRecord • Post.all • Comment.where(post_id: 2) Thursday, July 18, 13
  56. Access Modifiers • private - available to instances of the

    class • protected - available to instances of the class and subclasses • public - available to everyone Thursday, July 18, 13
  57. Inheritance • Single inheritance only • Use modules / mixins

    to model multiple inheritance class Student < Person # ... end Thursday, July 18, 13
  58. Modules • Model qualities or abilities of things • Cannot

    be instantiated • Class names are typically nouns • Module names are typically adjectives Thursday, July 18, 13
  59. Modules module Distractible def distract puts "Oh, kittens" end end

    class Student < Person include Distractible end Thursday, July 18, 13
  60. Modules irb> bob = Student.new("Bob") => irb> bob.greet => "Hi,

    I’m Bob" irb> bob.distract => "Oh, kittens" Thursday, July 18, 13
  61. Learn More Ruby • Programming Ruby 1.9 & 2.0 •

    The PickAxe Book • by Dave Thomas, with Chad Fowler and Andy Hunt Thursday, July 18, 13
  62. Learn Onscreen • Try Ruby • http://tryruby.org • Ruby Koans

    • http://rubykoans.com • Ruby has damaged your karma. Thursday, July 18, 13