Lecture 05 - Biological Correlates of Psychology

This is the fifth of five lectures for my MCAT review course at Saint Louis University. More details are available at https://chris-prener.github.io/mcat

Transcript

1. CHRISTOPHER PRENER, PH.D. BIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PSYCHOLOGY MCAT PREP: SOCIOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY SPRING, 2018 SESSION 03 LECTURE 05
2. AGENDA MCAT PREP / SESSION 03 / LECTURE 05 1. Gene- Environment Interaction 2. Sensation, Perception, & Consciousness 3. Memory
3. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION 1
4. 1. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION GABRA2
5. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: GABRA2
6. GABRA2
7. GABRA2
8. GABRA2
9. SENSATION, PERCEPTION & CONSCIOUSNESS 2
10. SENSATION Conversion of physical stimuli into electrical signals that are processed by the nervous system.
11. PERCEPTION Organization and identification of sensory inputs.
12. THRESHOLDS Psychological field focused on our ability to detect any stimulus.
13. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS THRESHOLDS
14. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS THRESHOLDS
15. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS ▸ Absolute threshold - “lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be sensed” ▸ Difference threshold - “the smallest difference that is sufficient for a change in a stimulus to be noticed” ▸ Thresholds vary based on the sensory system (taste vs. pitch, for example) THRESHOLDS
16. SELECTIVE ATTENTION Focus on one stimuli or task at the exclusion of others.
17. DIVIDED ATTENTION Splitting resources between multiple stimuli or tasks.
18. BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN PROCESSING Influence of prior knowledge Construction of perceptions from individual pieces of information
19. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS TOP DOWN
20. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS BOTTOM UP
21. GESTALT PRINCIPLES The top-down processing that organizes sensory inputs into distinct forms according to the sensed surroundings.
22. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS GESTALT PRINCIPLES Nearness
23. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS GESTALT PRINCIPLES Similarity
24. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS GESTALT PRINCIPLES Common Region
25. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS GESTALT PRINCIPLES Closure
26. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS GESTALT PRINCIPLES Continuity H
27. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS GESTALT PRINCIPLES Figure-Ground
28. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS PERCEPTION
29. CONSCIOUSNESS Awareness of surroundings, thoughts, goals, time, etc.
30. 2. SENSATION, PERCEPTION, & CONSCIOUSNESS EXAMPLES OF CONSCIOUSNESS-ALTERING DRUGS Class Example Stimulants Cocaine, Methamphetamine, 
 Ritalin Depressants Opioids (heroin), Benzodiazepines (Xanax), Barbiturates (Luminal) Hallucinogens LSD, Peyote, PCP, Ketamine
31. MEMORY 3
32. DECLARATIVE MEMORY Information that is consciously known (date of birth, social, etc)
33. NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY Unconscious ability to remember how to do specific tasks (riding a bike, starting a line)
34. 3. MEMORY ENCODING AND STORAGE OF DECLARATIVE MEMORY SENSORY
 MEMORY SHORT TERM MEMORY Input Largely 
 unconscious WORKING Information
 Not Needed Forgetting LONG TERM MEMORY Forgetting
 or decay Retrieval Encoding Rehearsal
35. NEURAL PLASTICITY Neurological rearrangement of networks and synapses both in early development and after injury.
36. SEMANTIC NETWORK Scary Alaskan Mammals Bear Moose Grizzly Black Bear Polar Bear Wolf
37. 3. MEMORY RECALL GRIZZLY BEARS HAVE A HUMP, SHORT EARS, A DISHED FACE, AND LONG CLAWS. THEY ARE BROWN.
38. 3. MEMORY RECOGNITION I SEE A GRIZZLY!
39. 3. MEMORY ▸ Identifying grizzly bears: ▸ They are brown, but black bears can be, too. ▸ They have a dished face. ▸ They have a short ears. ▸ They have long claws. ▸ They have a hump on their back. PRIMACY EFFECT GRIZZLY BEARS ARE BROWN… UGH… WHAT ELSE?!
40. 3. MEMORY ▸ Identifying grizzly bears: ▸ They are brown, but black bears can be, too. ▸ They have a dished face. ▸ They have a short ears. ▸ They have long claws. ▸ They have a hump on their back. RECENCY EFFECT THEY ARE BROWN, HAVE LONG CLAWS AND A HUMP… UGH… WHAT ELSE?!
41. 3. MEMORY RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE Learn About
 Grizzly Bears Learn About
 Wolves Forget Info
 About Bears
42. 3. MEMORY PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE Learn About
 Grizzly Bears Learn About
 Wolves Cannot Retain
 Info About
 Wolves
43. 3. MEMORY EXAMPLES OF NEUROLOGIC DYSFUNCTIONS Illness Characteristics Alzheimer’s Disease Loss of ability to form short term memories initially, followed by long term denigration of cognitive abilities Korsakoff’s Syndrome Similar initial symptoms to Alzheimer’s but caused by nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B) secondary to alcoholism Parkinson’s Disease Impairment of motor function (initiating movement, tremors, and weakness)