MCAT Lecture 03 - Identity and the Individual

This is the third of five lectures for my MCAT review course at Saint Louis University. More details are available at https://chris-prener.github.io/mcat

Transcript

1. CHRISTOPHER PRENER, PH.D. IDENTITY & THE INDIVIDUAL MCAT PREP: SOCIOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY SPRING, 2018 SESSION 02 LECTURE 03
2. AGENDA MCAT PREP / SESSION 02 / LECTURE 03 1. Follow-up 2. Personality 3. Identity 4. Theories of Development 5. Beliefs About Others 6. Mental Illness
3. FOLLOW-UP 1
4. 1. FOLLOW-UP THINGS TO REMEMBER ▸ Slides available here - https://chris-prener.github.io/mcat ▸ Contact at chris.prener@slu.edu ▸ Plan to take a quick break around 7pmI am not a Psychologist or a Psychiatrist!
 ▸ We’ll do Chapter 3 today and Chapters 4 & 5 during session 3 on March 28th (6pm to 8pm)
5. THE BIOPHSYCOSOCIAL MODEL Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
6. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
7. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
8. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
9. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
10. THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
11. PERSONALITY 2
12. PERSONALITY “the collection of lasting characteristics that make a 
 person unique”
13. 2. PERSONALITY ▸ Cardinal traits - rare, powerful, overarching traits that influence all aspects of personality (social climber) that may emerge later in life ▸ Central traits - general characteristics that form the basis of a person’s personality (intimidating, honest, shy, scary) ▸ Secondary traits - situational traits related to attitudes and/or preferences (hates traffic) TRAIT THEORY GORDON W. ALLPORT
14. 2. PERSONALITY ▸ Stable over time regardless of environmental changes ▸ Traits lie on a spectrum - not binary outcomes TRAIT THEORY GORDON W. ALLPORT
15. 2. PERSONALITY FIVE-FACTOR MODELS 1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism
16. 2. PERSONALITY 1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
17. 2. PERSONALITY 1. Openness to experience - willingness to make adjustments based on new activities or situations 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
18. 2. PERSONALITY 1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness - willingness to consider others when making decisions 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
19. 2. PERSONALITY 1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion - an interest in people and external events 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
20. 2. PERSONALITY 1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness - willingness or ability to get along with others in social situations 5. Neuroticism FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
21. 2. PERSONALITY 1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism - stability and low anxiety (or the opposite) FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
22. 2. PERSONALITY ▸ Variation too far to the extremes on any of these factors is associated with mental illness FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
23. 2. PERSONALITY PRAXIS (THEORY ➔ METHOD) KARL MARX ANTONIO GRAMSCI
24. 2. PERSONALITY PRAXIS (THEORY ➔ METHOD) POSITIVISM & 
 POST-POSITIVISM
25. 2. PERSONALITY LIMITS OF THE RCT
26. 2. PERSONALITY LIMITS OF THE RCT
27. 2. PERSONALITY PUTTING PRAXIS INTO PRACTICE Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods
28. 2. PERSONALITY PUTTING PRAXIS INTO PRACTICE TWIN STUDIES THE WINKLEVOSS TWINS
29. 2. PERSONALITY PUTTING PRAXIS INTO PRACTICE NATURAL EXPERIMENTS MOVING TO OPPORTUNITY
30. 2. PERSONALITY PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SIGMUND FREUD
31. 2. PERSONALITY ▸ Id - most primitive, seeks instant gratification, present from birth ▸ Superego - develops later in life through socialization ▸ Ego - directs behavior in a way that balances the drives of the id and the superego ▸ This process takes place outside of conscious awareness PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SIGMUND FREUD
32. BEHAVIORIST THEORY Environmental factors are viewed as major contributors to personality, particularly over the life course.
33. 2. PERSONALITY ▸ Observational learning is key for understanding and developing personality ▸ Reciprocal causation used to explain personality: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY ALBERT BANDURA Personal factors Behaviors Environment
34. 2. PERSONALITY ▸ Humanistic theory based on the idea that individuals seek out opportunities that make them “better, more fulfilled individuals” ▸ Self actualization - the realization of one’s full potential CARL ROGERS
35. 2. PERSONALITY HUMANISTIC THEORY SELF-CONCEPT, ACTUAL SELF, AND IDEAL SELF ALL OVERLAP SELF-CONCEPT ACTUAL
 SELF IDEAL SELF DISTRESS HEALTHY
36. IS PERSONALITY STABLE OR SITUATIONAL? Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
37. IDENTITY 3
38. IDENTITY A person’s view of who they are in terms of both internal factors and environmental / social factors.
39. 3. IDENTITY THE LOOKING GLASS SELF (SELF-CONCEPT) CHARLES COOLEY
40. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Risk Factors Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Health Outcomes lifecourse
41. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes
42. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes
43. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Culture
44. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Social Roles lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Culture
45. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Identity & Personality lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Culture
46. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS Social & Economic Policies Social Institutions Neighborhoods & Communities Living Conditions Social Relationships Individual Traits lifecourse Genetic Factors Biological Paths Individual Life Outcomes Resocialization
47. 3. IDENTITY ▸ Anomie borrowed from Durkheim - when norms break down due to rapid change ▸ Culture can create deviance and discord ▸ Deviance is response to (perceived) inability to meet society’s goals or access means to achieve those goals ANOMIE (STRAIN THEORY) ROBERT MERTON
48. 3. IDENTITY IN, OUT, AND REFERENCE GROUPS
49. 3. IDENTITY IN, OUT, AND REFERENCE GROUPS
50. 3. IDENTITY FRONT STAGE & BACK STAGE ERVING GOFFMAN
51. SELF ESTEEM A person’s overall value judgement of themselves.
52. SELF-EFFICACY The feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully.
53. 3. IDENTITY LOCUS OF CONTROL Internal Locus
 of Control External Locus
 of Control
54. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 4
55. 4. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SIGMUND FREUD
56. 4. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY developmental stage age characteristics Oral birth-2 years nursing (sucking and biting) Anal 2-3 years toilet training Phallic 3-6 years gender and sexual identity 
 (focus on opposite sex parent) Latent 7-12 years social development
 (sexual impulses supressed) Genital adolescence sexual maturation
57. 4. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY ERIK ERICKSON
58. 3. IDENTITY ERIKSON’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Individual Society Interaction / Feedback Loop Birth Maturity Series of crises
59. ERIKSON’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY developmental stage age developmental stages Oral birth-2 years trust vs. mistrust (from parents) Anal 2-3 years autonomy vs. shame/doubt (self-care) Phallic 3-6 years initiative vs. guilt (planning) Latent 7-12 years industry vs. inferiority (acquiring skills) Genital adolescence identity vs. role confusion (social roles) Young Adulthood intimacy vs. isolation (relationships) Adulthood generatively vs. stagnation (giving back) Maturity integrity vs. despair (evaluation of life)
60. 4. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT LEV VYGOTSKY Current
 developmental
 level Zone of proximal 
 development Beyond current 
 potential
61. 4. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT LAWRENCE KOHLBERG Level 1 - Pre-conventional Morality 1 - punishment (self-interest) 2 - reward (others have needs but child’s needs take priority) Level 2 - Conventional Morality 3 - social disapproval / approval 4 - rule following (social guidelines) Level 3 - Post-conventional Morality 5 - social contract (socially constructed over time) 6 - universal ethics (abstract principles)
62. BELIEFS ABOUT OTHERS 5
63. ATTRIBUTION THEORY Explanations into how people explain the behaviors of others. Major focus of sociology & social psychology.
64. 5. BELIEFS ABOUT OTHERS ATTRIBUTION THEORY Situational
 Attribution Dispositional
 Attribution
65. DISPOSITIONAL ATTRIBUTION Assigning the cause of behaviors to an “inherent quality or desire”.
66. SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTION Assigning the cause of behaviors to “environmental forces”.
68. TIM AND BILL JACKSON, ELIZABETHTOWN, NY
69. I FEEL THAT IF A MUSLIM WOMAN WANTS TO MOVE INTO THIS COUNTRY, SHE NEEDS TO LEAVE HER TOWEL HOME. BECAUSE THE REASON THIS COUNTRY IS HERE AND SAFE TODAY IS BECAUSE OF JESUS CHRIST…WE WERE ONE NATION UNDER GOD. THE MUSLIMS ARE INTO ALLAH. THEY CAN'T LIVE THERE [IN THEIR HOME COUNTRIES] ANYMORE BECAUSE OF ALL THE TURMOIL AND UNREST. HERE WE STILL HAVE SOMEWHAT PEACE. Bill Jackson, 
 Elizabethtown, NY
70. SO IF YOU'RE GOING TO COME HERE TO ENJOY THIS PEACE, FOLLOW OUR RULES AND BE ONE NATION UNDER GOD. OR STAY HOME. I'M NOT MAKING YOU CHANGE YOUR RELIGION, OR WHATEVER YOU WANT TO CALL IT, YOUR BELIEF. BUT IF YOU WANT THIS, WHAT WE WANT, THEN YOU GOT TO DO WHAT WE'RE DOING TO GET IT. Bill Jackson, 
 Elizabethtown, NY
71. ATTRIBUTION ERROR “Automatically [favoring] dispositional attributions over situational ones when judging other people.”
72. SELF-SERVING BIAS “the tendency to attribute one’s success to internal factors while attributing one’s failures to external (environmental) factors.”
73. MENTAL ILLNESS 6
74. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER “sets of psychological abnormalities that are maladaptive to the individual”
75. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH TO ILLNESS Disease Illness The biological condition of
 health / sickness.
76. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH TO ILLNESS Disease Illness The social meaning 
 of a condition.
77. MENTAL ILLNESS The social meanings (and responses) we attach to behaviors that are socially constructed to be “abnormal”.
78. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS ▸ The DSM is the diagnostic tool for clinicians when assessing mental illness ▸ Diagnosis may reflect reimbursement imperatives rather than a hard-and-fast clinical finding ▸ Diagnostic categories themselves may be socially constructed (e.x. Gender Dysphoria) and subject to intense revision (e.x. Asperger’s & Autism Spectrum Disorder) DIAGNOSING MENTAL ILLNESS
79. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS SOMATOFORM DISORDERS ▸ Characterized by physical symptoms (pain, fatigue, motor problems) that lead to substantial, functional psychological impairment ▸ Emphasis placed on the patient’s experience regardless of the underlying biological nature of the physical symptoms ▸ Up to 20% of primary care patients have symptoms that fit DSM criteria for diagnosis ▸ Diagnostic categories have been contested ▸ Diagnoses include Somatic Symptom Disorder, Illness Anxiety Disorder, Conversion Disorder, and Facitious Disorder
80. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDERS ▸ Often a stress response to the future or hypothetical scenarios (and thus considered unwarranted) ▸ Characterized by both physical and emotional experiences of anxiety ▸ Broader category (including PTSD) is most diagnosed category of illnesses in the U.S. ▸ 15% of U.S. population likely to experience an anxiety disorder during their lifetime with 10% experiencing symptoms each year ▸ Diagnoses include Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and specific phobias
81. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ▸ Response to exposure to any life threatening or traumatic event
82. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
83. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
84. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ▸ Response to exposure to any life threatening or traumatic event ▸ Can also include third-party exposure ▸ Symptoms include re-experiencing the event, hallucinations, and disrupted sleep ▸ Lifetime prevalence of approximately 6-7% in the population, with women several times more likely to experience PTSD ▸ High prevalence among veterans (14% among OIF/OEF; 30% for Vietnam veterans) ▸ There is also an Acute Stress Disorder for symptoms (including dissociative symptoms like numbing) immediately occurring but receding within a month
85. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS ▸ Obsessive (recurrent, intrusive thoughts) and compulsive (ritualistic behavior) behaviors that impede daily functioning ▸ Low prevalence - only 1% of adult U.S. population experiences this in a given year with a lifetime prevalence of 1.6%. ▸ Specific diagnoses include Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania, and Excoriation Disorder.
86. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS
87. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS MOOD DISORDERS ▸ Defined by extreme sadness (depression) and/or extreme excitement (mania), or the oscillation between the two ▸ Depressive disorders are characterized by persistent depression that may be severe ▸ Persistent but less severe symptoms may be diagnosed as Persistent Depressive Disorder while severe symptoms may be diagnosed as Major Depressive Disorder. ▸ Roughly 7% of U.S. adults experience major depressive episodes each year with women twice as likely to experience these symptoms
88. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS MOOD DISORDERS ▸ Depressive disorders have some heritability and may have etiological roots in neurological disruption ▸ Successful treatment using monoamine inhibitors and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors has led to hypothesis about these roots ▸ Bipolar disorders are characterized by mania that is disruptive for at least a week at a time (Bipolar I) or is less disruptive and does not cause severe impairment (Bipolar II). ▸ Bipolar disorders may also have symptoms associated with psychotic disorders (including delusions and hallucinations) ▸ Lifetime prevalence for bipolar disorders is about 4%
89. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS SCHIZOPHRENIA ▸ Fundamentally characterized by psychosis, including an experience of hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech ▸ Some evidence of heritability (with consequences for how we treat children with risk of developing the disease) ▸ Synaptic pruning (shedding of weak or redundant neurological connections) that is accelerated or intensified during young adulthood are at a higher risk for schizophrenia ▸ Estimates of lifetime prevalence are 0.5% to 1.0%; about 2 million Americans have the illness
90. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS ▸ Characterized by a split in psychological functioning - disruption in memory, identity, or consciousness ▸ Prevalence of less than 1% in the population ▸ Diagnoses include Depersonalization/derealization disorder and dissociative identity disorder (very contested)
91. 6. MENTAL ILLNESS PERSONALITY DISORDERS ▸ Defined by development of personality traits that inhibit social functioning - can include instability in moods, attitude, behavior, and self image ▸ Diagnoses are contested and there is criticism about the way these disorders are categorized and labeled ▸ Lifetime prevalence is 9%, women are more likely to receive a diagnosis than men ▸ Diagnoses include Antisocial Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder