Lecture 2 - Introduction to self-driving cars

"Software Testing for Complex Intelligent Systems and Autonomous Vehicles" online course.

The lecture is available via the link: https://youtu.be/RlUgfrNXoIU
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Transcript

1. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
   The History of
   Autonomous Vehicles
   

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   The Flying Carpet
   

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   First Autonomous Vehicle Prototypes
   RCA Labs self-driving car
   1957
   

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   When was this picture taken?
   ● Autonomous vehicle
   ● Computer-assisted
   operation
   ● Computer vision algorithms
   ● Road marking recognition
   ● Speed of up to 30 km/h
   1967? 1977?
   1987? 1997?
   

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   1977
   When was this picture taken?
   ● Autonomous vehicle
   ● Computer-assisted
   operation
   ● Computer vision algorithms
   ● Road marking recognition
   ● Speed of up to 30 km/h
   Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab,
   Japan, 1977
   

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   Lancia Thema – ARGO Project
   Universities of Parma and Pavia
   2000 km across Italy
   Autonomously 94% of the time
   1996
   When did this happen?
   

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   Robot and Drone
   Control
   

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   LiDAR - coherent Light Detecting
   And Ranging
   Controller Area Network (CAN) — an industry
   communication standard aimed at integrating devices and
   sensors into a network.
   The sensors, as well as the steering wheel, breaks and
   accelerator control system are connected to the CAN bus.
   CAN Node
   Microcontroller
   CAN
   Controller
   CAN
   Transceiver
   Bus
   Data Link Layer
   ISO 11898-0
   Medium Access Unit
   (Electrical Levels) ISO
   11898-2, 3
   

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   LIDAR - coherent Light Detecting
   And Ranging
   

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    Control Cycle
    1. Localisation – Where I am
    2. Perception — What is around me
    3. Prediction — Where everything is going
    4. Planning — What to do next
    Gayathiri Somasundaram, Kavitha, K.I.Ramachandran
    Sensor
    Image
    Processing
    Controller
    Vehicle
    image
    capture
    detected
    lane
    vehicle
    movement
    steering
    command
    

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11. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    What distance does a vehicle cover in 1 second while moving at
    36 km/h?
    Question
    20 centimeters? 1 meter?
    5 meters? 10 meters?
    insider.com
    

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    What distance does a vehicle cover in 1 second while moving at
    36 km/h?
    Question
    10 meters
    insider.com
    

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13. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Computer Autonomy: from
    Device to Master
    1. Computer offers a complete set of
    action alternatives
    2. Computer narrows the selection down
    to a few choices
    3. Computer suggests a single action
    4. Computer executes that action if a
    human approves
    5. Computer allows the human limited
    time to veto before automatic execution
    6. Computer executes automatically, then
    informs the human
    7. Computer decides everything and acts
    autonomously, ignoring the human
    Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    - based on Levels of automation of Decision and Action
    Selection (Sheridan & Verplanck, 1978)
    

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    Levels of Autonomy (SAE
    Classification)
    у
    NO
    AUTOMATION
    DRIVER
    ASSISTANCE
    PARTIAL
    AUTOMATION
    CONDITIONAL
    AUTOMATION
    HIGH
    AUTOMATION
    FULL
    AUTOMATION
    Steering and
    acceleration/
    deceleration
    Monitoring
    Of driving
    environment
    Fallback
    when
    automation fails
    Automated
    system is
    in control
    Human driver
    monitors the road
    Automated driving system
    monitors the road
    N/A
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    For on-road vehicles Human driver Automated system
    

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    “The occasional use imperative”*
    https://ya62.ru/
    “Such inefficiencies
    arise because we
    purchase automobiles
    that are massively
    overbuilt for the
    purposes we most
    frequently use them.”
    - Lawrence D. Burns
    - Average speed in congested cities can run as low as 12 mph.
    - Less than 30 percent of the energy from the gasoline you
    put in your car is used to move it down the road.
    - Only about 5 percent of the gasoline energy translated into
    motion is used to move the driver, it amounts to just 1.5
    percent of the total energy in gasoline.
    - American automobiles sit unused about 95 percent of the
    time.
    * Waymo CEO John Krafcik
    

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    Approximately 1.35
    million people die in road
    crashes each year, on
    average 3,700 people
    lose their lives every day
    on the roads.
    Association for Safe
    International Road Travel
    Annual Global Road Crash Statistics
    https://ya62.ru/
    

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    A Framework for Automated Driving
    System Testable Cases and Scenarios
    Proceed to the
    US Department
    of Transportation
    website
    

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18. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Join our Telegram chat,
    meet your peers, ask
    questions and get new
    software testing skills
    with Exactpro.
    Thank you!
    

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19. 19
    Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Useful links
    

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20. 20
    Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Useful links
    ✔ Lawrence D. Burns, Autonomy:
    The Quest to Build the Driverless Car -
    and How It Will Reshape Our World –
    https://www.amazon.com/Autonomy
    -Quest-Driverless-Car-Reshape/dp/00
    62661124
    ✔ Autopilot Saves Model S (video by
    Joshua Brown) –
    https://youtu.be/9I5rraWJq6E
    ✔ Wikipedia article on self-driving
    cars –
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driv
    ing_car
    ✔ A Framework for Automated
    Driving System Testable Cases and
    Scenarios –
    https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.d
    ot.gov/files/documents/13882-autom
    ateddrivingsystems_092618_v1a_tag.
    pdf
    

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