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Lecture 2 - Introduction to self-driving cars

Lecture 2 - Introduction to self-driving cars

"Software Testing for Complex Intelligent Systems and Autonomous Vehicles" online course.

The lecture is available via the link: https://youtu.be/RlUgfrNXoIU
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March 05, 2021
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  1. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    The History of
    Autonomous Vehicles

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  2. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    The Flying Carpet

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  3. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    First Autonomous Vehicle Prototypes
    RCA Labs self-driving car
    1957

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  4. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    When was this picture taken?
    ● Autonomous vehicle
    ● Computer-assisted
    operation
    ● Computer vision algorithms
    ● Road marking recognition
    ● Speed of up to 30 km/h
    1967? 1977?
    1987? 1997?

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  5. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    1977
    When was this picture taken?
    ● Autonomous vehicle
    ● Computer-assisted
    operation
    ● Computer vision algorithms
    ● Road marking recognition
    ● Speed of up to 30 km/h
    Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab,
    Japan, 1977

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  6. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Lancia Thema – ARGO Project
    Universities of Parma and Pavia
    2000 km across Italy
    Autonomously 94% of the time
    1996
    When did this happen?

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  7. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Robot and Drone
    Control

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  8. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    LiDAR - coherent Light Detecting
    And Ranging
    Controller Area Network (CAN) — an industry
    communication standard aimed at integrating devices and
    sensors into a network.
    The sensors, as well as the steering wheel, breaks and
    accelerator control system are connected to the CAN bus.
    CAN Node
    Microcontroller
    CAN
    Controller
    CAN
    Transceiver
    Bus
    Data Link Layer
    ISO 11898-0
    Medium Access Unit
    (Electrical Levels) ISO
    11898-2, 3

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  9. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    LIDAR - coherent Light Detecting
    And Ranging

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  10. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Control Cycle
    1. Localisation – Where I am
    2. Perception — What is around me
    3. Prediction — Where everything is going
    4. Planning — What to do next
    Gayathiri Somasundaram, Kavitha, K.I.Ramachandran
    Sensor
    Image
    Processing
    Controller
    Vehicle
    image
    capture
    detected
    lane
    vehicle
    movement
    steering
    command

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  11. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    What distance does a vehicle cover in 1 second while moving at
    36 km/h?
    Question
    20 centimeters? 1 meter?
    5 meters? 10 meters?
    insider.com

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  12. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    What distance does a vehicle cover in 1 second while moving at
    36 km/h?
    Question
    10 meters
    insider.com

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  13. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Computer Autonomy: from
    Device to Master
    1. Computer offers a complete set of
    action alternatives
    2. Computer narrows the selection down
    to a few choices
    3. Computer suggests a single action
    4. Computer executes that action if a
    human approves
    5. Computer allows the human limited
    time to veto before automatic execution
    6. Computer executes automatically, then
    informs the human
    7. Computer decides everything and acts
    autonomously, ignoring the human
    Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    - based on Levels of automation of Decision and Action
    Selection (Sheridan & Verplanck, 1978)

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  14. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Levels of Autonomy (SAE
    Classification)
    у
    NO
    AUTOMATION
    DRIVER
    ASSISTANCE
    PARTIAL
    AUTOMATION
    CONDITIONAL
    AUTOMATION
    HIGH
    AUTOMATION
    FULL
    AUTOMATION
    Steering and
    acceleration/
    deceleration
    Monitoring
    Of driving
    environment
    Fallback
    when
    automation fails
    Automated
    system is
    in control
    Human driver
    monitors the road
    Automated driving system
    monitors the road
    N/A
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    SOME DRIVING
    MODES
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    For on-road vehicles Human driver Automated system

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  15. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    “The occasional use imperative”*
    https://ya62.ru/
    “Such inefficiencies
    arise because we
    purchase automobiles
    that are massively
    overbuilt for the
    purposes we most
    frequently use them.”
    - Lawrence D. Burns
    - Average speed in congested cities can run as low as 12 mph.
    - Less than 30 percent of the energy from the gasoline you
    put in your car is used to move it down the road.
    - Only about 5 percent of the gasoline energy translated into
    motion is used to move the driver, it amounts to just 1.5
    percent of the total energy in gasoline.
    - American automobiles sit unused about 95 percent of the
    time.
    * Waymo CEO John Krafcik

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  16. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Approximately 1.35
    million people die in road
    crashes each year, on
    average 3,700 people
    lose their lives every day
    on the roads.
    Association for Safe
    International Road Travel
    Annual Global Road Crash Statistics
    https://ya62.ru/

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  17. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    A Framework for Automated Driving
    System Testable Cases and Scenarios
    Proceed to the
    US Department
    of Transportation
    website

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  18. Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Join our Telegram chat,
    meet your peers, ask
    questions and get new
    software testing skills
    with Exactpro.
    Thank you!

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  19. 19
    Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Useful links

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  20. 20
    Build Software to Test Software exactpro.com
    Useful links
    ✔ Lawrence D. Burns, Autonomy:
    The Quest to Build the Driverless Car -
    and How It Will Reshape Our World –
    https://www.amazon.com/Autonomy
    -Quest-Driverless-Car-Reshape/dp/00
    62661124
    ✔ Autopilot Saves Model S (video by
    Joshua Brown) –
    https://youtu.be/9I5rraWJq6E
    ✔ Wikipedia article on self-driving
    cars –
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driv
    ing_car
    ✔ A Framework for Automated
    Driving System Testable Cases and
    Scenarios –
    https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.d
    ot.gov/files/documents/13882-autom
    ateddrivingsystems_092618_v1a_tag.
    pdf

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