Grace MacAskill Sarah Green Joan Webber Sandra Denman Anna Brown Clive Brasier Kath Tubby Richard Baden David Rose Nigel Straw Daegan Inward Christine Tilbury Hugh Evans Nick Fielding Steve Hendry Roger Moore Alice Holt Alice Holt NRS NRS Pathologists Pathologists Entomologists Entomologists Advisory Advisory Services Services Wales Wales Tree Health Specialists Matt Elliot April Armstrong
wasp, Megastigmus spermatrophus Hymenoptera/ Torymidae Can be serious in a poor seed year Exotic North America Douglas fir woolly aphid, Adelges cooleyi Homoptera/ Adelgidae First noted in 1913. Shoot distortion of Douglas fir Exotic North America Larch budmoth, Zeiraphera diniana Lepidoptera/ Tortricidae Periodically causes severe defoliation of Scots and, particularly, lodgepole pines. Exotic Europe Pine looper moth, Bupalus piniaria Lepidoptera/ Geometridae First major outbreak in 1953, then periodically since then, especially on lodgepole pine sites Native Exotic host Pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea Lepidoptera/ Noctuidae Major infestations on lodgepole pine in Scotland (from mid 1970s) Native Exotic host Large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis Coleoptera/ Curculionidae Increasing problem, linked to felling and restocking of conifer crops Native Native and exotic hosts Great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans Coleoptera/ Scolytidae Established in early 1970s - outbreaks in Wales, bordering counties of England, Lancashire and Kent Exotic Eurasia Large larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae Coleoptera/ Scolytidae From 1950s. Minor outbreaks in Scotland and northern England. Occasionally on spruce. Exotic Europe Six-toothed bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus Coleoptera/ Scolytidae Secondary pest on all pine species Exotic Europe Principal insect outbreaks in Great Britain over the last 100 years Pink = Exotic Pests White = Native Pests
brumata Lepidoptera/ Geometridae Major defoliator on oak but more recently causing localised outbreaks on Sitka spruce Native Exotic host Horse chestnut scale, Pulvinaria regalis Homoptera/ Coccidae New scale insect pest on horse chestnut, lime and sycamore, first recorded in 1964. Exotic Europe European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae Hymenoptera/ Diprionidae Minor records from 1906 but major outbreak period from 1968 to 1975 in mid Wales Exotic Europe Web-spinning larch sawfly, Cephalcia lariciphila Hymenoptera/ Pamphiliidae First record in 1953, then major outbreak from 1972 to 1979 in Wales and many forests in England. Exotic Europe Knopper gall wasp, Andricus quercuscalicis Hymenoptera/ Cynipidae First record in 1961. Knopper galls on acorns reduce oak seed production in poor mast years Exotic Eurasia Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar Lepidoptera/ Lymantriidae Extinct in Britain in 1907. Asian strain poses higher risk than European; 1994 – present. Small infestations current in north London. Native extinct Current population is exotic (Europe or Asia) Horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella Lepidoptera/ Gracillariidae First recorded in Macedonia in 1985. Moved west across Europe. Found in London in 2002, still spreading Exotic Uncertain, could be Macedonia Oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea processionea Lepidoptera/ Thaumetopoeidae Moving northwards in Europe. Found in London in 2006. Arrived on live plants for planting Exotic Europe Pine lappet moth, Dendrolimus pini Lepidoptera/ 2007. Small breeding population found in north of Scotland. Under investigation Exotic Europe, Asia Principal insect outbreaks in Great Britain over the last 100 years ………CONTINUED Pink = Exotic Pests White = Native Pests
bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Hemiptera/ Heteroptera First record in 2007 and now widespread. Arrived in Italy in 1999 and spread across Europe Exotic Western North America Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis Coleoptera/ Cerambycidae Intercepted on imported packaging wood for several years. Breeding population in Kent found in 2012. Under eradication Exotic Asia Pest arrivals are not new, but they appear to be accelerating also pathogens causing diseases of trees ….why? 4 native pest species outbreak on exotic trees 16 exotic pest species outbreak on either native or exotic trees ……Host-switch more damaging- not co-evolved Principal insect outbreaks in Great Britain over the last 100 years ………CONTINUED
• Keep it out …..if that fails • Eradicate it or contain it …..if that fails • Learn to live with it Good science lies at the heart of all these approaches Examples of attempted eradication (ALB) & containing populations to prevent spread (PtLM)
Large Pine Weevil Winter Moth Winter Moth Pine Pine Looper Looper Moth Moth Pine Beauty Pine Beauty Moth Moth Green Spruce Aphid Green Spruce Aphid Large Larch Beetle Large Larch Beetle
• discovered in western Scotland during 1955 (Moray, Nairn, Banff, Inverness)…now in South Scotland • assumed to have entered the country in post-war shipments of German timber following gales in 1953 • one year life-cycle with two broods per year (Adults Apr/May & July/Aug • can kill standing larch if populations are allowed to build significantly
ha of Larch will be lost in the SW of Scotland to P.ramorum Bark beetles differ in their degree of aggressiveness (mainly secondary to some other debilitating factor)…. larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae one of the more aggressive
cembrae is intrinsically aggressive • Attacks debilitated but still green trees • This is especially true where it is allowed to build up to high density in windblown, felled, weakened or dead timber • Adults on emergence enter the crown of healthy trees and undertake maturation feeding on 2 to 6 year old branches • Shoots often break off at the point of injury Damage (Adult) Altyre Estate, Moray Monaughty Forest, Moray
‘ability to take advantage of the forester when he is in the greatest of difficulties- after fire, windblow, drought or defoliating insect’. (D. Bevan FC Handbook 1, 1987) or or after fungal attack after fungal attack
Halldórsson, 1998) Where is it from? Native to north, central & eastern Europe on Norway spruce Has spread by silviculture and encountered other species of spruce en route • Host Switch • Milder winters in UK- greater populations & damage Distribution
hatch during budburst! Eggs laid on along twigs and move towards buds on hatching Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) damage to spruce Eggs and early instar feeding in Sitka spruce buds Host Switch to introduced tree: Since early 1980’s outbreaks have occurred on Sitka spruce in the Scottish Borders Pest Identification and Damage on Sitka
spruce Substantial defoliation and shoot damage Poor distorted growth with multiple leaders Leading shoots are often eaten out and die back …also feeds on heather !! Damage on Sitka spruce
is Scots pine • Very common in most GB pinewoods • Rarely outbreaks on native host • A serious pest of Lodgepole pine (‘non-native’) in GB • ‘Host switch’ to LP in 1976 • Within tree genera switch Distribution Pine beauty moth
green (laid) to violet-brown (hatching). Dome-shaped, c.1mm diam, with strong vertical ribbing. Laid in rows (in groups of 6-8 eggs)- normally on upper needle surface mainly in upper canopy. Larva: On hatching 3mm, brown head, grey-green & black spots. Instars 2-4 paler green with longitudinal pale stripes. Instar 5 with bright orange stripe on side. Black then white wavy line above legs. Eats ‘new’ & then ‘old needles’. Grows to 40mm (1 1/ 2 inches). Pupa: Dark reddish brown. Length up to 20mm. Adult: Wing span c 30mm (11/ 4 inches).
Moth - caterpillar feeding & damage on Lodgepole Pine Pine beauty moth Damage Early instars: Feed on developing current shoots (bite small holes at base of needle-pairs- feeding partly inside them. Damage above occurs by late June. Leading shoots collapse due to early feeding & later feeding removes the old foliage
‘Switched’ to introduced introduced Lodgepole pine in 1976 • Attacks in Sutherland, Caithness & Isle of Lewis • Then to South Scotland (Kirkcudbrightshire) • Outbreaks on poorly drained, low nutrient peat soils • Kills trees (as feeds on new and old needles) • Periodic outbreaks since 1976 Outbreaks Pine beauty moth
longhorn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis • Native to the Far East (China, Taiwan and Korea). • Both species attack and kill healthy broadleaved trees- very wide host range • Are considered by the FAO to be amongst the top 5 most serious tree pests worldwide. • In China $1.5 billion p.a. estimated costs (12% total spend on P&D’s) • Established USA- $400m spent on eradication. • Established in parts of Europe • Frequently intercepted in UK (packaging & live plants) ALB/CLB Origin and spread
longhorn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis ALB/CLB Hosts & Damage Asian longhorn beetle causes most damage to: Acer (maples, sycamore) Aesculus (horse-chestnut) Betula (birch) Populus (poplars) Salix (willows, sallow) Ulmus (elm) Also many other tree species- both stressed & healthy trees attacked.
Egg (7mm) laid under the bark. ALB larvae- internal damage to tree 1 cm. Larvae tunnel through wood for 1-3 yrs. Up to 1000 cm3 of timber destroyed Vascular system disrupted, tree structurally weakened & susceptible. Most die within 3-4 yrs. Pupa
outbreak discovered at Paddock Wood in Kent, the first known outbreak of ALB in the UK • Premises importing stone from China, live adult found locally 2009. • Larvae recovered from roadside sallow tree following routine inspection, identified morphologically and confirmed using DNA
Sycamore – large tree with dead top, contained 155 live A. glabripennis larvae & pupae (40 % of total) & 487 adult exit holes (88 % of total)- June 2012 Adult exit hole
roundabout has extended outbreak zone northwards Within outbreak zone 2166 trees felled 66 infested trees (10 different tree species but 62% Sycamore) 556 exit holes >350 larvae found in infested material
Cornwall • 2004 Kent England (South Coast) England (South Coast) • 1989-2004 Guernsey (5) • 2005, 2006, 2008 Jersey • 1996, 2009, 2010 Isle of Wight • 2004 Inverness 1 male • 2007 Kiltarlity 2 males • 2008 Kiltarlity/Boblainy 10 males Brought to FC’s attention • 2009-10 FR extensive surveys confirm PtLM is established • 2009-12 FR surveys show low densities in c. 8km radius (max) around Kiltarlity (20km WSW of Inverness) Channel Islands Channel Islands Scotland Scotland Distribution British Records (Male moths) Pine-tree Lappet moth
up to 50km from initial moth capture site Pheromone Trap Locations 2009 Light Trap Locations 2009 & 2010 & 2010 Current Distribution INVERNESS 7km Distribution
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