15/12/2017
1
Decline Spiral Model – evolving concepts
Bacteria
The Decline Spiral Model
(Manion, 1981)
Decline: Arises from factors that interact sequentially or simultaneously and have a cumulative effect over
time. Certain factors may have key roles. Predisposition/altered host condition probably essential.
Root health
Secondary pests and diseases are of primary importance in causing tree mortality
Wargo, 1996
forestresearch
gkehr1
pw
sgnm
kitachan_black
lancers_pr
tomoshige_n
gamella
joisino
ykiyota
fullflu
hiroki11x
yumakoizumi
lynnandtonic
phodgson
geoffreycrofte
yeseniaperezcruz
wjessup
bkeepers
mza
marcelosomers
jrom
jacobian
holman
erikaheidi