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9 Secretary Brunnell Declares Fake News About His People is Being Telegraphed Over the Country. —Cincinnati Commercial Tribune (Concinnati, OH), 7 Jun. 1890 Fake News. The following is handed to us for publication: Sunday’s Enterprise says that I and a companion were run over by the Neptune and thrown into the water. As can be proved by more than one, we did not so much as get our feet wet, nor were we helped into the Neptune. Clarence Collins. —The Kearney Daily Hub (Kearney, NE), 7 Jul. 1890 8IBU`T'BLF/FXT %FGJOJUJPO 2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-real-story-of-fake-news
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࡞ऀ͕ҙਤతͰ͋ΓޡͬͯΔใͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕ཁ݅ 5. Zhou, Xinyi, and Reza Zafarani. "A survey of fake news: Fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53.5 (2020): 1-40. 6. Lazer, David MJ, et al. "The science of fake news." Science 359.6380 (2018): 1094-1096. 7. Shu, Kai, et al. "Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective." ACM SIGKDD explorations newsletter 19.1 (2017): 22-36. 8. Allcott, Hunt, and Matthew Gentzkow. "Social media and fake news in the 2016 election." Journal of economic perspectives 31.2 (2017): 211-36.
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࡞ऀ͕ҙਤతͰ͋ΓޡͬͯΔใͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕ཁ݅ 5. Zhou, Xinyi, and Reza Zafarani. "A survey of fake news: Fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53.5 (2020): 1-40. 6. Lazer, David MJ, et al. "The science of fake news." Science 359.6380 (2018): 1094-1096. 7. Shu, Kai, et al. "Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective." ACM SIGKDD explorations newsletter 19.1 (2017): 22-36. 8. Allcott, Hunt, and Matthew Gentzkow. "Social media and fake news in the 2016 election." Journal of economic perspectives 31.2 (2017): 211-36. ࣮ࡍ ɾใ͕ޡΓͰ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ ɾϑΝΫτνΣοΫαΠτʹஅ͞Ε͔ͨ ͱ͍͏ཁૉͰ'BLF/FXTͱݺΕΔ͜ͱ͕΄ͱΜͲ
15 'BLF/FXTͱʁ 8IBU`T'BLF/FXT %FGJOJUJPO l l'BLF/FXTzͱ͍͏༻ޠͷᐆດੑ l $MBJSF8BSEMFl'BLFOFXTJTXPFGVMMZJOBEFRVBUFUPEFTDSJCF UIFSFMBUFEJTTVFTBOEEJTUJOHVJTIFTCFUXFFOJOGPSNBUJPO DPOUFOUQSPCMFNTz l ӳࠃͷެࣜจॻͰz'BLF/FXTzͱ͍͏༻ޠΛ༻͍ͳ͍͜ͱͷܾఆ 9. https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/03/media/claire-wardle-fake-news-reliable-sources-podcast/index.html
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27 l ʮڞ༗ʯ 3FUXFFU4IBSF ͱ͍͏γεςϜʹΑͬͯͭͷߘ ͕ଟ͘ͷਓؒͷʹ;ΕΔՄೳੑ͕ߴ͍ l 'BLF/FXTਖ਼͍͠ใΑΓ͘ΘΓ͍͢ l &DIP$IBNCFS1PMBSJ[BUJPOͳͲͷޮՌؔ 'BLF/FXTͱιʔγϟϧϝσΟΞ ωοτ ͷੑͷߴ͞ 20. Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. "The spread of true and false news online." science 359.6380 (2018): 1146-1151.
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38 جຊతʹఏҊ͞ΕΔϞσϧͰҎԼͷ؍ͷ͕ߦΘΕΔ l ͲͷΑ͏ͳಛΛ༻͍Δͷ͔ʁ l ༻͍ͨಛΛ্ख͘׆༻Ͱ͖Δ͔ػցֶशϞσϧΛͲͷΑ͏ʹߏங ͢Δͷ͔ʁ l ʢ࠷ۙʣͲͷΑ͏ͳՃՁΛՃ͑Δͷ͔ʁʢ৴པੑͳͲʣ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़Ϟσϧͷ֓ཁ 機械学習モデル フェイクニュースの 可能性のある投稿に 関する情報 (特徴量) ⼊⼒ 出⼒ Fake or True
39 l ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ݚڀ͕ΜʹͳΓ࢝ΊΔ l dࠒ ಛྔͷ࡞ͲͷΑ͏ͳಛΛ༻͍Δͷ͔ʁ༻͍ΔಛΛͲͷΑ ͏ʹ࡞͢Δͷ͔ʁ 'FBUVSF
ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़Ϟσϧͷ֓ཁ 機械学習モデル フェイクニュースの 可能性のある投稿に 関する情報 (特徴量) ⼊⼒ 出⼒ Fake or True 22. Castillo, Carlos, Marcelo Mendoza, and Barbara Poblete. "Information credibility on twitter." Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web. 2011.
41 l ࠒ dݕग़ਫ਼Ҏ֎ͷՁͷ୳ࡧ l ৴པɾղऍੑͷ্ l ڭࢣͳ͠ʹΑΔϑΣΠΫχϡʔε୳ࡧ l ελϯεݕग़࣏ۃੑݕग़ͳͲͷଞλεΫͱಉֶ࣌श l σϞͳͲʹΑΔՄࢹԽ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़Ϟσϧͷ֓ཁ 機械学習モデル フェイクニュースの 可能性のある投稿に 関する情報 (特徴量) ⼊⼒ 出⼒ Fake or True 23. Shu, Kai, et al. "defend: Explainable fake news detection." Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining. 2019. 24. Gangireddy, Siva Charan Reddy, Cheng Long, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. "Unsupervised fake news detection: A graph-based approach." Proceedings of the 31st ACM conference on hypertext and social media. 2020. 25. Ghanem, Bilal, Paolo Rosso, and Francisco Rangel. "Stance detection in fake news a combined feature representation." Proceedings of the first workshop on fact extraction and VERification (FEVER). 2018. 26. Yang, Fan, Shiva K. Pentyala, Sina Mohseni, Mengnan Du, Hao Yuan, Rhema Linder, Eric D. Ragan, Shuiwang Ji, and Xia Hu. "Xfake: Explainable fake news detector with visualizations." In The World Wide Web Conference, pp. 3600-3604. 2019.
42 l 5XJUUFSͷߘ܈͔Βநग़ͨ͠ಛྔ͔Β5SVFͱ'BMTFΛఆɻ Ϟσϧ47.ܾఆͳͲΛར༻ ॳظϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़Ϟσϧl*OGPSNBUJPO$SFEJCJMJUZPO5XJUUFSz 27. Castillo, Carlos, Marcelo Mendoza, and Barbara Poblete. "Information credibility on twitter." Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web. 2011. Message User Topic Propagation
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50 ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧςΩετಛྔ 29. Zhou, Xinyi, et al. "Fake news early detection: A theory-driven model." Digital Threats: Research and Practice 1.2 (2020): 1-25.
52 Ϣʔβಛྔ l Ұ෦ͷϢʔβ͕සൟʹϑΣΠΫ χϡʔεΛ֦ࢄ͍ͯ͠Δ l #PUͳͲϑΣΠΫχϡʔε֦ࢄ ͷׂΛ୲͏ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧϢʔβಛྔ 34. Rath, Bhavtosh, Aadesh Salecha, and Jaideep Srivastava. "Detecting fake news spreaders in social networks using inductive representation learning." 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2020. 35. Murthy, Dhiraj, et al. "Automation, algorithms, and politics| Bots and political influence: A sociotechnical investigation of social network capital." International journal of communication 10 (2016): 20. 36. Ferrara, Emilio, et al. "The rise of social bots." Communications of the ACM 59.7 (2016): 96-104.
53 ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧ 37. Ma, Jing, et al. "Detect rumors using time series of social context information on microblogging websites." Proceedings of the 24th ACM international on conference on information and knowledge management. 2015. @userA CIKM2015 “Detect rumors using time series of social context information on microblogging websites” 旅⾏が⼤好き。旅⾏の写真を挙げます！ アメリカ|インド|ロシア横断|アフリカ お腹が空いにゃん ペコペコだ たけし@旅⾏好き たけし@旅⾏好き @userA
54 ใύλʔϯ l ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεͱ௨ৗͷχϡʔεͰൖύλʔϯ͕ҟͳΔ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧใύλʔϯ 20. Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. "The spread of true and false news online." science 359.6380 (2018): 1146-1151.
55 ใύλʔϯ l ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεͱ௨ৗͷχϡʔεͰൖύλʔϯ͕ҟͳΔ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧใύλʔϯ 38. Kwon, Sejeong, et al. "Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media." 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining. IEEE, 2013.
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59 l άϥϑΧʔωϧΛ༻͍ͨൖύλʔϯͷྨࣅʹΑΔྨ l 1SPQBHBUJPO5SFFಉ࢜ͷྨࣅΛ3BOEPN8BML(SBQI,FSOFMΛ༻͍ ͯܭࢉ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧใύλʔϯ 40. Wu, Ke, Song Yang, and Kenny Q. Zhu. "False rumors detection on sina weibo by propagation structures." 2015 IEEE 31st international conference on data engineering. IEEE, 2015.
60 ࣌ؒύλʔϯ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧ࣌ؒύλʔϯ 41. Kwon, Sejeong, et al. "Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media." 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining. IEEE, 2013.
61 ࣌ؒύλʔϯ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧ࣌ؒύλʔϯ 41. Kwon, Sejeong, et al. "Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media." 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining. IEEE, 2013. 42. Murayama, Taichi, Shoko Wakamiya, and Eiji Aramaki. "Fake news detection using temporal features extracted via point process." arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.14013 (2020). l ײછϞσϧʹΑΔϞσϧԽ l աఔϞσϧʹΑΔϞσϧԽ
62 ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧը૾ใ 43. Zhou, Xinyi, Jindi Wu, and Reza Zafarani. "Safe: similarity-aware multi-modal fake news detection (2020)." Preprint. arXiv 200304981 (2020). 44. Wang, Y., Tahmasbi, F., Blackburn, J., Bradlyn, B., De Cristofaro, E., Magerman, D., ... & Stringhini, G. (2021, June). Understanding the Use of Fauxtography on Social Media. In ICWSM (pp. 776-786). Fake news with image43 fauxtography44 ը૾ใ
63 ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͷͨΊͷಛྔͷ୳ࡧը૾ใ 45. Jin, Zhiwei, et al. "Novel visual and statistical image features for microblogs news verification." IEEE transactions on multimedia 19.3 (2016): 598-608. ͭͷಛྔΛநग़ͯ͠ར༻ l 7JTVBM$MBSJUZ4DPSFը૾ͷͱίʔύ εͷը૾ͷͷҧ͍ l 7JTVBM$PIFSFODF4DPSFχϡʔεهࣄத ͷը૾ϖΞͷฏۉྨࣅ l 7JTVBM4JNJMBSJUZ%JTUSJCVUJPO)JTUPHSBN ը૾ྨࣅͷώετάϥϜ l 7JTVBM%JWFSTJUZ4DPSFը૾ϖΞؒͷ EJTTJNJMBSJUZͷՃॏฏۉ l 7JTVBM$MVTUFSJOH4DPSFχϡʔεهࣄͷ ը૾Ϋϥελ )BOEDSBGUFEը૾ಛʹΑΔϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़
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l ϊʔυͱΤοδͰߏ͞ΕΔάϥϑͷใΛଊ͑ΔͨΊͷϞσϧ l ΤοδΛ௨ͯ͡ߦΘΕΔใͷൖΛ༷ʑͳΞʔΩςΫνϟΛ༻ ͍ͯදݱ ਂֶशϞσϧͷಋೖ 49. Zhang, Ziwei, Peng Cui, and Wenwu Zhu. "Deep learning on graphs: A survey." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2020).
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80 ਂֶशϞσϧCBTFEͷϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ 50. MA, Jing, et al. "Detecting rumors from microblogs with recurrent neural networks.(2016)." Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2016). *+$"*.BFUBM
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81 ਂֶशϞσϧCBTFEͷϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ 51. Ma, Jing, Wei Gao, and Kam-Fai Wong. "Rumor detection on twitter with tree-structured recursive neural networks." Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. "$-.BFUBM
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82 ਂֶशϞσϧCBTFEͷϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ 52. Shu, Kai, et al. "defend: Explainable fake news detection." Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining. 2019. $*,.4IV,BJFUBM
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4$*'"$5 l ՊֶจΛFWJEFODFͱͨ͠GBDUWFSJGJDBUJPOλεΫͷఏҊ 70. Wadden, David, et al. "Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claims." Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2020.
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122 ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़λεΫͷҰาઌ l 2ػցֶशʹΑΔϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़'BDU7FSJGJDBUJPOͷ ݁ՌΛϢʔβ৴͡Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δͷ͔ʁ ʢ৴ͤ͡͞ΔͨΊͷࢪࡦͱʁʣ l 2ͦͦϑΣΠΫχϡʔε͕ੜ·Εͳ͍ʢ੍͢Δʣ ͲͷΑ͏ʹͯ͠࡞ΕΔͷ͔ʁ l 2ϑΣΠΫχϡʔε͕ੜ·ΕͨޙʹͦͷӨڹΛ؇͢ΔͨΊʹ ͲͷΑ͏ͳख๏͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔ͔ʁ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़λεΫͷҰาઌ
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125 ࣌ؒతͳྲྀΕʹͲͷΑ͏ʹରԠ͢Δ͔ʁ l /&-"(5γϦʔζຖσʔληοτΛߋ৽ɾެ։ l ਂֶशϞσϧͷਐల l $POUJOVPVT-FBSOJOH l -JGFMPOH-FBSOJOH l ,OPXMFEHFCBTFE.PEFM ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़λεΫͷҰาઌ 72. Gruppi, Maurício, Benjamin D. Horne, and Sibel Adalı. "NELA-GT-2021: A Large Multi-Labelled News Dataset for The Study of Misinformation in News Articles." arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05659 (2022). 73. Laal, Marjan, and Peyman Salamati. "Lifelong learning; why do we need it?." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 31 (2012): 399-403.
126 ϦςϥγʔͱϑΣΠΫχϡʔε ϦςϥγʔΛͭʹྨ l ϝσΟΞϦςϥγʔϝσΟΞใΛੳɾൃ৴͢Δೳྗ l χϡʔεϦςϥγʔχϡʔεΛݕࡧɾࣝผ͢Δೳྗ l σδλϧϦςϥγʔΠϯλʔωοτʹؔ͢ΔใΛಡΈऔΓɺॻ͖ࠐΈɺදࣔɺ࡞͢ Δೳྗ l ใϦςϥγʔใΛదʹஅ͠ɺͦΕʹج͍ܾͮͯఆ͢Δೳྗ ͜ͷ͏ͪɺใϦςϥγʔ͕ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεΛݟ͚ΔՄೳੑΛ༗ҙʹߴΊ Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ 㱺ϦςϥγʔΛߴΊΔ͜ͱ͕ϑΣΠΫχϡʔε֦ࢄ੍ʹ༗ޮ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़λεΫͷҰาઌ 74. Jones-Jang, S. Mo, Tara Mortensen, and Jingjing Liu. "Does media literacy help identification of fake news? Information literacy helps, but other literacies don’t." American Behavioral Scientist 65.2 (2021): 371-388.
l (VBSEJBOϑΣΠΫχϡʔεΛࢦఠ͢Δ Ϣʔβ l (VBSEJBOΛࣗಈతʹൃݟɺੜ͢Δ ͜ͱͰϑΝΫτνΣοΫίετͷݮ l గਖ਼Ϣʔβ͕ެࣜΞΧϯτͳͲͰ͋Δ ͱޡใͷࢦఠΛ৴͡ΔՄೳੑ͕Ξοϓ 75 Hannak, Aniko, et al. "Get back! you don’t know me like that: The social mediation of fact checking interventions in twitter conversations." Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 2014. 76. Vo, Nguyen, and Kyumin Lee. "Learning from fact-checkers: analysis and generation of fact-checking language." Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 2019. 77 Seo, Haeseung, et al. "If You Have a Reliable Source, Say Something: Effects of Correction Comments on COVID-19 Misinformation." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Vol. 16. 2022.
130 ϓϥοτϑΥʔϜܯࠂͷ༗ޮੑ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़λεΫͷҰาઌ l ܯࠂΛ୯७ʹఏࣔ͢ΔΑΓɺܯࠂϥϕϧ Λੜ͢Δཧ༝Λఏࣔ͢Δ͜ͱͰܯࠂϥϕ ϧΛ৴͡ΔՄೳੑ্͕ঢ l ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़ͳͲͷߘγεςϜ ʹ͓͍ͯ"UUFOUJPOͳͲͷՄࢹԽͦ͜·Ͱ ༗ޮͰͳ͍ 81. Epstein, Ziv, et al. "Do explanations increase the effectiveness of AI-crowd generated fake news warnings?." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Vol. 16. 2022. 82. Mohseni, Sina, et al. "Machine Learning Explanations to Prevent Overtrust in Fake News Detection. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. 2021.
131 ϑΣΠΫχϡʔε؇ख๏ͷݕ౼ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݕग़λεΫͷҰาઌ 83. Abouzeid, Ahmed, et al. "Learning automata-based misinformation mitigation via Hawkes processes." Information Systems Frontiers 23.5 (2021): 1169-1188. 84: Abouzeid, Ahmed, et al. "Socially Fair Mitigation of Misinformation on Social Networks via Constraint Stochastic Optimization." arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.12537 (2022). ϑΣΠΫχϡʔε.JUJHBUJPOͷͨΊͷཧతݚڀ͕ ۙ૿Ճ l ਅͷใΛ֦ࢄͯ͠ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹର߅͢Δ ϑϨʔϜϫʔΫͷఏҊ l ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹײછͨ͠ϢʔβΛൃݟ͠ɺҟ ͳΔίϛϡχςΟΛਪન͢ΔϑϨʔϜϫʔΫͷఏ Ҋ ࣮ূݚڀͦΖͦΖग़͖ͯͦ͏ʜ
ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ 85. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, and Joseph N. Cappella. Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. Oxford University Press, 2008. 86. Cossard, Alessandro, et al. "Falling into the echo chamber: the Italian vaccination debate on Twitter." Proceedings of the International AAAI conference on web and social media. Vol. 14. 2020. l lൃ৴͞ΕͨϝοηʔδΛ֦େ͠ɺ͕དྷͳ͘ͳΔՄೳੑΛ࣋ͭࣅͨͷ ಉ࢜Ͱܨ͕ͬͨด͟͞Εۭͨؒz
ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ 87. Cinelli, Matteo, et al. "The echo chamber effect on social media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.9 (2021): e2023301118. 88. Törnberg, Petter. "Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion." PLoS one 13.9 (2018): e0203958. 89. Recuero, Raquel, Felipe Bonow Soares, and Anatoliy Gruzd. "Hyperpartisanship, disinformation and political conversations on Twitter: The Brazilian presidential election of 2018." Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on Web and social media. Vol. 14. 2020. 90. https://www.dtu.dk/english/news/all-news/nyhed?id=185ae340-3cab-4709-95b3-a9548ad51580 l ιʔγϟϧϝσΟΞΤίʔνΣϯό ʔޮՌΛڧΊΔಇ͖ l ΤίʔνΣϯόʔڥϑΣΠΫχϡ ʔεͷ֦ࢄΛڧΊΔͱͱʹɺۃ ʹภͬͯΔϢʔβϑΣΠΫχϡʔε Λ֦ࢄ͍͢͠ l ΤίʔνΣϯόʔޮՌ࣮ࡍͷࣾձʹ େ͖ͳӨڹ FH
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135 ϑΟϧλʔόϒϧ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ 91. Cinus, Federico, et al. "The effect of people recommenders on echo chambers and polarization." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Vol. 16. 2022. 92. Gillani, Nabeel, et al. "Me, my echo chamber, and I: introspection on social media polarization." Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference. 2018. l αʔϏεͷύʔιφϥΠθʔγϣϯʹΑͬͯ ɺϢʔβͷ͖ͳͷ͔Γݟͤ·ͳ͍ ͷΛݟͤͳ͍ͱ͍͏σʔλۦಈܕͷใڥ l αʔϏεͷਪનϞσϧΤίʔνΣϯόʔޮ ՌΛڧΊΔ l ରͷҙݟΛࣔ͢͜ͱͰҙݟͷଟ༷ੑ֬อ ͞ΕΔɺҰํͰόοΫϑΝΠΞޮՌ from: https://mainichi.jp/articles/20191111/k00/00m/040/306000c
136 όοΫϑΝΠΞޮՌ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ 93. Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. "When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions." Political Behavior 32.2 (2010): 303-330. 94, Jiang, Shan, and Christo Wilson. "Linguistic signals under misinformation and fact-checking: Evidence from user comments on social media." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2.CSCW (2018): 1-23. l ݸਓͷ৴೦ʹ߹Θͳ͍గਖ਼Λ༩͑ΒΕͨͱ͠ ͯɺͦͷగਖ਼Λ৴ͣ͡ɺ͔͑ͬͯగਖ਼ʹΑ ͬͯݸਓͷ৴೦ΛڧΊΔޮՌ l όοΫϑΝΠΞޮՌΛࣔ͢Ϣʔβɺෆฏෆ ຬεϥϯάతͳදݱΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍
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l ϓϩύΨϯμݕग़λεΫͷొ 95. Jowett, Garth S., and Victoria O'donnell. Propaganda & persuasion. Sage publications, 2018. 96. Barrón-Cedeno, Alberto, et al. "Proppy: Organizing the news based on their propagandistic content." Information Processing & Management 56.5 (2019): 1849-1864.
138 τϩʔϧ ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ l ࠃՈʹΑͬͯࢧԉ͞ΕͨϑΣΠΫχ ϡʔεϓϩύΨϯμΛ֦ࢄ͢Δι ʔγϟϧϝσΟΞͷΞΧϯτ l ྫಛఆͷ࣏తٞΛਪਐ͢ΔͨΊ ʹɺϩγΞʹΑͬͯޏΘΕͨτϩʔϧ ͕ϓϩύΨϯμͷͨΊʹߘ l ྫΩϦετڭె͚ϖʔδͷଟ͕͘ τϩʔϧʹΑͬͯ࡞ 97. Ferrara, Emilio. "Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election." arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.00086 (2017). 98. https://mercatornet.com/russias-amazing-troll-farm/18927/ 99. https://gigazine.net/news/20211001-facebooks-christian-pages-troll-farms/
140 4VQFS4QSFBEFST ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ 100. Bovet, Alexandre, and Hernán A. Makse. "Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election." Nature communications 10.1 (2019): 1-14. l ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεͳͲͷ֦ࢄʹد༩͍ͯ͠ΔϢʔβ l 'BLF/FXT.JUJHBUJPOઓུʹ͓͍ͯɺ͜ͷΑ͏ͳϢʔβΛൃ ݟ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ॏཁ
141 'BLF/FXT(FOFSBUJPO ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ 101. Brown, Tom, et al. "Language models are few-shot learners." Advances in neural information processing systems 33 (2020): 1877-1901. (15ʹΑΔχϡʔεੜ
144 'BLF/FXT(FOFSBUJPO ϑΣΠΫχϡʔεʹؔ࿈͢Δ l 4UZMF("/ 102. Karras, Tero, Samuli Laine, and Timo Aila. "A style-based generator architecture for generative adversarial networks." Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2019.
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