Deep into the IoT trenches: how to build a connected product

Slides from my talk at Devoxx UK, Droidcon UK 2017
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ4b7UxE920

Don't you love making your app robust against network failures? Now imagine your app talking to a Wi-Fi connected product... Locally when your home or via a server when you’re not. You'll certainly love handling those network switches!... And what if your app doesn't just control one product, but multiple ones? Some locally, some remotely connected?... Or how about having multiple users controlling the same product at the same time?... It goes without question that building apps for connected products is incredibly challenging.

From device discovery, over minimizing network requests to out of the box setup, this talk will cover it all. Packed with code examples, architecture suggestions and tons of best practices, you'll learn five years’ worth of hard-earned experience. This won't just kick start your IoT app development skills, but it'll also teach you how to keep your app scalable and maintainable towards the future.

Starting as early as 2011, Jeroen has built an impressive range of connected products: BT LE coffee machines, Wi-Fi speakers, connected air purifiers and even full blown connectivity libraries. Currently he is the lead Android developer for the official Philips Hue app, the biggest IoT system in the world.

Transcript

1. @MOLSJEROEN
   HOW TO BUILD A
   CONNECTED PRODUCT
   DEEP INTO THE IOT TRENCHES:
   

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2. @MOLSJEROEN
   @MOLSJEROEN www.philips.com/careers-hue
   

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3. IT’S NOT ENOUGH FOR CODE TO WORK.
   Robert C. Martin
   

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4. @MOLSJEROEN
   BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
   

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5. @MOLSJEROEN
   BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
   

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6. @MOLSJEROEN
   BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
   

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7. @MOLSJEROEN
   BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
   

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8. @MOLSJEROEN
   BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
   

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9. @MOLSJEROEN
   BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
   

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10. @MOLSJEROEN
    BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
    

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11. @MOLSJEROEN
    BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
    

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12. @MOLSJEROEN
    BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
    

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13. @MOLSJEROEN
    BUILDING A CONNECTED PRODUCT
    ?
    

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14. @MOLSJEROEN
    CHALLENGES
    1. Easy to use (and test)
    ▸ Wi-Fi setup
    ▸ Prepare for bad weather
    2. Performant
    ▸ Fast discovery
    ▸ Maximise control speed
    3. Scalable
    ▸ Lessons learned
    

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15. @MOLSJEROEN
    CHALLENGES
    1. Easy to use (and test)
    ▸ Wi-Fi setup
    ▸ Prepare for bad weather
    2. Performant
    ▸ Fast discovery
    ▸ Maximise control speed
    3. Scalable
    ▸ Lessons learned
    

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16. WI-FI SETUP
    PART 1: EASY TO USE (AND TEST)
    

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17. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - GOAL
    

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18. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - GOAL
    ?
    

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19. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - MECHANISM
    

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20. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - MECHANISM
    

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21. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - MECHANISM
    SSID & PASSWORD
    

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22. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - MECHANISM
    

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23. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - MECHANISM
    

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24. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    4
    3
    2
    1
    

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25. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    4
    3
    2
    1
    

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26. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    4
    3
    2
    1
    

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27. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    8
    7
    6
    5
    

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28. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    8
    7
    6
    5
    

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29. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    8
    7
    6
    5
    

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30. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    12
    11
    10
    9
    

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31. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    12
    11
    10
    9
    

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32. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    12
    11
    10
    9
    

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33. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHROMECAST
    12
    11
    10
    9
    

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34. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHALLENGES
    ▸ Typing Wi-Fi passwords
    ▸ Network switching is fragile
    ▸ phone/tablet refuses to connect
    ▸ OS routes request over 4G
    ▸ Extremely slow feedback
    ▸ Users have to leave app on iOS
    ▸ Many bad weather scenarios
    

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35. @MOLSJEROEN
    WI-FI SETUP - CHALLENGES
    ▸ 1
    

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36. IF WI-FI SETUP FAILS,
    YOUR PRODUCT WILL BE RETURNED
    Yours truly
    

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37. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+
    ▸ Behaviour change in Android 5.0
    ▸ Wi-Fi without internet
    ▸ Before: all requests sent over Wi-Fi
    ▸ After: all requests routed over 3G/4G
    ▸ Done for all, no subnet matching
    

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38. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+ - SINGLE REQUEST OVER WI-FI
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
    public void singleRequestOverWifi(Context context) {
    NetworkRequest.Builder request = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
    request.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
    ConnectivityManager connMan = getConnectivityManager();
    connMan.registerNetworkCallback(request.build(), new NetworkCallback(){
    @Override
    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
    // Do network request
    }
    });
    }
    

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39. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+ - SINGLE REQUEST OVER WI-FI
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
    public void singleRequestOverWifi(Context context) {
    NetworkRequest.Builder request = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
    request.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
    ConnectivityManager connMan = getConnectivityManager();
    connMan.registerNetworkCallback(request.build(), new NetworkCallback(){
    @Override
    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
    // Do network request
    }
    });
    }
    

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40. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+ - SINGLE REQUEST OVER WI-FI
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
    public void singleRequestOverWifi(Context context) {
    NetworkRequest.Builder request = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
    request.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
    ConnectivityManager connMan = getConnectivityManager();
    connMan.registerNetworkCallback(request.build(), new NetworkCallback(){
    @Override
    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
    // Do network request
    }
    });
    }
    

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41. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+ - SINGLE REQUEST OVER WI-FI
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
    public void singleRequestOverWifi(Context context) {
    NetworkRequest.Builder request = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
    request.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
    ConnectivityManager connMan = getConnectivityManager();
    connMan.registerNetworkCallback(request.build(), new NetworkCallback(){
    @Override
    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
    // Do network request
    }
    });
    }
    

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42. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+ - ALL REQUESTS OVER WI-FI
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
    public void allRequestsOverWifi(Context context) {
    NetworkRequest.Builder request = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
    request.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
    final ConnectivityManager connMan = getConnectivityManager();
    connMan.registerNetworkCallback(request.build(), new NetworkCallback() {
    @Override
    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
    connMan.bindProcessToNetwork(network);
    // Do network requests
    } }); }
    

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43. @MOLSJEROEN
    ANDROID 5.0+ - ALL REQUESTS OVER WI-FI
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
    public void allRequestsOverWifi(Context context) {
    NetworkRequest.Builder request = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
    request.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
    final ConnectivityManager connMan = getConnectivityManager();
    connMan.registerNetworkCallback(request.build(), new NetworkCallback() {
    @Override
    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
    connMan.bindProcessToNetwork(network);
    // Do network requests
    } }); }
    

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44. @MOLSJEROEN
    ALTERNATIVES
    ▸ One product as ethernet bridge
    ▸ WPS
    ▸ Other mechanisms for communication
    ▸ e.g High frequency sound, …
    ▸ Still need to enter Wi-Fi password
    ▸ WAC (Homekit devices)
    ▸ …
    

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45. @MOLSJEROEN
    #PROTIP - RANDOM SETUP NETWORK NAME
    ssid

    SETUP
    ssid

    SETUP
    ssid

    SETUP
    ssid

    SETUP
    ????????
    

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46. @MOLSJEROEN
    #PROTIP - RANDOM SETUP NETWORK NAME
    

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47. PREPARE FOR BAD
    WEATHER
    PART 1: EASY TO USE (AND TEST)
    

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48. @MOLSJEROEN
    GOOD WEATHER SCENARIOS
    

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49. @MOLSJEROEN
    BAD WEATHER SCENARIOS
    

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50. @MOLSJEROEN
    BAD WEATHER SCENARIOS
    

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51. @MOLSJEROEN
    BAD WEATHER SCENARIOS
    

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52. @MOLSJEROEN
    INTERESTING SCENARIOS
    ▸ Bridge (almost) full
    ▸ Network request failed for reason X
    ▸ Resource doesn’t exist
    ▸ Connection lost
    ▸ Authentication lost
    ▸ Dynamic state changes
    ▸ ….
    => nearly impossible to reproduce manually
    

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53. @MOLSJEROEN
    SIMULATOR
    ▸ Hardcoded responses
    ▸ Simulate dynamic behaviour
    ▸ Recreate bad weather scenarios
    

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54. @MOLSJEROEN
    SIMULATOR
    COMMUNICATIONSTRATEGY
    REMOTESTRATEGY
    LOCALSTRATEGY SIMULATORSTRATEGY
    PRODUCT 1..
    ▸ Hardcoded responses
    ▸ Simulate dynamic behaviour
    ▸ Recreate bad weather scenarios
    

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55. @MOLSJEROEN
    SIMULATOR
    COMMUNICATIONSTRATEGY
    REMOTESTRATEGY
    LOCALSTRATEGY SIMULATORSTRATEGY
    PRODUCT 1..
    ▸ Hardcoded responses
    ▸ Simulate dynamic behaviour
    ▸ Recreate bad weather scenarios
    

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56. @MOLSJEROEN
    #PROTIP - DON'T USE THE WORD “DEVICE”
    ▸ Use product or appliance
    

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57. @MOLSJEROEN
    CHALLENGES
    1. Easy to use (and test)
    ▸ Wi-Fi setup
    ▸ Prepare for bad weather
    2. Performant
    ▸ Fast discovery
    ▸ Maximise control speed
    3. Scalable
    ▸ Lessons learned
    

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58. DISCOVERY
    PART 2: PERFORMANT
    

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59. @MOLSJEROEN
    LOCAL DISCOVERY
    ▸ Multicast based
    ▸ Often Unicast responses
    ▸ SSDP, mDNS,…
    

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60. @MOLSJEROEN
    LOCAL DISCOVERY
    ▸ Multicast based
    ▸ Often Unicast responses
    ▸ SSDP, mDNS,…
    

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61. @MOLSJEROEN
    LOCAL DISCOVERY
    ▸ Multicast based
    ▸ Often Unicast responses
    ▸ SSDP, mDNS,…
    

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62. @MOLSJEROEN
    LOCAL DISCOVERY
    ▸ Multicast based
    ▸ Often Unicast responses
    ▸ SSDP, mDNS,…
    ▸ Alternatives
    ▸ IP scan
    ▸ Manual IP
    ▸ Proprietary product IP server
    

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63. @MOLSJEROEN
    LOCAL DISCOVERY - IP SERVER
    https://www.meethue.com/api/nupnp
    [ {
    "id":"001788fffe100491",
    “internalipaddress":"192.168.2.23"
    }, {
    "id":"001788fffe09a168",
    “internalipaddress":"192.168.88.252"
    } ]
    

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64. @MOLSJEROEN
    REMOTE DISCOVERY
    ▸ Web service
    ▸ product announces
    ▸ interface to get products
    ▸ Security
    ▸ Local setup first required
    

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65. @MOLSJEROEN
    OPTIMISING DISCOVERY
    

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66. @MOLSJEROEN
    OPTIMISING DISCOVERY
    1. Discover local and remote
    2. Connect local and remote
    ▸ ~5 - 10 seconds
    ▸ Empty UI when no products found
    

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67. @MOLSJEROEN
    OPTIMISING DISCOVERY - REMEMBER PRODUCTS
    1. Products from database
    2. Discover local and remote
    3. Connect local and remote
    ▸ ~5 - 10 seconds
    ▸ Disconnected device when not found
    ▸ Need for deleting devices
    

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68. @MOLSJEROEN
    OPTIMISING DISCOVERY - REMEMBER STATE
    1. Products & last state from database
    2. Discover local and remote
    3. Connect local and remote
    4. Update UI with actual state
    ▸ ~3 - 4 seconds
    ▸ UI instantly ready
    ▸ Control possible after discovery
    

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69. @MOLSJEROEN
    OPTIMISING DISCOVERY - REMEMBER CONNECTION INFO
    1. Products, last state & connection info from database
    2. Attempt local and remote connection
    3. Fallback discovery
    4. Update UI with actual state
    ▸ ~0 seconds
    ▸ UI & Control instantly ready
    ▸ Remember IP address and last SSID
    

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70. @MOLSJEROEN
    #PROTIP - SIMPLIFY DEVELOPMENT BY LIMITING STATE TRANSITIONS
    ▸ Transition local to remote connection always via disconnected
    

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71. MAXIMISE CONTROL
    SPEED
    PART 2: PERFORMANT
    

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72. @MOLSJEROEN
    CONTROL SPEED
    1. Always prefer local connection
    2. Optimise local connection
    3. Reduce amount of requests
    4. Instant UI
    ▸ Implicit cost savings
    ▸ Remote connection usually not critical
    

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73. @MOLSJEROEN
    1. PREFER LOCAL CONNECTION
    ▸ Inherently faster
    ▸ Cost benefit
    ▸ Force connection
    

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74. @MOLSJEROEN
    1. PREFER LOCAL CONNECTION
    COMPOSITESTRATEGY
    PRODUCT
    LOCALSTRATEGY
    SIMULATORSTRATEGY REMOTESTRATEGY
    COMMUNICATIONSTRATEGY
    - boolean isAvailable()
    ▸ Inherently faster
    ▸ Cost benefit
    ▸ Force connection
    

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75. @MOLSJEROEN
    2. OPTIMISE LOCAL CONNECTION
    ▸ Data compression
    ▸ Cache headers
    ▸ Socket reuse
    ▸ => OKHttp
    ▸ Interference UDP/TCP or other traffic
    ▸ Wireshark low level traffic
    

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76. @MOLSJEROEN
    2. OPTIMISE LOCAL CONNECTION
    ▸ Data compression
    ▸ Cache headers
    ▸ Socket reuse
    ▸ => OKHttp
    ▸ Interference UDP/TCP or other traffic
    ▸ Wireshark low level traffic
    

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77. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    ▸ Toggle sequences
    ▸ Combine requests to same endpoint
    

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78. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private Map pendingAttr = new HashMap<>();
    public void setOn(boolean isOn) {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    pendingAttr("KEY_ON", isOn);
    }
    sendUpdate();
    }
    private void sendUpdate() {
    strategy.doRequest(updateRequest);
    }
    

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79. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private Map pendingAttr = new HashMap<>();
    public void setOn(boolean isOn) {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    pendingAttr("KEY_ON", isOn);
    }
    sendUpdate();
    }
    private void sendUpdate() {
    strategy.doRequest(updateRequest);
    }
    

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80. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private Map pendingAttr = new HashMap<>();
    public void setOn(boolean isOn) {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    pendingAttr("KEY_ON", isOn);
    }
    sendUpdate();
    }
    private void sendUpdate() {
    strategy.doRequest(updateRequest);
    }
    

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81. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private Map pendingAttr = new HashMap<>();
    public void setOn(boolean isOn) {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    pendingAttr("KEY_ON", isOn);
    }
    sendUpdate();
    }
    private void sendUpdate() {
    strategy.doRequest(updateRequest);
    }
    

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82. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private UpdateRequest updateRequest = new UpdateRequest() {
    @Override
    public String getEndpoint() {
    return "/lights";
    }
    @Override
    public Map getAttributes() {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    Map copy = new HashMap<>(pendingAttr);
    pendingAttr.clear();
    return copy;
    }
    }};
    

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83. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private UpdateRequest updateRequest = new UpdateRequest() {
    @Override
    public String getEndpoint() {
    return "/lights";
    }
    @Override
    public Map getAttributes() {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    Map copy = new HashMap<>(pendingAttr);
    pendingAttr.clear();
    return copy;
    }
    }};
    

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84. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private UpdateRequest updateRequest = new UpdateRequest() {
    @Override
    public String getEndpoint() {
    return "/lights";
    }
    @Override
    public Map getAttributes() {
    synchronized (pendingAttr) {
    Map copy = new HashMap<>(pendingAttr);
    pendingAttr.clear();
    return copy;
    }
    }};
    

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85. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private class CommunicationStrategy {
    private Set queue = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    public void doRequest(UpdateRequest updateRequest) {
    queue.add(updateRequest);
    // logic to trigger requests
    }
    }
    

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86. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private class CommunicationStrategy {
    private Set queue = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    public void doRequest(UpdateRequest updateRequest) {
    queue.add(updateRequest);
    // logic to trigger requests
    }
    }
    

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87. @MOLSJEROEN
    3. REDUCE # REQUESTS
    private class CommunicationStrategy {
    private Set queue = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    public void doRequest(UpdateRequest updateRequest) {
    queue.add(updateRequest);
    // logic to trigger requests
    }
    }
    

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88. @MOLSJEROEN
    4. INSTANT UI
    

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89. @MOLSJEROEN
    #PROTIP - NEVER ASSUME, ALWAYS MEASURE
    

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90. @MOLSJEROEN
    CHALLENGES
    1. Easy to use (and test)
    ▸ Wi-Fi setup
    ▸ Prepare for bad weather
    2. Performant
    ▸ Fast discovery
    ▸ Maximise control speed
    3. Scalable
    ▸ Lessons learned
    

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91. LESSONS LEARNED
    PART 3: SCALABLE
    

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92. @MOLSJEROEN
    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    New Features
    Maintenance
    

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93. @MOLSJEROEN
    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    New Features
    Maintenance
    

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94. @MOLSJEROEN
    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    New Features
    Maintenance
    

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95. @MOLSJEROEN
    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    New Features
    Maintenance
    

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96. @MOLSJEROEN
    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    New Features
    Maintenance
    

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97. @MOLSJEROEN
    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM
    0
    0.5
    1
    1.5
    2
    2.5
    3
    3.5
    4
    4.5
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    New Features
    Maintenance
    

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98. THE TRUE COST OF SOFTWARE IS IN ITS
    MAINTENANCE
    unknown
    

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99. @MOLSJEROEN
    MAINTENANCE
    ▸ Big focus on automated testing
    ▸ Need for good architecture
    ▸ Over-engineering has a huge cost
    ▸ Avoid Hype driven development
    ▸ Think well before introducing new features
    

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100. @MOLSJEROEN
     #FAILUREHALLOFFAME
     ▸ Detect working internet connection (Wifi, no internet)
     ▸ Instrumentation tests
     ▸ Lock orientation to portrait
     ▸ Nested fragments
     ▸ Broadcasts as callbacks
     ▸ Post( new Runnable(…) )
     ▸ Null checks
     ▸ ….
     RELATED BLOGPOSTS
     

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101. WRAP UP
     

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102. IN SOFTWARE DESIGN, OFTEN THE
     CONSEQUENCES OF YOUR DECISIONS
     DON'T BECOME APPARENT FOR YEARS
     Kent Beck
     

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103. @MOLSJEROEN
     CONCLUSION
     ▸ Developing connected products is hard
     ▸ Developing systems is even harder
     ▸ Maximise local connections
     ▸ Keep things simple for users
     ▸ Strong focus on automated testing
     ▸ Proper architecture
     

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104. @MOLSJEROEN
     IMAGE CREDITS
     • Welcome image http://www.store.meethue.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/
     feature_img_7/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/e/x/expand_your_ecosystem_1.jpg
     • Wi-fi setup https://images.philips.com/is/image/PhilipsConsumer/AW3000_10-MI1-global-001?
     $jpglarge$&wid=1250
     • Good vs bad weather https://images.philips.com/is/image/PhilipsConsumer/FC8830_82-U1P-global-001?
     $jpglarge$&wid=1250
     • Discovery https://s.blogcdn.com/slideshows/images/slides/403/398/9/S4033989/slug/l/philips-hue-motion-
     sensor-wall-attached-1.jpg
     • Control speed http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/shared/assets/de/Downloadablefile/
     press/elektro_hausgeraete/20140716_Philips_Air_AC4072_11_Lifestyle_4.jpg
     • Developing a system http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/
     press/2014/IFA2014/Saeco-GranBaristo-Avanti_image-5.jpg
     • Warp up http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2014/
     IFA2014/Hue-Beyond-lifestyle_all-three.jpg
     

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105. @MOLSJEROEN
     MANY THANKS
     ▸ Jeroen Mols (Belgium)
     ▸ @MolsJeroen
     ▸ http://jeroenmols.com/blog
     

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