論文紹介: Corpora Generation for Grammatical Error Correction

$PSQPSB(FOFSBUJPO  GPS(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPO +BSFE-JDIUBSHF $ISJT"MCFSUJ 4IBOLBS,VNFS   /PBN4IB[FFS /JLJ1BSNBS 4JNPO5POH /""$-
঺հখொݚ.উຢஐ

֓ཁ w จ๏ޡΓగਖ਼͸ޡΓจˠగਖ਼จͷ຋༁λεΫͱͯ͠  ѻΘΕΔ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍  ˠ࢖༻Ͱ͖Δֶशऀؔ࿈ͷର༁ίʔύεʹ͸ݶΓ͕͋Δ w 8JLJQFEJBσʔλΛ΋ͱʹֶशσʔλΛ૿΍͢  8JLJQFEJBฤूཤྺΛ࢖༻͢Δ  ಛʹɺ࠷௿ݶͷϑΟϧλϦϯάΛࢪͯ͠  େྔͷɺ࣮ࡍͷޡΓͰߏ੒͞Ε͍ͯΔ͕Ԛ͍σʔλΛ֫ಘ͢Δ 
3PVOEUSJQ5SBOTMBUJPOʢ355࠶຋༁ʣΛ࢖༻͢Δ  UHU8JLJQFEJBநग़จTSDUHUΛ࠶຋༁ͨ͠΋ͷ  ຋༁༝དྷͰ͸͋Δ͕ɺ8JLJQFEJB΄ͲԚ͘ͳ͍σʔλΛ֫ಘ͢Δ w QSFUSBJO࡞੒ͨ͠σʔλpOFUVOF-BOH  ˠ$P/--ͱ+'-&(ͰධՁɺ1#4.5ͱ/.5ͷϋΠϒϦουϞσϧͱ  Ͳ͍ͬ͜ͷੑೳ !2

8JLJQFEJBฤूཤྺ༝དྷͷ  σʔλ࡞੒ w ൈ͖ग़͢લͷॲཧ  .CҎ্ͷϖʔδ͸ল͘  ϖʔδશͯͷฤूΛ࢖͏ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺର਺εέʔϧͰநग़͢Δ  O͸ϖʔδͷUPUBMSFWJTJPO਺ w ൈ͖ग़ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPOBOEpMUSBUJPO  DPSSVQUJPO 
TSDଆʹDIBSͷ֬཰ͰTQFMMJOHFSSPSΛೖΕΔ  ʢ࡟আɺૠೖɺஔ׵ɺྡ઀ೖΕସ͑ʣ  pMUSBUJPO  ࠷େจ௕XPSEQJFDF  TSDUHUͷ৔߹΄ͱΜͲʢʣࣺͯΔ  ˠ࠷ऴతʹSFWJTJPOEBUBTFUͷ͕ಉҰจର w ͜͜ͷ࣮૷͸UFOTPSUFOTPSͷEBUB@HFOFSBUPSTʹೖͬͯΔ log1.5 (n) !3

8JLJQFEJBฤूཤྺ༝དྷͷ  σʔλ࡞੒ w ൈ͖ग़͢લͷॲཧ  .CҎ্ͷϖʔδ͸ল͘  ϖʔδશͯͷฤूΛ࢖͏ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺର਺εέʔϧͰநग़͢Δ  O͸ϖʔδͷUPUBMSFWJTJPO਺ w ൈ͖ग़ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPOBOEpMUSBUJPO  DPSSVQUJPO 
TSDଆʹDIBSͷ֬཰ͰTQFMMJOHFSSPSΛೖΕΔ  ʢ࡟আɺૠೖɺஔ׵ɺྡ઀ೖΕସ͑ʣ  pMUSBUJPO  ࠷େจ௕XPSEQJFDF  TSDUHUͷ৔߹΄ͱΜͲʢʣࣺͯΔ  ˠ࠷ऴతʹSFWJTJPOEBUBTFUͷ͕ಉҰจର log1.5 (n) !4

࠶຋༁༝དྷͷσʔλ࡞੒ w 8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPOEBUBͰࣺͯͨTSDUHUͷσʔλʹରͯ͠ɺ  ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹ3PVOEUSJQUSBOTMBUJPOΛߦ͍ٖࣅTSDΛ࡞੒͢Δ  USBOTMBUJPONPEFM(/.5 8VFUBM w ੜ੒ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPO 
TSDUHUͳΔࣄྫ͕΄΅ͳ͍ˠશମͷʹͳΔΑ͏ʹ૿΍͢  ͷ֬཰ͰTQFMMJOHFSSPSʢ࡟আɺૠೖɺྡ઀సஔʣΛಋೖ  SFWJTJPOEBUBʹଘࡏ͢Δగਖ਼લޙͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤΛ൓өͤ͞Δ  ˠSFWJTJPOEBUBͱಉ͡αΠζʹͳΔΑ͏ʹͨ͠ lang ∈ {French, German, Japanese, Russian} UHUTFOU  FOXJLJ USBOTMBUFETFOU  MBOHXJLJ TSDTFOU  FOXJLJ USBOTMBUF  FOMBOH USBOTMBUF  MBOHFO !5

࠶຋༁༝དྷͷσʔλ࡞੒ w 8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPOEBUBͰࣺͯͨTSDUHUͷσʔλʹରͯ͠ɺ  ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹ3PVOEUSJQUSBOTMBUJPOΛߦ͍ٖࣅTSDΛ࡞੒͢Δ  USBOTMBUJPONPEFM(/.5 8VFUBM w ੜ੒ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPO 
TSDUHUͳΔࣄྫ͕΄΅ͳ͍ˠશମͷʹͳΔΑ͏ʹ૿΍͢  ͷ֬཰ͰTQFMMJOHFSSPSʢ࡟আɺૠೖɺྡ઀సஔʣΛಋೖ  SFWJTJPOEBUBʹଘࡏ͢Δగਖ਼લޙͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤΛ൓өͤ͞Δ  ˠSFWJTJPOEBUBͱಉ͡αΠζʹͳΔΑ͏ʹͨ͠ lang ∈ {French, German, Japanese, Russian} UHUTFOU  FOXJLJ USBOTMBUFETFOU  MBOHXJLJ TSDTFOU  FOXJLJ USBOTMBUF  FOMBOH USBOTMBUF  MBOHFO 8JLJSFWJTJPO͔Β୯ޠҎ಺ͷFEJUΛݟ͚ͭΔ ରԠ͢ΔPSJHJOBMͱSFWJTFͷ૊Έ߹ΘͤΛΧ΢ϯτɺ  ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹPSJHJOBMQISBTFͷ֬཰ΛٻΊΔ ͜ͷ֬཰Λ༻͍ͯTSDଆʹޡΓʢPSJHJOBMQISBTFʣΛೖΕ͍ͯ͘ P(original|revised) = C(original, revised) C(revised) !6

ग़དྷ্͕ͬͨσʔλ਺ w -BOHTSDֶशऀ͕هड़ͨ͠จUHUగਖ਼Λࢪͨ͠จͷର༁σʔλ  QVCMJDʹ࢖༻Ͱ͖Δର༁σʔλͱͯ͠Ұ൪େ͖͍ w 8JL&E(SVOELJFXJD[BOE+VOD[ZT%PXNVOU͕8JLJQFEJB 3FWJTJPOIJTUPSZ͔Βநग़ͨ͠σʔλ  pMUFSJOHΛ΋͏গ͠ݫ͘͠ߦ͍ͬͯΔ ͜ͷݚڀͷཱͪҐஔ8JL&EΛେن໛ʹͯ͠χϡʔϥϧख๏Ͱࢼͨ͠ ͱࢥΘΕ·͢ʜ
!7

*UFSBUJWF%FDPEJOHͷ࿩ w ෳ਺ճEFDPEF͢Δ͜ͱͰ  ΑΓྑ͍ग़ྗΛಘΑ͏ͱ͢Δ࿩ w ᮢ஋Λར༻ͯ͠  గਖ਼ͳ͠PS͋ΓΛൺֱ͢Δ w $PTU͸Ϟσϧͷग़ྗείΞ  ˠখ͍͞΄͏͕ྑ͍
−logP(hyp|src) !8

*UFSBUJWF%FDPEJOHͷ࿩ w ෳ਺ճEFDPEF͢Δ͜ͱͰ  ΑΓྑ͍ग़ྗΛಘΑ͏ͱ͢Δ࿩ w ᮢ஋Λར༻ͯ͠  గਖ਼ͳ͠PS͋ΓΛൺֱ͢Δ w $PTU͸Ϟσϧͷग़ྗείΞ  ˠখ͍͞΄͏͕ྑ͍
−logP(hyp|src) ˠJUFSBUJWFͰվળ͢Δ৔߹ɺվળ͠ͳ͍৔߹͕ଘࡏ͢Δ !9

࣮ݧઃఆ w Ϟσϧ5SBOTGPSNFS 5FOTPS5FOTPSͷUSBOTGPSNFS@DMFBO@CJH@UQV  PQUJNJ[FS"EBGBDUPSMBZFS IFBE FNCFEEJN GFFEGPSXBSE   CFBN
w XPSEQJFDF࢖༻ w ֶश8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPOPS355ˠ-BOHEBUB  QSFUSBJOFQPDI CBUDITJ[F XPSEQJFDF   MFBSOJOHSBUFpSTU TUFQˠͦͷ͋ͱ͸ˠ  pOFUVOFFQPDIMFBSOJOHSBUFº?  ʢͨͩ͠ผͰͱ͓͍ͬͯͨ-BOHʁΛEFWͱͯ͠ऩଋ൑ఆʣ w ධՁσʔλ$P/--BOE+'-&(ʢ+'-&(ͷΈTQFMMDIFDL༗ʣ w JUFSBUJWFEFDPEJOH  UISFTIPME+'-&(͸EFWͰܾఆ͢Δ  $P/--͸$P/--USBJOJOHTFU /6$-& ͔Β$P/--EFWTFUͱಉ͡గਖ਼จɺ ඇగਖ਼จͷׂ߹ʹͳΔΑ͏ʹTBNQMFͨ͠σʔλͰܾΊΔʢ$P/--USBJOJOHTVCTFUʣ  JUFSBUJPO$P/--USBJOJOHTVCTFUͰܾఆɺ+'-&(΋ಉ͡஋Λ࢖͍·Θͯ͠Δʁ w ͦͷ΄͔  TQFMMDIFDLFS+'-&(ͷΈ lrstep = lrstep−1 step !10

࣮ݧ݁Ռ  8JLJQFEJB3FWJTJPOͷ৔߹ w %FGBVMUEPXOTBNQMF͕.BYFEJU͸ಛʹറͬͯͳ͍  .BYFEJUЋ࠷େFEJUEJTUBODFЋͰpMUFSJOH  %XOTBNQMFЌEPXOTBNQMJOHSBUF͕  "MM্هछΛVOJPOͨ͠΋ͷͰֶश log1.5 (n) logβ
(n) -BOHPOMZQSFUSBJOpOFUVOF  ˠQSFUSBJOͨ͠΄͏͕ྑ͍ !11

࣮ݧ݁Ռ  3PVOEUSJQ5SBOTMBUJPOͷ৔߹ w #SJEHF-BOHVBHFຖͷ݁Ռ  "MM͸छΛVOJPOͨ͠΋ͷ $P/--Ͱ͸+BQBOFTF͕ྑ͍ "MM͸ͦΜͳʹʜ !12

8JLJQFEJB3FWJTJPO 355 w ෳ਺ͷҟͳΔσʔληοτΛ࡞੒ͨ͠  ˠ͍͍ײ͡ʹ૊Έ߹Θ͍ͤͨʂ w "MMPSछͷσʔληοτΛVOJPOͨ͠΋ͷͰQSFUSBJOͦͷޙpOFUVOF  ʢཁ͢Δʹ͜͜·Ͱग़͖ͯͯͨ݁Ռʣ  &OTFNCMFPSछͦΕͧΕͰTJOHMFNPEFMΛ࡞੒ɺFOTFNCMF "MM&OTFNCMFͷ܏޲༗
!13

ଞͷγεςϜͱͷൺֱʙ #FTUTJOHMFNPEFM8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPO.BYFEJU  #FTU&OTFNCMFSFWJTJPO 355NPEFM  QVCMJDEBUBͷΈ࢖༻͍ͯ͠ΔϞσϧؒͰͷൺֱ $IPMMBNQBUUBOE/H $//FODEFD
+VOD[ZT%PXNVOUFUBM 5SBOTGPSNFSXJUIMPXSFTPVSDFUJQT (SVOELJFXJD[BOE+VOD[ZT%PXNVOU CJ(36FODEFDXJUIBUUFOUJPOBOE1#4.5 !14

উखʹ  ଞͷQSFUSBJOϞσϧͱൺֱʙ w /""$-࠾୒࿦จ*NQSPWJOH(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPOWJB1SF5SBJOJOHB $PQZ"VHNFOUFE"SDIJUFDUVSFXJUI6OMBCFMFE%BUB;IBPFUBM w ͜Ε͸ࣗಈཁ໿ͰྲྀߦͬͯΔ1PJOUFS(FOFSBUPSΛ(&$ʹ΍ͬͨ࿩ͰɺNPEFMͷQSFUSBJO ʹ0OF#JMMJPO8PSE#FODINBSLʢ.TFOUTʣΛجʹٖͨ͠ࣅσʔλΛ࢖༻͍ͯ͠Δ w ۩ମతʹ͸0OF#JMMJPOͷPSJHJOBMΛUHUʹɺ 
PSJHJOBMʹରͯ͠࡟আɺૠೖɺஔ׵ɺೖΕସ͑ૢ࡞Λద౰ʹߦͬͨ΋ͷΛTSDͱͯ͠ EFOPJTJOHBVUPFODPEFSͷؾ࣋ͪͰQSFUSBJO͍ͯ͠Δ w ঺հ͍ͯ͠Δ࿦จͱͷҧ͍NPEFMΛ޻෉͠ɺֶशσʔλ͕গྔʹͳͬͨ !15 ;IBPFUBMͷQSFUSBJOSFTVMU 3FWJTJPOQSFUSBJOͷ݁Ռ

&SSPS"OBMZTJT &SSPS5ZQF 3FWJTJPO355.PSQIPMPHZBOE0SUIPHSBQIZ  3553FWJTJPO1SFQPTJUJPOBOE1SPOPVO !16

·ͱΊ w େن໛σʔλʹΑΔQSFUSBJO͕(&$Ͱ༗ޮͰ͋Δ͜ͱ Λࣔͨ͠ w ಛʹ355͸೚ҙͷσʔλΛQSFUSBJOʹ࢖༻Ͱ͖Δ w ಛੑͷҟͳΔσʔλ͸ֶࠞͥͯश͢ΔΑΓ΋ɺ෼ֶ͚ͯ शɺFOTFNCMFͨ͠΄͏͕༗ޮͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ !17

ࢀߟจݙ w *NQSPWJOH(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPOWJB1SF5SBJOJOHB$PQZ"VHNFOUFE"SDIJUFDUVSF XJUI6OMBCFMFE%BUB;IBPFUBM /""$- w (PPHMFT/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO4ZTUFN#SJEHJOHUIF(BQCFUXFFO)VNBOBOE .BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO8VFUBM BS9JW w
5IF8JL&E&SSPS$PSQVT"$PSQVTPG$PSSFDUJWF8JLJQFEJB&EJUTBOE*UT"QQMJDBUJPOUP (SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPO(SVOELJFXJD[BOE+VOD[ZT%PXNVOU *OUFSOBUJPOBM $POGFSFODFPO/BUVSBM-BOHVBHF1SPDFTTJOH w ".VMUJMBZFS$POWPMVUJPOBM&ODPEFS%FDPEFS/FVSBM/FUXPSLGPS(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS $PSSFDUJPO$IPMMBNQBUUBOE/H """* w "QQSPBDIJOH/FVSBM(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPOBTB-PX3FTPVSDF.BDIJOF 5SBOTMBUJPO5BTL+VOD[ZT%PXNVOUFUBM /""$- w /FBS)VNBO-FWFM1FSGPSNBODFJO(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPOXJUI)ZCSJE.BDIJOF 5SBOTMBUJPO(SVOELJFXJD[BOE+VOD[ZT%PXNVOU /""$- !18

論文紹介: Corpora Generation for Grammatical Error ...

論文紹介: Corpora Generation for Grammatical Error Correction

Satoru Katsumata

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$PSQPSB(FOFSBUJPO  GPS(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPO +BSFE-JDIUBSHF $ISJT"MCFSUJ 4IBOLBS,VNFS   /PBN4IB[FFS /JLJ1BSNBS 4JNPO5POH /""$-

8JLJQFEJBฤूཤྺ༝དྷͷ  σʔλ࡞੒ w ൈ͖ग़͢લͷॲཧ  .CҎ্ͷϖʔδ͸ল͘  ϖʔδશͯͷฤूΛ࢖͏ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺର਺εέʔϧͰநग़͢Δ  O͸ϖʔδͷUPUBMSFWJTJPO਺ w ൈ͖ग़ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPOBOEpMUSBUJPO  DPSSVQUJPO

8JLJQFEJBฤूཤྺ༝དྷͷ  σʔλ࡞੒ w ൈ͖ग़͢લͷॲཧ  .CҎ্ͷϖʔδ͸ল͘  ϖʔδશͯͷฤूΛ࢖͏ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺର਺εέʔϧͰநग़͢Δ  O͸ϖʔδͷUPUBMSFWJTJPO਺ w ൈ͖ग़ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPOBOEpMUSBUJPO  DPSSVQUJPO

࠶຋༁༝དྷͷσʔλ࡞੒ w 8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPOEBUBͰࣺͯͨTSDUHUͷσʔλʹରͯ͠ɺ  ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹ3PVOEUSJQUSBOTMBUJPOΛߦ͍ٖࣅTSDΛ࡞੒͢Δ  USBOTMBUJPONPEFM(/.5 8VFUBM w ੜ੒ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPO

࠶຋༁༝དྷͷσʔλ࡞੒ w 8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPOEBUBͰࣺͯͨTSDUHUͷσʔλʹରͯ͠ɺ  ҎԼͷΑ͏ʹ3PVOEUSJQUSBOTMBUJPOΛߦ͍ٖࣅTSDΛ࡞੒͢Δ  USBOTMBUJPONPEFM(/.5 8VFUBM w ੜ੒ͨ͠ޙͷॲཧˠDPSSVQUJPO

*UFSBUJWF%FDPEJOHͷ࿩ w ෳ਺ճEFDPEF͢Δ͜ͱͰ  ΑΓྑ͍ग़ྗΛಘΑ͏ͱ͢Δ࿩ w ᮢ஋Λར༻ͯ͠  గਖ਼ͳ͠PS͋ΓΛൺֱ͢Δ w $PTU͸Ϟσϧͷग़ྗείΞ  ˠখ͍͞΄͏͕ྑ͍

*UFSBUJWF%FDPEJOHͷ࿩ w ෳ਺ճEFDPEF͢Δ͜ͱͰ  ΑΓྑ͍ग़ྗΛಘΑ͏ͱ͢Δ࿩ w ᮢ஋Λར༻ͯ͠  గਖ਼ͳ͠PS͋ΓΛൺֱ͢Δ w $PTU͸Ϟσϧͷग़ྗείΞ  ˠখ͍͞΄͏͕ྑ͍

࣮ݧઃఆ w Ϟσϧ5SBOTGPSNFS 5FOTPS5FOTPSͷUSBOTGPSNFS@DMFBO@CJH@UQV  PQUJNJ[FS"EBGBDUPSMBZFS IFBE FNCFEEJN GFFEGPSXBSE   CFBN

࣮ݧ݁Ռ  8JLJQFEJB3FWJTJPOͷ৔߹ w %FGBVMUEPXOTBNQMF͕.BYFEJU͸ಛʹറͬͯͳ͍  .BYFEJUЋ࠷େFEJUEJTUBODFЋͰpMUFSJOH  %XOTBNQMFЌEPXOTBNQMJOHSBUF͕  "MM্هछΛVOJPOͨ͠΋ͷͰֶश log1.5 (n) logβ

࣮ݧ݁Ռ  3PVOEUSJQ5SBOTMBUJPOͷ৔߹ w #SJEHF-BOHVBHFຖͷ݁Ռ  "MM͸छΛVOJPOͨ͠΋ͷ $P/--Ͱ͸+BQBOFTF͕ྑ͍ "MM͸ͦΜͳʹʜ !12

8JLJQFEJB3FWJTJPO 355 w ෳ਺ͷҟͳΔσʔληοτΛ࡞੒ͨ͠  ˠ͍͍ײ͡ʹ૊Έ߹Θ͍ͤͨʂ w "MMPSछͷσʔληοτΛVOJPOͨ͠΋ͷͰQSFUSBJOͦͷޙpOFUVOF  ʢཁ͢Δʹ͜͜·Ͱग़͖ͯͯͨ݁Ռʣ  &OTFNCMFPSछͦΕͧΕͰTJOHMFNPEFMΛ࡞੒ɺFOTFNCMF "MM&OTFNCMFͷ܏޲༗

ଞͷγεςϜͱͷൺֱʙ #FTUTJOHMFNPEFM8JLJQFEJBSFWJTJPO.BYFEJU  #FTU&OTFNCMFSFWJTJPO 355NPEFM  QVCMJDEBUBͷΈ࢖༻͍ͯ͠ΔϞσϧؒͰͷൺֱ $IPMMBNQBUUBOE/H $//FODEFD

&SSPS"OBMZTJT &SSPS5ZQF 3FWJTJPO355.PSQIPMPHZBOE0SUIPHSBQIZ  3553FWJTJPO1SFQPTJUJPOBOE1SPOPVO !16

·ͱΊ w େن໛σʔλʹΑΔQSFUSBJO͕(&$Ͱ༗ޮͰ͋Δ͜ͱ Λࣔͨ͠ w ಛʹ355͸೚ҙͷσʔλΛQSFUSBJOʹ࢖༻Ͱ͖Δ w ಛੑͷҟͳΔσʔλ͸ֶࠞͥͯश͢ΔΑΓ΋ɺ෼ֶ͚ͯ शɺFOTFNCMFͨ͠΄͏͕༗ޮͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ !17

ࢀߟจݙ w *NQSPWJOH(SBNNBUJDBM&SSPS$PSSFDUJPOWJB1SF5SBJOJOHB$PQZ"VHNFOUFE"SDIJUFDUVSF XJUI6OMBCFMFE%BUB;IBPFUBM /""$- w (PPHMFT/FVSBM.BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO4ZTUFN#SJEHJOHUIF(BQCFUXFFO)VNBOBOE .BDIJOF5SBOTMBUJPO8VFUBM BS9JW w