institute substrate Cell size (cm^2) cell structure CE in Lab. mass production Averange CE in production Remark Kaneka CZ 180 HBC 26.66% no March 2017 ISFH FZ 2x2 POLO-IBC 26.1% no February 2018 Fraunhofer ISE FZ 2x2 TOPCON 25.80% no August 2017 Panasonic (Sanyo) CZ 143.7 HBC 25.60% no IEEE PVSC, 2014 Sharp CZ 1.93x1.93 HBC 25.10% yes ~21% IEEE PVSC, 2015 Sharp CZ 238.9 HBC 25.09% yes ~21% March 2018 Trina CZ 243.18 IBC 25.04% no Feb 2018 UNSW FZ 2x2 PERL 25.0% yes ~21.8% March 2009 SunPower CZ 121 IBC 25.00% yes 22~23% IEEE PVSC, 2015 Panasonic (Sanyo) CZ 100 HJT 24.70% yes ~22.0% EU PVSEC, 2013 Kaneka CZ 238.9 HJT 24.52% no Aug., 2015 Trina/ANU CZ 2x2 IBC 24.40% no EU PVSEC, 2014 ISFH CZ 2x2 iIBC 24.10% no EuPVSEC, 2014 CIC CZ 244 HJT 24.10% yes 20.5~21% APL, 2015 Fraunhofer ISE FZ 2x2 iPERL 23.90% no EU PVSEC, 2014 IMEC FZ 2x2 IBC 23.60% no 2015 ITRI CZ 2x2 TOPCON 23.51% no 2018 Trina/ANU CZ 238.9 IBC 23.50% no EU PVSEC, 2016 Mitsubishi CZ 100.3 HJT 23.43% no APEX, 2015 ITRI CZ 2x2 HJT 23.28% no 2015 R&R CZ 238.9 HJT 23.14% no EU PVSEC, 2014