Primary and Secondary Research

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Transcript

1. Research for documentary ‘The tooth revelled ‘
2. Primary Research Primary research within our documentary ‘The tooth Revelled’ will be the following… 1. Interviews with • A dentist • A hygienist • An Orthodontist • A Professional Tooth Whitener • The General Public For these we will need to conduct individual interviews in which to ask questions about their work and their opinions within this. 2. Places we will visit will be • A dental Practicing (Oasis) –for 3 professionals interviews, Whitening clinic (Stockton Heath) ‐ for an interview, Super Market (Health isle) – for interviews as well as cut away’s and buying props, Green screen (to project Mise‐on‐scene) ‐ for interviews. 3. Props we will need, will be from the following • Tooth Brush and Paste • Our questionnaires (for each professional) • All of the needed camera equipment (listed in formal proposal)
3. Primary Images
4. Archive Footage Source Link Section YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=‐S‐ cEUH8hs8 ‐ BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/137078 3.stm ‐ YouTube‐ Little shop of horrors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOtMi zMQ6oM 2 minutes 8 seconds‐ 2 minutes 32 YouTube‐ Mouthwash advert https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEhK qYRQcbM 15 seconds (rough count) Daily Mail Online – Yes you ‘CAN’ have perfect teeth http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article‐ 2746103/Yes‐CAN‐perfect‐teeth‐Our‐ essential‐dental‐guide‐spare‐decades‐ agony‐save‐fortune‐fail‐leave‐smile‐ face.html ‐ Daily Mail Online – The truth tooth whitening http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article‐ 113670/The‐truth‐tooth‐whitening.html ‐
5. Secondary Research • What we googled: When did Dentistry Start? http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/12/the‐history‐of‐dentistry/ It was between 1650 and 1800 that the concepts behind what we now think of as dentistry got its start. The man behind the science was 17th century French Physician, Pierre Fauchard. He is called “The Father of Modern Dentistry”, and he was the brains behind many of the procedures still used in today’s society. For instance, he was the man behind the thought process for dental fillings, and he also helped to explain that acids from sugar are a major source of tooth decay. In 1840, the first dental college was opened, called the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. In 1873, Colgate mass‐produced the first toothpaste in a jar, and, just a few years later, in 1885 the first tooth brush was mass produced in America by H.N. Wadsworth. The first real electric toothbrush was produced in 1939, but it was developed in Switzerland. What we found out: From researching about dentistry I learnt about when the first dental college was opened and who opened it. I also found out that Pierre Fauchard was behind the dental procedures.
6. Secondary Research • What we googled: The history of Braces http://www.davidevansdds.com/History_of_Braces_and_Orthodontics The term "braces" wasn‘t coined until the early 1900s. However, dentists were working diligently to create and improve the methods and techniques used to align and straighten teeth. 1819 – Christophe‐Francois Delabarre invented the first wire crib. Wire cribs are an early model of the dental brace, and thought by many to be the first form of modern day orthodontics. 1843 – Dr. Edward Maynard was the first dentist to use gum elastics as a technique used to correct improper jaw alignment. An elastic material would be connected to wiring in the mouth to slowly move the jaw until it was in proper alignment. 1850 – E.J. Tucker elaborated Dr. Maynard‘s idea of using gum elastics to correct jaw alignment. Tucker took rubber tubing, and cut it into small bands that could comfortably fit into the mouth. 1864 – A New York dentist by the name of Dr. S.C. Barnum invented the rubber dental dam. Dental dams are latex sheets that keep teeth dry while orthodontists or dentists work on the teeth. The use of a dental damn is often used during the application process of the braces onto the teeth. 1894 – Eugene S. Talbot was the first dentist to incorporate X‐rays into orthodontic procedures. X‐rays were commonly used to discover potential teeth that were out of sight due to being impacted underneath the gum. Talbot believed discovering these teeth and extracting them could eliminate overcrowding within the mouth. What we have learnt: The first development which led to todays brace was discovered and produced in 1819, however the term brace wasn’t introduced until the 1900s. Over time certain dentists added aspects towards the brace, which was a slow developing and improving process.
7. Secondary Research • What we googled: when did false teeth first come about? http://www.premierexhibitions.com/exhibitions/4/4/bodies‐exhibition/blog/edentulous‐brief‐history‐dentures Around 700BC, Etruscans in northern Italy made dentures out of human or animal teeth. Although these materials deteriorated quickly, the dentures were easy to produce and remained popular until the mid‐1800s. An important contributor to denture development was dietary changes. Sugar was the main culprit in increased tooth decay during the 18th Century. With the industrialization of Victorian England, between 1860 and 1890, British per capita sugar consumption increased 500 percent. Ivory dentures were popular in the 1700s, made from natural materials including walrus, elephant, or hippopotamus. In 1820, a Westminster silversmith and goldsmith named Claudius Ash was asked to craft new and improved dentures. At the time, most false teeth were still made from ivory (which was prone to discolouring) or from human teeth. The real teeth were extracted from soldiers' corpses or executed criminals, procured by grave‐robbers, or even obtained from direct sale by the desperately impoverished. Claudius Ash mounted porcelain on 18‐karat gold plates, with gold springs and swivels. These new dentures were superior both aesthetically and functionally to the older models. Still improving, from the 1850s onward, dentures were made of Vulcanite, a form of hardened rubber into which porcelain teeth were set. Claudius Ash’s company was the leading European manufacturer of dental Vulcanite. In the 20th century, acrylic resin and other plastics became materials of choice. What we have learnt: False teeth date back to the 700BC, the first false tooth was made out of human and animal teeth. Then over the years they were made out of Ivory, made from natural materials. Then in 1774 Alexis Duchateau created the first porcelain dentures. Now in the 20th Century they’re made out of acrylic resin and other plastics.
8. Secondary Research • What we googled: When was Floss first invented and used? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_floss Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist from New Orleans, is credited with inventing the first form of dental floss. In 1815, he recommended that people should clean their teeth with silk floss, but floss was not commercially available until 1882 when the Codman and Shurtleft Company started producing un‐waxed silk floss. Nylon floss was found to be better than silk because of its greater abrasion resistance and elasticity. In response to environmental concerns, dental floss made from biodegradable materials is now available. The common advice is that flossing should be carried out once per day prior to brushing to allow the fluoride from the toothpaste to reach between the teeth.[3] The floss is commonly supplied in plastic dispensers that contain 10 to 100 meters of floss. After pulling out the desired amount, the floss is pulled against a small protected blade in the dispenser to sever it then held between the fingers or strung on a fork‐like instrument. The floss is guided between each tooth and under the gum line to remove particles of food stuck between teeth and dental plaque that adhere to such dental surfaces. Flossing in combination with tooth brushing can help prevent gum disease, and halitosis. A 2012 review of trials concluded that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone. In this review, researchers found "some evidence from twelve studies that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone" but only discovered "weak, very unreliable evidence from 10 studies that flossing plus tooth brushing may be associated with a small reduction in plaque at 1 and 3 months." What we have learnt: Dental floss dates back to 1815, silk floss was recommended, but until 1882 is wasn’t commercially available for the public. Developments within this include nylon floss which was understood to have greater abrasion resistance and elasticity. Flossing is a form of extra cleanliness within your mouth, which removes trapped food between the teeth. This is seen as an additional product on the market to improve the level of cleanliness.
9. Secondary Research • What we googled: When was Mouthwash Invented? http://www.speareducation.com/spear‐review/2012/12/a‐brief‐history‐of‐mouthwash/#.VDenH7FwYdU A.D. 1: The Romans used to buy bottled Portuguese urine to purge bacteria from the mouth. This practice was so popular that Nero had to place a tax on it. The thought process behind this revolves around the presence of ammonia in urine which aided in disinfection and could whiten teeth. In fact, urine remained one of the most effective ingredients in mouthwashes until the 18th century. A.D. 23: As unhygienic as it sounds, people used to swish tortoise blood around in their mouth at least three times a year to prevent toothaches. Less extreme measures included drinking goat’s milk to maintain good breath or rinsing with white wine. A.D. 40 – 90: Greek surgeon and physician, Pedanius Dioscorides, suggested the mixture of the juice and leaves of olives, milk, gum myrrh, pomegranate, vinegar and wine could help fight bad breath. 12th Century: German philosopher and mystic, Saint Hildegard von Bingen, suggests that swishing pure, cold water around in the mouth can help remove tarter and plaque. 16th Century: Medieval oral hygiene practices centred around a mint and vinegar rinsing solution was believed to rid the mouth of bad breath and germs. 19th Century: Mouthwashes as we know them today, developed in the late 1800s. Instead of rinses containing urine, alcohol was added to help fight germs and bacteria while stabilizing the formula. One of the most popular mouthwashes on the market today for its germ‐killing qualities, Listerine was invented originally as an antiseptic for surgical procedures and to clean floors. Today: Sodium hexametephosphate and hydrogen peroxide are found in more abundant quantities in mouthwashes to help lift and prevent future stains on the surfaces of teeth and more companies are coming out with solutions that won’t irate sensitive mouths. What we have learnt from this: In A.D.1 Portuguese urine was used as an option for mouthwash, clearing bacteria from the mouth. This developed and led to tortoise blood being swirled around the mouth as a form of mouthwash. The heights of un cleanliness were slightly apparent to the public and after stages of changes of a long period of time, today mouthwash is a combination of : Sodium hexametephosphate and hydrogen peroxide as it is known to prevent stains and wont irritate sensitive mouths.
10. Secondary Research • What we googled: When was the first Filling? http://www.just‐teeth.co.nz/Trivia/History+of+fillings.html The first time a dental drill (or its Neolithic equivalent) was used to cut a cavity in a tooth appears to be in the mountain region of what is now called Pakistan. There, evidence has been found of teeth in skulls dating back to 7000 BC where small circular holes have been drilled on the back teeth. Due to the location of the cavities, it is unlikely that these early dentists were attempting to remove decay. It has been speculated that the holes may have been drilled for religious reasons or to allow evil spirits to leave the body. Other early cultures, such as the Chinese, Egyptian and Greeks, also mention the practise of dentistry but it is the Etruscans / Romans (people living in central Italy) of 166‐201 AD who were the most advanced dentists of the ancient world. Evidence has been found to indicate that gold was used to fill teeth and even make artificial crowns or caps! People who were brave enough to allow cavities to be drilled in their teeth (with hand driven drills) had them filled with various materials such as stone chips, resin, cork, turpentine and gum. However, none of these were satisfactory. Either they were impossible to fit properly, or not strong enough. What we have learnt from this: From this information I have found out about the first time a dental drill was used, being 700BC, also that it was used in Pakistan . However before this, (166‐201 AD) cultures such as Chinese, Greeks and Egyptians would use materials such as stone chips, cork, turpentine and gum. None of these methods were satisfactory however, as they were not strong enough.
11. Secondary Research • What we googled: when was toothpaste invented? http://www.speareducation.com/spear‐review/2012/11/a‐brief‐history‐of‐toothpaste/#.VDZrRbFwYdU 4 AD: The world’s oldest‐known formula for toothpaste was created by Egyptians. They crushed rock salt, mint, dried iris flowers and pepper and mixed them together to create a cleaning powder. Although this concoction is known to create bleeding gums, research suggests it is the most effective compared to most toothpastes used as recently as a century ago 1780: People were known to scrub their teeth with a powder that was made up of mainly burnt bread. That’s right – what a lot of us eat for breakfast was once considered an effective solution for clean and healthy teeth. 1824: A dentist named Peabody added soap to toothpaste for added cleanliness. Soap was later replaced by sodium lauryn sulfate to create a smooth paste 1873: The first commercially produced, nice‐smelling toothpaste was launched by Colgate and sold in a jar. 1892: Dr. Washington Sheffield is the first person to put toothpaste in a collapsible tube. 1914: Fluoride is added to toothpastes after discovering it significantly decreased dental cavities. 1987: Edible toothpaste is invented. What is mainly used by children just learning to brush their teeth was actually invented by NASA so astronauts could brush their teeth without spitting into a zero‐gravity abyss. 1989: Rembrandt invented the first toothpaste that claimed to whiten and brighten your smile. With the world of dentistry evolving at such a rapid pace, what do you think is the milestone in the toothpaste timeline? Let us know below. What we learned from this: I am able to say I have learnt and now know that the first and oldest form of toothpaste was created by Egyptians, and was made of natural forms such as crushed rock salt, mint, dried iris flowers and pepper mixed together to create a cleaning powder. Through‐out the following years, several different cultures have had input in the change towards toothpaste, of what we now know and use to this day.
12. Secondary Research • What we googled: when the first tooth brush was invented? http://www.colgateprofessional.com/patient‐education/articles/history‐of‐toothbrushes‐and‐toothpastes Tooth brushing tools date back to 3500‐3000 BC when the Babylonians and the Egyptians made a brush by fraying the end of a twig. Tombs of the ancient Egyptians have been found containing tooth sticks alongside their owners. Around 1600BC, the Chinese developed “chewing sticks” which were made from aromatic tree twigs to freshen breath. The Chinese are believed to have invented the first natural bristle toothbrush made from the bristles from pigs' necks in the 15th century, with the bristles attached to a bone or bamboo handle. When it was brought from China to Europe, this design was adapted and often used softer horsehairs which many Europeans preferred. Other designs in Europe used feathers. The first toothbrush of a more modern design was made by William Addis in England around 1780 – the handle was carved from cattle bone and the brush portion was still made from swine bristles. In 1844, the first 3‐row bristle brush was designed. Today, both manual and electric toothbrushes come in many shapes and sizes and are typically made of plastic molded handles and nylon bristles. The most recent toothbrush models include handles that are straight, angled, curved, and contoured with grips and soft rubber areas to make them easier to hold and use. Toothbrush bristles are usually synthetic and range from very soft too soft in texture, although harder bristle versions are available. Toothbrush heads range from very small for young children to larger sizes for older children and adults and come in a variety of shapes such as rectangular, oblong, oval and almost round. The basic fundamentals have not changed since the times of the Egyptians and Babylonians – a handle to grip, and a bristle‐like feature with which to clean the teeth. Over its long history, the toothbrush has evolved to become a scientifically designed tool using modern ergonomic designs and safe and hygienic materials that benefit us all. What we learned from this: From this information I am now aware that the first tooth brush ‘tool’ was invented back in 3500‐3000 BC which was when the Egyptians frayed the end of a twig, However the Chinese were known to have invented the first bristle toothbrush made from the bristles of pigs necks in the 15TH Century. China and Europe then had inputs towards their idea of a toothbrush, and we are now able to clean our teeth with a hygienic tooth brush. The most modern design came from William Addis in England around 1780, which included cattle bone and swine bristles.
13. Secondary Research • What we googled: Why and who invented the electric toothbrush? http://thehistoryof.net/the‐history‐of‐teeth‐whitening.html The first electric toothbrush creates a whole new market In 1961, technology was applied to the toothbrush. People wanted everything to be electric, so the Squibb Company introduced the Broxodent, the first electric toothbrush. It automatically brushed up and down, which met with the approval of the American Dental Association (ADA). Then General Electric one‐upped Squibb by inventing a cordless battery‐operated toothbrush that could be recharged. There’s a whole line of those available today, even a sonic toothbrush. Most people today opt for the simple manual nylon‐ bristle toothbrush. But the ADA, although they approve of this teeth whitening method, warn people of the downside – many people keep their toothbrushes too long before replacing them. They say you should buy a new toothbrush before the bristles get bent because then they don’t do a good job of cleaning your teeth, and they can damage your gums. What we learned from this: The first electric tooth brush was introduced in 1961 by the Squibb Company, this was very basic within its actions. It brushed up and down which met with the approval of the American dental association. This developed into cordless battery operated toothbrush. Inventions such as adaptable heads for when the bristles are frayed and bent are also invented through brands such as oral B, the development within this is continuing to develop due the demand within white teeth.
14. Secondary Research • What we Googled: when was Teeth Whitening Invented? http://www.ehow.com/about_4687154_history‐teeth‐whitening.html Even though teeth bleaching, whitening solvents and other modern manners in which to whiten teeth haven't been around all that long, procedures for whitening teeth have. Teeth whiteners were used as far back as 2000 B.C. made from natural ingredients or even human waste products. The red and white barber poles used to signify a place folks could get their teeth doused with a caustic acid which served to whiten their pearly whites. What we learned from this: Back in 2000 B.C, although a strict procedure for whitening was not invented, a mixture of natural ingredients, or even human waste products were used. They would get their teeth dosed with caustic acid which served to whiten their ‘pearly whites’. Red and white barber poles were known to be where to go if you wanted your teeth whitening, barbers in these days doubled as dental surgeons, mainly for pulling teeth out, but also whitening.
15. Secondary Images