Functional Programming in Kotlin with funKTionale

Talk for the Belarus Functional Programming Conference f(by) 2016 #funcBy

Transcript

1. Functional programming in Kotlin with funKTionale Mario Arias - f(by) 2016 @dh44t
2. Topics About me A tiny introduction to Kotlin Function types Extension points Function composition, currying and partial application funKTionale’s Option, Either and Disjunction Future developments
3. Software Engineer at Cake Solutions 10+ years of experience with JVM technologies Spring certified trainer 5+ years with Scala 3+ years with Kotlin funKTionale KotlinPrimavera RxKotlin original developer and former team leader NOT an expert on functional programming
4. What is Kotlin? Statically typed programming language for the JVM, Android and the browser* *LLVM and iOS coming in the future
5. Hello world fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 println("Hello Minsk!")
 }
6. Features •Classes •sealed (ADT), data •Interfaces with body methods •Objects •Companion objects •Enum •Generics •Named and default parameters
7. Features II •Control structures •if else, when •do, while, for •Expressions •Null Safety •High order functions •Delegates •Extension functions
8. Null Safety val hello: String = “" 
 val hello: String = null //compiler error 
 val hello: String? = null 
 val reversed: String? = hello?.reversed() 
 val otherReversed: String = reversed !!.reversed() //NPE
9. Null Safety II Any String Nothing
10. Null Safety III Any String Nothing Any? String?
11. Functions /** A function that takes 1 argument. */
 public interface Function1<in P1, out R> : Function<R> {
 /** Invokes the function with the specified argument. */
 public operator fun invoke(p1: P1): R
 }
12. Functions II fun doWithTwoNumbers(a: Int, b: Int, f: (Int, Int) -> Int): Int {
 return f(a, b)
 }
 
 val x = doWithTwoNumbers(2, 3, { a, b -> a + b })
 doWithTwoNumbers(x, 3) { a, b -> a * b }
13. Functions III fun unless(conditional: Boolean, body: () -> Unit) {
 if (!conditional) {
 body()
 }
 }
 
 unless(age > 18) {
 //Do something awesome
 } Create your own control structures!!
14. Delegates package org.funktionale.partials
 
 class PartialFunction<in P1, out R>(val definetAt: (P1) -> Boolean, f: (P1) -> R) : Function1<P1, R> by f {
 fun isDefinedAt(p1: P1) = this.definetAt(p1)
 }
15. Delegated property val lazyValue: String by lazy {
 println("computed!")
 "Hello"
 }
 
 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 println(lazyValue)
 println(lazyValue)
 
 } lazy is NOT a language feature but a library function
16. Delegated property class User {
 var name: String by Delegates.observable("<no name>") {
 prop, old, new ->
 println("$old -> $new")
 }
 }
 
 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 val user = User()
 user.name = "first"
 user.name = "second"
 }
17. Extension functions fun String.fromMinsk() = "$this, FROM Minsk"
 
 println("Hello world".fromMinsk())
18. Extension functions II operator fun String.invoke(suffix:String) = "$this$suffix"
 
 println("This isn't a function"(" !!"))
19. Extension functions III val myList = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
 .map(Int ::toString) //call to method reference
 .map { i -> i + i }
 .map(String ::toInt)
 .filter { it > 20 } // it is an implicit parameter
 
 println(myList)
20. Combine all the things!!! infix fun (() -> Unit).unless(condition: Boolean) {
 if (!condition) {
 this()
 }
 }
 
 
 { /*do some magic */ } unless (age < 18) one-line unless from Ruby!!
21. funKTionale Functional constructs and patterns for Kotlin Currently at 0.9.7 version
22. Function composition A technique to create a new function using two existing functions. % ps aux | grep java
23. infix fun<P1, IP, R> Function1<P1, IP>.andThen(f: (IP)  R): (P1)  R = forwardCompose(f)
 
 infix fun<P1, IP, R> Function1<P1, IP>.forwardCompose(f: (IP)  R): (P1)  R {
 return { p1: P1  f(this(p1)) }
 }
 
 infix fun<IP, R, P1> Function1<IP, R>.compose(f: (P1)  IP): (P1)  R {
 return { p1: P1  this(f(p1)) }
 }

24. fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 val conf = SparkConf().setMaster("local").setAppName("My App")
 val sc = JavaSparkContext(conf)
 val split: (String) -> List<String> = { it.split("|") }
 val upper: (String) -> String = { it.toUpperCase() }
 val user: (List<String>) -> User = { User(it[0], it[1].toInt()) }
 val users = sc.textFile("s3://path/to/my-petabyte-file.txt")
 .map(upper)
 .map(split)
 .map(user)
 
 users.take(20).forEach { println(it) }
 } import org.funktionale.composition.andThen fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 val conf = SparkConf().setMaster("local").setAppName("My App")
 val sc = JavaSparkContext(conf)
 val split: (String) -> List<String> = { it.split("|") }
 val upper: (String) -> String = { it.toUpperCase() }
 val user: (List<String>) -> User = { User(it[0], it[1].toInt()) }
 val users = sc.textFile("s3://path/to/my-petabyte-file.txt")
 .map(upper andThen split andThen user)
 
 users.take(20).forEach { println(it) }
 } Each map() transformation could be potentially distributed across nodes/ partitions* Just one map() transformation composed by several functions * Yes, Apache Spark is compatible with Kotlin
25. Currying
26. http://singletrackworld.com/forum/topic/nice-simple-tasty-curry-recipe
27. Currying Transforming a function of arity n into a sequence of n functions with arity 1 (x, y, z) => r (x) => (y) => (z) => r https://wiki.haskell.org/Haskell_Brooks_Curry
28. fun<P1, P2, R> Function2<P1, P2, R>.curried(): (P1)  (P2)  R {
 return { p1: P1  { p2: P2  this(p1, p2) } }
 }
 
 
 fun<P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.curried(): (P1)  (P2)  (P3)  R {
 return { p1: P1  { p2: P2  { p3: P3  this(p1, p2, p3) } } }
 }
 //… all the way to Function22 

29. fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 val conf = SparkConf().setMaster("local[*]").setAppName("ML")
 val sc = JavaSparkContext(conf)
 
 val spam = sc.textFile("spam.txt")
 val ham = sc.textFile("ham.txt")
 
 val tf = HashingTF(10000)
 
 val posExamples = ham.map { LabeledPoint(1.0, tf.transform(listOf(it.split(" ")))) }
 val negExamples = spam.map { LabeledPoint(0.0, tf.transform(listOf(it.split(" ")))) }
 val trainData = posExamples.union(negExamples)
 trainData.cache()
 val model = LogisticRegressionWithLBFGS().run(trainData.rdd())
 } import org.funktionale.currying.curried fun main(args: Array<String>) {
 val conf = SparkConf().setMaster("local[*]").setAppName("ML")
 val sc = JavaSparkContext(conf)
 
 val spam = sc.textFile("spam.txt")
 val ham = sc.textFile("ham.txt")
 
 val tf = HashingTF(10000)
 
 val labeling = { label: Double, email: String ->
 LabeledPoint(label, tf.transform(listOf(email.split(" "))))
 }
 val curried = labeling.curried()
 val posExamples = ham.map(curried(1.0))
 val negExamples = spam.map(curried(0.0))
 val trainData = posExamples.union(negExamples)
 trainData.cache()
 val model = LogisticRegressionWithLBFGS().run(trainData.rdd())
 }
30. Partial applied functions Calling a function with less parameters than the function’s arity (fixing parameters) will return a new function with a smaller arity f(x,y,z) f(1,2) => g(z)
31. fun <P1, P2, R> Function2<P1, P2, R>.partially1(p1: P1): (P2)  R {
 return { p2: P2  this(p1, p2) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, R> Function2<P1, P2, R>.partially2(p2: P2): (P1)  R {
 return { p1: P1  this(p1, p2) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.partially1(p1: P1): (P2, P3)  R {
 return { p2: P2, p3: P3  this(p1, p2, p3) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.partially2(p2: P2): (P1, P3)  R {
 return { p1: P1, p3: P3  this(p1, p2, p3) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.partially3(p3: P3): (P1, P2)  R {
 return { p1: P1, p2: P2  this(p1, p2, p3) }
 } //All the way to Function22
32. fun <P1, P2, R> Function2<P1, P2, R>.invoke(p1: P1, partial2: Partial<P2> = partial()): (P2)  R {
 return { p2: P2  this(p1, p2) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, R> Function2<P1, P2, R>.invoke(partial1: Partial<P1> = partial(), p2: P2): (P1)  R {
 return { p1: P1  this(p1, p2) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.invoke(p1: P1, partial2: Partial<P2> = partial(), partial3: Partial<P3> = partial()): (P2, P3)  R {
 return { p2: P2, p3: P3  this(p1, p2, p3) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.invoke(partial1: Partial<P1> = partial(), p2: P2, partial3: Partial<P3> = partial()): (P1, P3)  R {
 return { p1: P1, p3: P3  this(p1, p2, p3) }
 }
 
 
 fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.invoke(partial1: Partial<P1> = partial(), partial2: Partial<P2> = partial(), p3: P3): (P1, P2)  R {
 return { p1: P1, p2: P2  this(p1, p2, p3) } } //All the way to Function22…. This file has 2532 lines 
 

33. dr_id dr_name dr_age 1 Carlos 37 2 Laura 28 3 Ari 25 doctors p_id p_name p_age 1 Andy 55 2 Riba 26 3 Joanie 33 5 Ben 32 6 Pete 45 patients n_id n_name n_age 1 Diana 33 2 Sarah 28 3 Liz 26 nurses
34. import org.kotlinprimavera.jdbc.core.extract val doctors = template.query("select * from doctors") { rs, i ->
 rs.extract { //DSL from KotlinPrimavera
 User(string["dr_name"]!!, int["dr_age"]!!)
 }
 }
 
 val nurses = template.query("select * from nurses") { rs, i ->
 rs.extract {
 User(string["n_name"]!!, int["n_age"]!!)
 }
 }
 
 val patients = template.query("select * from patients") { rs, i ->
 rs.extract {
 User(string["p_name"]!!, int["p_age"]!!)
 }
 } import org.kotlinprimavera.jdbc.core.extract import org.funktionale.partials.* val mapper: (ResultSet, Int, String) -> User = { rs, i, prefix ->
 rs.extract { //DSL from KotlinPrimavera
 User(string["${prefix}_name"]!!, int["${prefix}_age"]!!)
 }
 }
 
 val doctors = template.query("select * from doctors", mapper(p3 = "dr"))
 
 val nurses = template.query("select * from nurses", mapper.partially3("n"))
 
 val patients = template.query("select * from patients", mapper(p3 = "p"))
35. Option Why do you want Option in a null-safe language ??
36. Option is a type that represent the existence or absence of a meaningful value Examples of meaningful value • Succesful operation (no exceptions) • An existent value (record in DB) • An useful value (non-empty list)
37. Examples without Option Representation Example Problems A value of the same type defined by convention indexOf(x) will return -1 if x doesn’t exists in the structure (Array, List) • Is not mandatory to check • Based on oral tradition An exception Spring’s JdbcTemplate will throw an EmptyResultDAE if no record is available* • Runtime Exception • Exception-based logic null Hibernate will return null if no record is available • is null * I kinda like it
38. Option in a null-safe language //scala 2.11 val op1:Option[String] = null // :crying_cat_face:
 val op2:Option[String] = Some(null) // :crying_cat_face: //kotlin
 val op1: Option<String> = null //compilation error
 val op2: Option<String> = Some(null) // compilation error
 
 val op3: Option<String>? = null // really ??
 val op4: Option<String?> = Some(null) // do you really want this?
 op4.map { s -> s !!.reversed() } val op5: Option<String> = Some("funcBy")
39. fun divide(num: Int, den: Int): Int? {
 return if (num % den != 0) {
 null
 } else {
 num / den
 }
 }
 
 fun division(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int): Pair<Int, Int>? {
 val ac = divide(a, c)
 return when (ac) {
 is Int -> {
 val bc = divide(b, c)
 when (bc) {
 is Int -> ac to bc
 else -> null
 }
 }
 else -> null
 }
 } An example* Based on Ken Barclay’s* post http://kenbarclay.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/kotlin-option-type-2.html division function let me check if two numbers (a,b) are divisible by a third one (c)
40. fun divide(num: Int, den: Int): Option<Int> {
 return if (num % den != 0) {
 None
 } else {
 Some(num / den)
 }
 }
 
 fun division(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int): Option<Pair<Int, Int>> {
 val ac = divide(a, c)
 return when (ac) {
 is Some<Int> -> {
 val bc = divide(b, c)
 when (bc) {
 is Some<Int> -> {
 Some(ac.get() to bc.get())
 }
 else -> None
 }
 }
 else -> None
 }
 } An example* Based on Ken Barclay’s* post http://kenbarclay.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/kotlin-option-type-2.html Migrated to Option
41. fun division(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int): Option<Pair<Int, Int>> {
 return divide(a, c).flatMap { ac ->
 divide(b, c).flatMap { bc ->
 Some(ac to bc)
 }
 }
 } division with flatMap fun division(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int): Option<Pair<Int, Int>> {
 val ac = divide(a, c)
 return when (ac) {
 is Some<Int> -> {
 val bc = divide(b, c)
 when (bc) {
 is Some<Int> -> {
 Some(ac.get() to bc.get())
 }
 else -> None
 }
 }
 else -> None
 }
 } = replaced by 1st flatMap = replaced by 2nd flatMap
42. Either An unbiased representation of two possibles return values (left or right), commonly used to represent an error or a successful operation
43. Either II data class User(val name: String)
 
 fun getUser(url: String): Either<String, User> { //do some magic
 }
 
 val either = getUser("http: //myapi.com/user/1")
 when(either){
 is Left -> println(either.left().get())
 is Right -> println(either
 .right().map { it.copy(name = it.name.capitalize()) }
 .right().get())
 }
44. Either III data class User(val name: String)
 
 fun getUser(url: String): Either<Exception, User> = eitherTry {
 // do some magic
 } 
 val either = getUser("http: //myapi.com/user/1")
 when(either){
 is Left -> println(either.left().get().message)
 is Right -> println(either
 .right().map { it.copy(name = it.name.capitalize()) }
 .right().get())
 }
45. Disjunction A right-biased Either
46. Disjunction II fun getUser(url: String): Disjunction<Exception, User> = disjunctionTry {
 //do some magic
 }
 
 val disjunction = getUser("http: //myapi.com/user/1")
 when(disjunction){
 is Left -> println(disjunction.swap().get().message)
 is Right -> println(disjunction
 .map { it.copy(name = it.name.capitalize()) }
 .get())
 }
47. Disjunction III val user1 = getUser("http: //myapi.com/user/1")
 val user2 = getUser("http: //myapi.com/user/2")
 
 val userList: Disjunction<Exception, List<User >> = user1.flatMap { u1 ->
 user2.map { u2 ->
 listOf(u1, u2)
 }
 }
 
 val userList2: Disjunction<List<Exception>, List<User >> = validate(user1,user2){ u1, u2 ->
 listOf(u1, u2)
 }
48. Future developments •Kotlin 1.1 •Type Alias •Coroutines •funKTionale 1.0 •Clean up •Modularisation* •funKTionale 1.1 + •More monads (State and others) * funKTionale-0.9.7.jar (1.3 MB) > kotlin-stdlib-1.0.5-2.jar (564k)
49. Thanks!! (PS: We’re hiring, contact me :) )