The Topography of Variability in Cross-Linguistic Semantics

Transcript

1. The Topography of Variability in
   Cross-Linguistic Semantics
   Molly Lewis
   University of Chicago
   University of Wisconsin-Madison
   In collaboration with James A. Evans
   IC2S2- 4 July 2018
   

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2. 0
   2
   4
   6
   0.0 0.4 0.8
   Strength of association of
   occupation word vector and female gender
   count
   Distribution of effect sizes across languages
   Language semantics reflects
   (and influences) culture.
   Languages vary in their
   semantics.
   (Lewis & Lupyan, 2018)
   German
   Japanese
   Career-family bias in language
   

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3. How do languages differ in their semantics?
   

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4. Regier et al. (2007)
   Case study: Color Semantics
   

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5. A few domains well-described
   Most domains not understood
   Little understanding of the general principles that govern
   variability -- “topographies” of variability
   Kay & Regier (2006)
   COLOR
   Kemp et al. (2007)
   KINSHIP
   Youn et al. (2016)
   NATURAL KINDS
   Cross-linguistic semantic variability
   

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6. Our work
   Using word embedding models
   TOOLS, FOOD, EMOTION,
   GENDER, POLITICS …
   Characterize principles that govern that
   semantic variability
   English text written by speakers learning
   English as a second language
   

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7. Second language
   semantics have
   traces of native
   language
   Language 1
   Language 2
   Second-language learner text as a window
   into cross-linguistic semantics
   

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8. The Plan
   Study 1: Using second-language text as a window into
   cross-linguistic semantics
   Study 2: Characterizing the topography of differences
   Study 3: Topography in the native language
   

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9. Study 1: Dataset
   38,500 “essays“ in English by L2 learners of English
   35 L1s
   ~ 360 words/essay
   28 prompts, e.g.,:
   - People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.
   - A nation should require all of its students to study the same national
   curriculum until they enter college.
   - Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their
   natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.
   

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10. Standard Arabic Bengali
    Bulgarian Mandarin Chinese
    Dutch
    English
    French
    German
    Modern Greek
    Gujarati
    Hindi
    Igbo
    Indonesian
    Italian
    Japanese
    Kannada
    Korean
    Malayalam
    Marathi
    Nepali
    Eastern Panjabi
    Polish
    Portuguese
    Romanian
    Russian
    Spanish
    Tagalog
    Tamil
    Telugu
    Thai
    Turkish
    Urdu
    Vietnamese
    Yoruba
    Western Farsi
    ●
    Language Family
    ●
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    ●
    ●
    Afro−Asiatic
    Atlantic−Congo
    Austroasiatic
    Austronesian
    Dravidian
    Indo−European
    Japonic
    Korean
    Sino−Tibetan
    Tai−Kadai
    Turkic
    Language Typology
    ● VSO
    SVO
    SOV
    other
    Languages
    

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11. Essay 1
    (French)
    Essay 2
    (French)
    Essay 3
    (Korean)
    ...
    Method
    Train Doc2Vec on corpus of 38,500 (Le & Mikolov, 2014)
    “train”: [1 x 200 vector ]
    “love”: [1 x 200 vector ]
    Doc2vec
    

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12. Study 1: Are essays structured in semantic space
    by language?
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    −30
    −20
    −10
    0
    10
    20
    −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30
    All essays
    prompt
    essay
    

    View Slide

13. Cross-linguistic relationships
    ARA
    BEN
    BUL
    CHI
    DUT
    ENG
    FAS
    FRE
    GER
    GRE
    GUJ
    HIN
    IBO
    IND
    ITA
    JPN
    KAN
    KOR
    MAL
    MAR
    NEP
    PAN
    POL
    POR
    RUM
    RUS
    SPA
    TAM
    TEL
    TGL
    THA
    TUR
    URD
    VIE
    YOR
    −1.00
    −0.75
    −0.50
    −0.25
    0.00
    −1.00 −0.75 −0.50 −0.25
    aff
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    Afro−Asiatic
    Atlantic−Congo
    Austroasiatic
    Austronesian
    Dravidian
    Indo−European
    Japonic
    Korean
    Sino−Tibetan
    TaiKadai
    Turkic
    Language centroids
    Italian
    French
    Spanish
    Portuguese
    Russian
    Polish
    Romanian
    Bulgarian
    Modern Greek
    German
    Dutch
    Tagalog
    Vietnamese
    Thai
    Indonesian
    Mandarin Chinese
    Korean
    Japanese
    Turkish
    Western Farsi
    Standard Arabic
    Yoruba
    Igbo
    English
    Tamil
    Malayalam
    Kannada
    Urdu
    Eastern Panjabi
    Telugu
    Marathi
    Hindi
    Bengali
    Nepali
    Gujarati
    

    View Slide

14. Discussion
    L2’s semantic space contains traces of their native language
    (even though essays written in English!)
    The relationships between the semantic spaces of different
    languages are structured
    Structure predicted by linguistic and cultural dimensions of the
    native speakers
    

    View Slide

15. Cross-linguistic relationships
    ARA
    BEN
    BUL
    CHI
    DUT
    ENG
    FAS
    FRE
    GER
    GRE
    GUJ
    HIN
    IBO
    IND
    ITA
    JPN
    KAN
    KOR
    MAL
    MAR
    NEP
    PAN
    POL
    POR
    RUM
    RUS
    SPA
    TAM
    TEL
    TGL
    THA
    TUR
    URD
    VIE
    YOR
    −1.00
    −0.75
    −0.50
    −0.25
    0.00
    −1.00 −0.75 −0.50 −0.25
    aff
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    a
    Afro−Asiatic
    Atlantic−Congo
    Austroasiatic
    Austronesian
    Dravidian
    Indo−European
    Japonic
    Korean
    Sino−Tibetan
    TaiKadai
    Turkic
    Language centroids
    Italian
    French
    Spanish
    Portuguese
    Russian
    Polish
    Romanian
    Bulgarian
    Modern Greek
    German
    Dutch
    Tagalog
    Vietnamese
    Thai
    Indonesian
    Mandarin Chinese
    Korean
    Japanese
    Turkish
    Western Farsi
    Standard Arabic
    Yoruba
    Igbo
    English
    Tamil
    Malayalam
    Kannada
    Urdu
    Eastern Panjabi
    Telugu
    Marathi
    Hindi
    Bengali
    Nepali
    Gujarati
    How do the languages differ
    from each other?
    

    View Slide

16. (Steyvers & Tenenbaum, 2005)
    family
    à
    parents
    home
    siblings
    Study 2: Characterizing the topography of
    differences
    Semantics are represented in memory as clusters
    of related meanings (e.g. Nelson, McEvoy, & Schreiber, 1998)
    

    View Slide

17. family
    home
    parents
    siblings
    father
    mother
    house
    H1: Universal clusters
    H3: Universal
    H2: Universal macrostructure
    animal
    dog
    zoo
    farm
    mammal
    pets
    cat
    school
    university
    community
    teacher
    bus
    recess
    college
    H4: No universality
    Topographies of cross-linguistic variability
    

    View Slide

18. Cluster word meanings using construct of concreteness
    Existing dataset of crowdsourced ratings for 40K English words
    (Brysbaert, et al., 2013)
    Study 2: Method
    Some words refer to things or actions in reality, which you can experience
    directly through one of the five senses. We call these words concrete
    words. Other words refer to meanings that cannot be experienced directly
    but which we know because the meanings can be defined by other words.
    These are abstract words.
    

    View Slide

19. Concreteness ratings
    (Brysbaert, et al., 2013)
    Abstract Concrete
    idea
    doubt
    belief
    choice
    perspective
    no
    friendship
    late
    train
    food
    tv
    doctor
    number
    performance
    name
    community
    early
    important
    fun
    basic
    

    View Slide

20. Language A
    Language B
    Abstract Concrete
    

    View Slide

21. ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    0.36
    0.40
    0.44
    0.48
    0.52
    1 2 3 4 5
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    

    View Slide

22. Language A
    Language B
    Abstract Concrete
    

    View Slide

23. ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    0.36
    0.40
    0.44
    0.48
    0.52
    1 2 3 4 5
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    0.36
    0.40
    0.44
    0.48
    0.52
    1 2 3 4 5
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    

    View Slide

24. Discussion
    Within cluster distances less variable than
    across cluster differences
    Concreteness appears to be a organizing
    principle in the system
    Semantics highly correlated with concreteness
    If true, should generalize to native language
    semantics
    

    View Slide

25. Study 3: Topography in native language
    Pre-trained word embedding models trained on corpus of
    Wikipedia in each of 35 languages (fastText; Bojanowski, Grave, Joulin,
    Mikolov, 2016)
    1000 words from each decile from the concreteness norms
    Translated them into all 35 languages using Google Translate
    API
    Same analysis as second language text, predict same pattern
    

    View Slide

26. ●
    ● ●
    ● ● ●
    ● ● ●
    ●
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    ●
    0.15
    0.20
    0.25
    0.30
    0.35
    0.40
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    Wikipedia Embeddings
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    0.36
    0.40
    0.44
    0.48
    0.52
    1 2 3 4 5
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
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    ●
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    ●
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    ●
    0.15
    0.20
    0.25
    0.30
    0.35
    0.40
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
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    1
    10
    2
    3
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    5
    6
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    8
    9
    ●
    ● ●
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    ●
    ●
    ●
    0.15
    0.20
    0.25
    0.30
    0.35
    0.40
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
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    1
    10
    2
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    9
    ●
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    ●
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    ●
    0.15
    0.20
    0.25
    0.30
    0.35
    0.40
    ross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    group_type
    ●
    ● different quintile
    same quintile
    Concreteness Quintile 2
    ●
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    1
    10
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    

    View Slide

27. Conclusion
    Second language text reflects native
    language semantics
    The semantics of languages vary
    primarily in their macrostructure
    Concreteness organizing principle
    Tensor factorization methods to
    characterize macro-variability
    ●
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    0.15
    0.20
    0.25
    0.30
    0.35
    0.40
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Concreteness Quintile 1
    Cross−linguistic word−pairwise correlation
    (Pearson's r)
    

    View Slide

28. Thanks!
    Molly Lewis
    University of Chicago;
    University of Wisconsin-Madison
    http://home.uchicago.edu/~mollylewis/
    

    View Slide

29. 1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    1 2 3 4 5
    Concreteness Quintile
    Semantics Cluster
    20
    40
    60
    n
    

    View Slide

30. 1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Concreteness Decile
    Semantics Cluster
    100
    200
    300
    n
    

    View Slide

31. For each language pair:
    [1] Environmental distance (Lupyan & Dale, 2011):
    - area of region in which the language is spoken (km2)
    - mean/sd temperature (celsius) and precipitation (cm)
    [2] Grammatical distance (Dryer & Haspelmath, 2013; Dediu, in prep.):
    Set of morphosyntactic features coded for each language (e.g.,
    word order, plural marking, tenses, etc.)
    [3] Lexical distance (Bakker, et al, 2009; Wichmann, Rama, & Holman, 2011):
    Distances between words using Levenshtein’s edit distance
    

    View Slide

32. [4] Cultural Distance:
    Ethnographic Atlas – db of cultural traits for over 1200 cultural groups
    (Kirby, et al., 2016; Gray, 1999)
    10 categories of traits:
    Subsistence (11) – e.g., major crop
    Labor (24) – e.g., age or occupational specialization
    Gender (15) – e.g., differences in skills
    Kinship-Marriage (28) – e.g., transactions at marriage, marital residence with kin
    Politics (12) – e.g., political succession, castes
    Wealth/Property (44) – e.g., economy type, inheritance
    Ritual (7) – e.g., religion
    Community organization (26) – e.g., class differentiation, political succession
    Housing (11) – e.g., materials, layout
    Ecology (6) – e.g., domestic animals, agriculture
    

    View Slide

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    r = 0.38*
    Environmental Distance Grammatical Distance Lexical Distance Cultural Distance
    0 2 4 6 8 0 10 20 30 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
    1
    2
    semantic distance
    Grammatical, Lexical and Cultural distance predict independent variance (R2 = .25)
    Predicting of semantic distance
    

    View Slide

34. Are language clusters coherent?
    0.00
    0.25
    0.50
    0.75
    1.00
    1.25
    Tagalog
    English
    Mandarin Chinese
    Romanian
    Portuguese
    Standard Arabic
    Turkish
    Western Farsi
    Polish
    Korean
    Indonesian
    Bulgarian
    Thai
    Igbo
    Urdu
    Russian
    Gujarati
    Spanish
    Japanese
    Telugu
    French
    Malayalam
    Modern Greek
    Tamil
    Dutch
    Italian
    Hindi
    Bengali
    German
    Nepali
    Vietnamese
    Kannada
    Marathi
    Eastern Panjabi
    Native language
    Coherence
    0.00
    0.25
    0.50
    0.75
    1.00
    1.25
    Tagalog
    English
    Mandarin Chinese
    Romanian
    Portuguese
    Standard Arabic
    Turkish
    Western Farsi
    Polish
    Korean
    Indonesian
    Bulgarian
    Thai
    Igbo
    Urdu
    Russian
    Gujarati
    Spanish
    Japanese
    Telugu
    French
    Malayalam
    Modern Greek
    Tamil
    Dutch
    Italian
    Hindi
    Bengali
    German
    Nepali
    Vietnamese
    Kannada
    Marathi
    Eastern Panjabi
    Native language
    Coherence
    =
    between
    ((within1
    + within2
    )/2)
    coherence =
    between
    ((within1
    + within2
    )/2)
    between > within
    within > between
    

    View Slide