Finite State Transducers in Go

In this talk the audience will learn about the utility and applications of finite state transducers. First, we'll review finite state machines, a concept many are already familiar with. Then we'll look at finite state automata, and their relationship with regular expressions. Finally, we'll build up to finite state transducers, and discuss a new library named Vellum, which implements them in Go.

https://github.com/couchbaselabs/vellum

1. FINITE STATE TRANSDUCERS CAPITAL GO 2017 g o
2. MINIMAL DETERMINISTIC ACYCLIC FINITE STATE TRANSDUCERS
3. FINITE STATE MACHINE
4. FINITE STATE AUTOMATA (FSA) • cat • cats • dog MATCHES:
5. REGULAR EXPRESSION • cat • cats • dog MATCHES: ^cat(s)?|dog$
6. FINITE STATE AUTOMATA (FSA) - ORDERED SET ▸ Does it contain a key? ▸ Enumerate Ranges of Keys ▸ in lexicographic order
7. FINITE STATE TRANSDUCER (FST) Transition with value Traversal collects values Using SUM() "cat" has value 9
8. FINITE STATE TRANSDUCER (FST) - ORDERED MAP ▸ Does it contain a key? ▸ What is the value associated with a key? ▸ Enumerate Ranges of Key/Value Pairs ▸ in lexicographic order * values must satisfy particular algebra (currently just uint64)
9. FST LIBRARY IN GO ▸ Build ▸ Insert Keys in Lexicographic Order ▸ Bounded Memory ▸ Stream Output while Building ▸ Use ▸ Immutable ▸ FST data is memory mapped (mmap) ▸ References are slice offsets not pointers (less garbage collector impact) Vellum
10. CONSTRUCTING THE FST one - 1 two - 2 three - 3 https://www.flickr.com/photos/wfyurasko/5573962244
11. CREATING A BUILDER builder, err := vellum.New(f, nil) Any io.Writer Options, default nil
12. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("one"), 1)
13. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("three"), 3) frozen
14. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("three"), 3) frozen flushed to disk
15. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("two"), 2) frozen flushed to disk
16. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("two"), 2) frozen flushed to disk
17. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("two"), 2) frozen flushed to disk
18. INSERT err = builder.Insert([]byte("two"), 2) frozen flushed to disk
19. CLOSE err = builder.Close() frozen flushed to disk
20. CLOSE err = builder.Close() frozen flushed to disk
21. CLOSE err = builder.Close() frozen flushed to disk
22. USING THE FST https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metro_Blur.JPG
23. OPEN fst, err = vellum.Open(path) Does NOT read entire FST into memory. * load an FST already in memory with vellum.Load(data)
24. GET val, exists, err = fst.Get(key)
25. ITERATE itr, err := fst.Iterator(start, end) for err == nil { key, val := itr.Current() // do something err = itr.Next() }
26. EFFICIENT SEARCHING WITH OTHER AUTOMATA itr, err := fst.Search(automaton, start, end) Just like iterator, with additional filter.
27. REGULAR EXPRESSION MATCHING r, err := regexp.New(`c.*t`) itr, err := fst.Search(r, start, end)
28. FUZZY MATCHING fuzzy, err := levenshtein.New("cat", 1) itr, err := fst.Search(fuzzy, start, end) at bat cats
29. WHAT ABOUT UNICODE? c a f 63 61 66 63 61 66 Edit distance 2 bytes Edit distance 1 code point Levenshtein/Regex automata have integrated UTF-8 decoding c a f c3 a9 65 é e
30. SYSTEM DICTIONARY bytes %orig txt 2,493,109 - fst 1,224,433 49% gz 747078 30% /usr/share/dict/words 235886 WORDS Not competing on compression ratio!
31. REGULAR EXPRESSION SEARCH DICTIONARY https://asciinema.org/a/az29w7apf7kdiioa1yf150g1u
32. FUZZY SEARCH DICTIONARY https://asciinema.org/a/avqyqbo3uw7y653rlnv7bqivv
33. INDEXING WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE TITLES 6,726,078 TITLES
34. FUTURE WORK ▸ Bleve Full Text Search Library ▸ Next Generation Term Dictionary Format based on Vellum FST ▸ Add Support for storing []byte values (not just uint64) ▸ Continued Optimizations ▸ Less Garbage Created
35. FOR THOUGHT NOT GENERAL PURPOSE A DIFFERENT KIND OF MAP EFFICIENT ACCESS BY AUTOMATA MATCHING KEYS
36. THANKS ▸ Marty Schoch ▸ @mschoch - marty@couchbase.com ▸ Vellum Github - https://github.com/couchbaselabs/vellum ▸ Andrew Gallant's Blog ▸ Index 1,600,000,000 Keys with Automata and Rust ▸ Papers ▸ Direct Construction of Minimal Acyclic Subsequential Transducers